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CONTENT PAGE NO

01. Introduction …………………………………………………………..0

02. Methods used to produce concrete ……………………………….04

03. Plants and equipment used in concreting ………………………………10

04. Factors considered in the formwork and false work in concreting …...15

05. Factors considered in reinforcement of concrete ………………....18

06. Health and safety …………………………………………………...19

07. Reference ………………………………………………………….20

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INTRODUCTION

Peoples use methods which can they have benefits, security, durability and such things..
Concrete also one of using method of that has above things...so concreting works uses in all
over the world, because it’s very economical and durable…

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 METHODS USE TO PRODUCE CONCRETE

BATCHING
Batching is a process of measuring of concrete ingredients. Batching ingredients done by
volume of mass. Mostly we use batching ingredients by mass but traditionally method is by
volume.

Accurate percentages in batching of concrete material

Cement

When the quantity of cement to be batched exceeds 30% of scale capacity, the measuring
accuracy should be within 1% of required mass. If measuring quantity is less than 30% i.e.
for smaller batches then the measuring accuracy should be within 4% of the required
quantity.

Aggregates

If the measurement is more than 30% of the scale capacity then the measuring accuracy
should be within 1%. If measurement is less than 30% then the measuring accuracy should be
within less than 3%.

Water

Water is measured in volumetric quantity as 1 litre = 1kg. In case of water, the measuring
accuracy should be within 1%.

Admixtures

For mineral admixtures same accuracy as that required for cement.For chemical admixtures
same accuracy as that required for water. Mineral admixtures accuracy is same as that of
cement because it is used as partial replacement of cement. As chemical admixtures are liquid
or added to water therefore its accuracy is same as that of water.

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MIXING CONCRETE
Concrete mixing is operation with all aggregate particles, cement and water blind all the
ingredients of the concrete into a uniform mass.This uniform mixture should not be disturbed
by discharging process of mixer. We can have a various type of mixers to mixing process, like
batch mixer, tilting drum mixer, non-tilting drum mixer, pan type mixer, dual drum mixer
etc..

We have two methods to mixing,

01. Hand mixing

Hand mixing applied for small scale of work.in hand mixing we spread coarse aggregates and
fine aggregates in alternate layer and spread cement over in and mix with shovel until it
becomes uniform color.

02. Machine mixing

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This method applied for large and medium scale of work. For large works this type very
efficient and economical to product quality concrete.

TRANSPORTING CONCRETE
Transporting can defined as transferring of concrete to the construction site from the mixing
plant. Transporting depends on the initial setting time as well as the requirement of
workability at the destination.

The main objective in concrete transporting is to ensure that the water cement ratio, air
content of concrete, slump and homogeneity should not be change from their intended states.

We using some various methods to transporting concrete like mortar pans, wheel barrows,
hand carts, transit mixers etc.

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PLACING CONCRETE
Placing of concrete must be done in systematic manner. Placing method vary for the type of
placing situation, like foundation situation, under water construction etc. Before placing
concrete the formwork and reinforcement should be checked to make sure that are clean and
when placing concrete should avoid the dislodging the reinforcement or over filling the
formwork.

COMPACTING CONCRETE
Compacting is a one of the important method of the producing concrete. Compaction is a
process of expelling the entrapped air in the concrete. During mixing, transporting and
placing the air gets trapped to the concrete.so this air should be removed. If the air is not

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removed, the strength of the concrete will reduce. Because air voids can reduce strength as
follows,

5% of voids volume can reduce 30% the strength, 10% of voids volume can reduce the 50%
of the strength. And also voids causes to the durability of concrete. When compacting, we
have to do it much better because insufficient compaction increases permeability of concrete.
We can do compaction using vibration.

CURING CONCRETE
Curing of a concrete is most import part of concreting. Curing can defined as making
satisfactory moisture content and favorable temperature to the concrete. Curing can start after
placing concrete. Concrete want curing until the strength is developed, curing have to do two
weeks, because hydration process may continue after placing and heat will released to the
concrete, then curing can reduce the heat of a concrete. If the curing is not adequate, the
cracks may occur in concrete. Totally 0.38w/c ratio has to continue during curing period.
Because 0.23w/c is required for hydration and 0.15w/c required for filling voids.

Curing can do many ways such as water curing, membrane curing.

Water curing – roof slabs we filled with water like a pond and also we can spray water on
concrete walls and we can cover concrete with wet gunny bags.

Membrane curing – This type of curing uses where the water availability less. The method
is concrete surface is covered by plastic membrane, because plastic reduces evaporation in

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concrete.

FINISHING OF CONCRETE
Finishing is the last operation of concrete producing. Finishing will required some places
such as airport strip, roads and homes. Finishing is a visible thing that combined with the top
surface in concrete.in houses we can make smooth surface from following methods, concrete
mix should have good proportion, we can use electrically operated brush, when it applied on
concrete, it can remove top cement layer then it can exposes aggregates and makes shining.

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 PLANTS AND EQUIPMENTS USED IN CONCRETING

BATCH PLANTS

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In concrete batching plant, combines a various ingredients to produce concrete including
sand, aggregate, water, rocks, gravel, fly ash, potash and cement. We also have known
batching plant as concrete plant, batch plant.

We can divide batching plant into two types; central mix plants and ready mix plant.

CONCRETE MIXER
Concrete mixer is a device use to combine cement, aggregates and water homogeneously.in
typical mixers uses a revolving drum to mix cement aggregates and water.in general terms,
the time of machine mixing should be between two and three minutes. On no account should
the mix be allowed to stay in the machine longer because the material will start to segregate.

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Cleaning is an important part of mixing. After days’ work coarse aggregates and water should
be loaded into mixer and the mixer turned for about 5min. from this, we can remove all
cement, mortar concrete stuck onto the blades.

READY MIX CONCRETE (RMC) LORRIES

This is improved and better method for longtransporting from ready-mix concrete plant to the
concrete placing point. Trucks have a capacity range of 4to 7 cubic meters. There are two
variations. In one, mixed concrete is transported to the site by keeping it agitated all along at

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a speed varying between 2 to 6 revolutions per minute. In other category, the concrete is
batched at the central batching plant and mixing is done in the truck mixer either in transit or
immediately prior to discharging concrete at site.

DUMP TRUCKS
Dump truck is a truck use din concreting work. This helps to transporting loose materials
such as sand, gravel or dirt for concreting. Typical dump truck equipped with an open box,
which has hydraulic pistons to lift that box to front.in these days have a various type of dump
trucks like super drum truck, semi-trailer end truck, semi-trailer bottom truck and etc..

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CONCRETE SKIPS
Concrete skippers are used for high-rise structureconstruction. Using method of this type is
the concrete fed into skipper and travels vertically on rails like a lift. After discharging it,
better to turn over the concrete before use to avoid segregation.

VIBRATORS
Concrete contains with varying particles and sizes. Therefore compacting process will not
make better. Then we can use vibrators with different speed of vibration, vibrators can
develop frequencies of vibration from 2800 to 15000 rpm.

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Immersion vibrators

Immersion vibrator is the most common vibrator in construction. Essentially it has a steel
tube with one end closed and rounded, and it having an eccentric vibrating element. That steel
tube name is porker and it connected to engine through a flexible tube. The diameter of
porker is decided from consideration of the spacing between the reinforcing bars in form
work.

Surface vibrators

Surface vibrator placed direct to the concrete mass, this used in mostly very dry mixtures.
The application of this type is compaction of small slabs, not exceeding 150 mm thickness,
repair and patching works.

FACTORS CONSIDERD IN THE USE OF FORMWORK AND

FALSE WORK IN CONCRETING

SAFETY OF FORMWORK

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Safety is very important rule in all formats of construction. Therefore formwork must be
strong to carry the full load and side pressure from freshly placed concrete. And also it should
bare the every load above it including construction traffic, equipment loads etc. And also
Formwork design should indicate the rate of concrete pour, height of concrete pour,
temperature and sequence and schedule of concrete pours.

Before starting concrete pouring the site engineer or other responsible person should inspect
the working scaffolds, ladders, runways, ramps and crossings. And we can follow some
safety methods as follows,

Maintenance of good housekeeping around working area and passage, Guarding of peripheral
edges and floor openings, Adequate space for safe working, Safety training of workmen
involved in formwork and concreting works, Use of all personal protective equipment
(PPEs), Formwork, rigging inserts and connections checked for correct installation and
periodically checked for wear and correct position, Removal of all unused and hanging
forms, loose materials etc., stored on exposed floors, Inspection of all props and shores for
adequacy to handle all the loads, Removal of defective props, Alignment of props such as
verticality, height and spacing between props should be inspected, All props should be rested
on bearing plates, Props should be placed on hard bearing surface,Safe nailing and firm
locking of clamps on adjustable props, Lateral stability of formwork and complete fixity at
the joint between props when one prop is placed on the top of the other, Proper bearing below
the stringers and joists at points of supports.

STABILITY

Formwork stability is important case of concrete when concreting some pushes, pulls of
props occur between the vertical form and the support surface.so site engineers should study
this from different stages of concreting. Formwork usually uses long time until concrete get
high strength. During that time the weather conditions may change like wind effects, highly
rain situations, fire situations. Then we have to concentrate that all things and select the
formwork type.as an example if the ability is high to fire effect, we can use steel formwork.
It’s better than timber or plywood formwork.

PROPPING

Propping of formwork structures will support to the weight of the concrete and other live and
dead loads above the concrete, until it becomes harden. Propping can transfer that load into

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the ground safely and similary.to the end of the bottom of prop we use some timber or steel
pad for increase the area of pressure, its vary help for increase bearing capacity of props.

RELEASE AGENT

Release agent is one of good method in formwork, because it has many advantages in
concreting. When concrete is hardened, we remove the formwork. But sometimes the
formwork sticking to the concrete, it’s not good for the concrete as well as formwork,
because it leads to damage concrete when it’s prized off. Therefore from using release agents
we can remove formwork easily and safely. And we can have a save more time, labor cost…

STRIKING TIME

The time requirement for striking formwork may vary due to type of concrete. Before the
striking time, the concrete strength should support concrete itself. Thistime may can after 45
minutes or after 28 days. It depends on the concrete mixture, water content of concrete and
the situation of concrete.

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN REINFORCEMENT OF

CONCRETE

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We use reinforcement to concrete for gain tensile stress. Because concrete can’t take tensile
stress but, reinforcement can take tensile stress well. Usually we use steel bars as a
reinforcement it helps to prevent structural damages such as twisting, buckling, deflecting
etc.

APPROPRIATELY LOCATED

When doing construction, in some situations we have to find out the exactly column location
on the top of the slab or upper floors then, we use the aid of starter bars to mark that location
and also w can maintain the shape of the structure as well.

BONDED

In a structure all reinforcement bars work together as columns and beams to create accurate
load distribution system from super structure to sub structure. That purpose will continue
well, if the reinforcement is in proper bonding with one thing to another. Tor steel bar has a
twist line.it can create a friction between concrete and steel then, the bonding ability increase
with concrete and reinforcement.

SECURE AND COVERD

Concrete can bare the compressive stress well but concrete weak in tensile stress. But
reinforcement can bare tensile tress well and it weak to bare compressive stress but, if
concrete and reinforcement joining together, that combination can face effectively to
compressive or tensile tress. When reinforcing we use shear links to bear shear fore on
column and beams. Shear links created by mild or tor steel with respected to main
reinforcement bars.

Concrete covering process also complicated thing. When covering we have to concentrate
some things such as adequate spaces, fire protections. If the fire impacts are there we can use
BScode 8110 by table 3.4 to express the relationship between cover and fire re

HEALTH AND SAFETY

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RISK ASSESMENT
Risk assessment is fundamental to effective health and safety management. All employers
regardless of the size of business are required by law to carry out a risk assessment at
theirwork place of work and to keep a written record of that risk assessment.

There are 3 basic steps to Risk Assessment:

01.Identify the hazards

For an example peoples are working with chemicals, dangerous substances or dangerous
equipment. There is no need to consider every minor hazard or risk which we accept as part
of our everyday lives. For example, you do not need to identify the lifting of a 1kg package as
a workplace hazard; but lifting a 25kg box of 1kg packages would be a hazard.so the
identified is an important thing.

02. Identify the level of risk for each hazard

Decide who could be harmed and how and give consideration to vulnerable groups (e.g.
young persons, the elderly, pregnant employees, shift workers etc.

03. Identify the controls or improvements that need to be put in place to avoid or reduce
the risk.
Your control measures are the most significant part of the risk assessment, as they set out the
steps that must be followed to protect people. Some control measures may already be in
place. You will need to decide if additional measures are needed. Risk assessment will help
you priorities the high risk hazards first.

METHOD STATEMENT

Method statements are widely used in civil construction as a means of controlling

specific health and safety risks that have been such as lifting operations, demolition or
dismantling, working at height such as work on roofs, installing equipment, and the use of
plant.
A method statement helps manage the work and ensures that the necessary precautions have
been communicated to those involved.
The process of preparing a written method statement provides evidence that:

1. Significant health and safety risks have been identified.

2. Co-operation of workers has been ensured.
3. Safe, co-ordinated systems of work have been put in place.
4. Workers have been involved in the process.

REFERENCE

01 () Concrete Batching, Mixing, Placing & Compaction of Concrete, Available at:www.aboutcivil.org ›

Engineering Materials › Concrete Technology (Accessed: 16th november 2015).

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02.(Aug 1, 1972) Transporting and Handling Concrete - Concrete Construction, Available
at: www.concreteconstruction.net/concrete.../transporting-and-handling-con.. (Accessed: 16th november
2015).

03. ) Concrete plant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Available

at:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_plant (Accessed: 17th november 2015).

04. () TYPES OF CONCRETE VIBRATORS FOR COMPACTION, Available at:theconstructor.org ›

Concrete Technology (Accessed: 17th november 2015).

05. ) FORMWORK SAFE PRACTICES CHECKLIST, Available at: theconstructor.org › Building

Technology (Accessed: 17th november 2015).

06. ) Formwork - Hazard Related Topics - Safety Matters (Health , Available

at:https://www.aisolutions.co.uk/Community/Knowledge/Topic/.../Formwor... (Accessed: 18th november
2015).

07. ) Reinforced Concrete - Civil Engineering, Available at: www.aboutcivil.org › ... › Reinforced Cement
Concrete Design (Accessed: 18th november 2015).

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