Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

Summary of Articles
MEEN 3282: M.E. PROJECT STUDY 1

Energy Management Control System

BSME 5-2

Group Members:
Gallego, Jerico A.
Lee, John Carlo R.
Manimtim, Bernard Abraham B.
Montesor, Angel B.
Roldan, Jan Nicolas P.
Sinad, Christian Darold D.

Professor:
Dr. Ginno L. Andres
 Summary of Articles

Arduino-Uno Based Mobile Data Logger with GPS feature

Data loggers and sensors have been commonly used nowadays for science and
technology, recent studies show the data logger measures the humidity and
temperature levels, wireless temperature monitoring, and today, the mobile data
logging with sensors and highly in-demand. Phones equipped with GPS are now used
for scientific researches. Lighting is a natural phenomenon, so they developed a
thunderstorm warming alarm system based on the atmospheric electric field that will
allow prediction of lighting for certain area or location. Building on AEF observation
station is costly but due to the development of technology, they develop a system that
as lower cost and using Arduino Uno, the device was able to record temperature,
humidity and tracking system for modern data logging.

Development process consists of two parts; the first part is the components
used. Arduino Uno showed suitable applications for mobile logging, it uses Atmega
328 programmable integrated circuit with 6 analog inputs and 14 digital i/o pins.
Arduino Uno operates at 5V, which is acceptable in most sensor devices. In this
current work, five analog inputs were used to receive input signals from temperature
and humidity sensor. In addition, digital i/o was used for the GPS module, LEDs,
LCD module and SD card module. A NTC thermistor-based temperature, it is
equipped with an embedded patch GPS antenna 18.2 x 18.2 x 4.0 mm 3. It provides a
soled fic, even in harsh GPS visibility environments as well as high-performance
navigation applications. Its entire dimensions are 39 x 50 mm2. GPS module also
provides information regarding altitude, time, date, and speed. The data is stored in
a SD card and its module is BB-SD-0071 SD card break out board. It’s very compatible
with Arduino provides the “Arduino.exe” freeware for users developing programming
codes. C language was used to write the programming code in the Arduino freeware
environment. It consists of main program, and a subroutine program. The code start
by importing all related library items to the main program, which configure the
Arduino microcontroller and sensor modules. The Output-and-input direction ports if
the microcontroller are based on the GPS module, the LCD, temperature and
humidity sensor module etc. The results were conducted by a laboratory experiment
and a field test, they also conducted a comparison result table-based on the output of
both trials. All activities well and all components worked out properly at a speed.

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Prototype Development for a Low Cost Data Logger and Monitoring System
for PV application

The main goal for this research is to find a much cheaper data logger that has
same power capacity and has a high efficiency ratio. The research consists of six
sections, the first one is the introduction where they described what they’re trying to
do and the definitions of the Photovoltaic system technology and the cheap yet
efficient microcontroller for the project. The second section is about the review of the
related works, by briefly discussing the most important part which is the PV array,
the exploration for the equation for the generated output by the PC cell. This section
also illustrates the given 1.6 kWh single-phase grid-connected PV system, the main
focus of the prototype. Third part is the concept of the project design using flowcharts,
differentiates the Arduino Uno, which is the common one and ca be used by
downloading its software, from their proposed design.

#include<DS3231.h> - set the real-time clock

#include<SPI.h> - set the peripheral interface

#include<SD.h> - set the SD card

#include<LiquidCrystal.h> - Initialize the library with the numbers of the

interface pins

Delphi 7.0 was their proposed monitoring system because of its flexible
applications, beginner friendly usage yet can use for a more complex form of
programming. Section four shows the development of the prototype data logger with
the PC system, what is it measuring and conducted tests, the results collected and
the real-time display. After finishing this project, it is time to research for the based
application software for this prototype for continuous recording of data and stored a
huge amount of information that can be displayed by user desire. The fifth section is
all about the verifications, the working output, testing results, energy conversion and
the maximum power efficiency.

Open Source Building Science (OSBS): A Low-Cost Arduino based Platform

for Long-Term Indoor Environmental Data Collection

They designed this project to develop an inexpensive open source based by

using Arduino Uno software measuring and recording long-term environmental and
building data. The goal is to allow flexibility in work with cost friendly manner and

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eventually building automation and control. The logger consists of various sensors to
measure the number of parameters needed to demonstrate excellent performance.

The OSVSS project utilizes the open source Arduino prototype platform in the
development of the base data acquisition hardware (www.arduino.cc). Arduino
provides an integrated development environment (IDE) that is capable of running on
all major operating systems and has support for a simplified C or C++ programming
language. Arduino board chosen for the OSBSS prototypes was the Pro Mini, which
is a bare-bones version of the more common Arduino Uno board. It is based on the
same Atmel ATmega328P microprocessor, although it has extra peripherals removed
and provides direct access to the microprocessor. Additionally, the microprocessor on
the Pro Mini is a thin Quad Flat Package (TQFP) instead of a much larger Dual in-
time Package (DIP) on the Uno. 3.3V version of the Pro Mini is ideal since micro SD
card specifications state the supply-voltage and logic levels to and from micro SD
cards should be between 2.7 and 3.6V. Using micro SD cards for data storage provides
virtually unlimited storage space because all sensors and time data are stored as
plain text in a comma-delimited format and each data point consists of only a few
bytes of data. In power-saving strategies, Pro Mini boards are modified to achieve
lower current draw by disconnecting on-board LEDs. Further in some Pro Mini
clones, the status LED has a high value series resistor that can interface with the
data transfer over the SPI bus. For accurate time keeping, two real-time clocks
(RTCs) were initially tested for timekeeping, including a maxim DS1307 and DS3234.
The DS1307 was discarded due to substantial time drift at several minutes. It also
required 5V to ensure reliable performance, instead of 3.3 V, which is standard in
low-power applications. Battery of the logger consist of DS3234 RTC, it maintains
date and time using its own backup power; a single CR1225 lithium ion coin cell.
Without external power to the clock module, the coin cell can maintain the RTCs time
accurately for 9 years.

The sensors used for the prototype are the ff:

1. US sensor ultra-precision NTC thermistor (part no. PR103J2) and Sensirion

SHT15 digital humidity sensor were chosen for temperature and relative
humidity.
2. The OSBSS T/RH data logger setup can also be used to measure temperatures
on surfaces or in fluids (air or water) with small modifications to the hardware
setup.
3. The TA0S TSL2561 luminosity sensor was chosen for light intensity
measurements. This comes on a breakout board by Adafruit.
4. The Parallax PIR mini sensor was chosen for motion detection and occupancy
measurements. The Parallax PIR mini sensor can detect motion up to 12 feet
(3.65 m) away.

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 5. SenseAir K-30 1% CO2 sensor was chosen for CO2 concentration
measurements. The K-30 CO2 sensor is a low-cost, maintenance-free sensor
based on non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) technology.
6. Generic data loggers are ubiquitous tools that can be used to store and
transmit data from a wide variety of sensors. Ubiquitous data loggers that can
both store data locally and transmit data wirelessly are an important
component of any robust sensor network.

Data Collection and Analysis Using Mobile Application for Environmental

Monitoring

One of the biggest issue for a country with more than a million citizens are the
environmental problems like air, water pollution etc. but thanks to the developments
of technology today, we can make a solution to this problems using digital storage
systems. In this research, with the help of Arduino, they were able to make an
environmental monitoring system for android users using an application suitable for
that. A list of materials was given including the primary ones like the sensors and
the Arduino, but the most essential in making this project was the information
system softwares, without proper codes and structures it can malfunction and can
have a negative and inefficient data results for a given input. The data collected using
mobile application were stored in the cloud for database. It usually used for
constantly and continuously checking on the relative humidity, temperature, and the
toxicity of the air in the environment, a table is shown for the accuracy of this system,
for monitoring.

3 Primary methods in doing the research to control numbers of parameters and

environmental parameters

EM systems and services were developed. Relia SENS 18.12 is a compact, easy
to install environment monitor system that allows to collect and analyze air quality
parameters, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation levels and optionally, sound
pollution.

Poseidon2 4002 is a system for remote monitoring of rack environmental

conditions, measures temperature, check if the lights are on, or the doors are open in
the server room and more. Relay outputs can activate fans or an additional light.
Poseidon2 is SNMP compatible, includes data logger, email, SMS alert. It can be
connected to cloud sensor system.

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 WISE-MUSE was developed a mobile application that allows users to
continuously monitor the environment and be aware of any undesirable changes that
may occur.

Design of a GPS Data Logger Device with Street Level Map Interface

The author introduces the concept design of a microcontroller based GPS data
logger device with Secure Data (SD) card storage and Google Map mapping interface
in which the device collects the user’s coordinate in a file on an SD card and then the
Google Map software is used to draw the track of the user on a street-level map.

The parts or materials used for the GPS data logger device is firstly the GPS
receiver module, the parallax GPS receiver module is used in the design. It is a small,
low-cost GPS receiver with features such as On-board passive path antenna, single
wire, 4800 band Serial TTL interface, provides either raw NMEA output, or specific
data can be requested via a command interface, and operates with single +5V supply.
Another part is the SD card interface and lastly the microcontroller.

The software of the GPS data logger device was developed using micro C
programming language. This is a powerful embedded C language with reach library
routines for many peripheral devices such as R5232/R5485,SD/MMC card, compact
flashcard, USB, I2C, CAN bus, and many more.

A Low-Cost Sunlight Analyzer and Data Logger Measuring Radiation

In the article the author conveys the results of using a low cost sunlight
analyzer and data logger that measures radiation capable of identifying quality of
available sunlight though different conditions such as from direct sun, through light
haze, moderate cloud and moonlight.

The materials and methods used for this was a standard LED with some
devices being the casing is colored which provides a filter appropriate to the
wavelength of light to be emitted with a dispersal angle at which 50% of the central
beam brightness occurs with or angle typically from 10˚ to 120˚. The lens also works
in reverse if exposed to an appropriate electromagnetic radiation the PN junction can
generate a reverse current proportional to the brightness level to which the LED is
subjected. For a LED w/out a filtered lens, the PN junction can respond to
wavelengths at or shorter than that for which it is designed to emit. The LED is
connected to the DC input by a 330 Ω resistor. The capacitance of the LED die, and

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that of the monitoring equipment and wiring, mean that this voltage can take
significant time to accumulate at the detection input of the monitoring equipment as
the currents involved under poor lighting conditions can be exceedingly low. However,
no matter how ling a measuring input is allowed to change, the max voltage
determined by the LED die material cannot be exceeded and this voltage is herein
referred to as the saturation voltage. These characteristics can be exploited to
produce a sensor capable of detecting a wide range of brightness levels, observing
voltages developed over short timescales for bright conditions and over longer time
scales for lower light levels. The microcontroller used in these experiments was an
Arduino Pro Mini (ATMEGA328P CPU) PCB running at 3.3V and MHz, powered by
3 AA alkaline battery and a low quiescent current regulator. The unit used a
NRF24L01 2.4 GHz radio transceiver and logged data onto a WINBOND W2SQ32
32mbit SPI FLASH EPROM.

A New Data Logger based on Raspberry-Pi for Arctic Not Ostraca

Locomotion Investigation

The article stated by the author is about the reliability and usefulness a new
data logger based on the Raspberry-Pi to measure the locomotor activity of Arctic
Invertebrates. In which the devices use infrared sensors to check in the invertebrates
picking up the locomotor activity, data are collected for the analysis thanks to the
Raspberry-Pi’s capabilities and features it is very useful in extreme scenarios such as
the Polar Environment.

It is composed by an aquarium where the animal live, an electronic board for

the conditioning of the signals that come from the aquarium and a RPI that acts as a
controller of the measurements and data logger. To detect the locomotor activity of
the animal, infrared barriers are mounted in the aquarium, usually three are
sufficient to have a consistent detection. When the animal passes through barrier, it
signals its passage. The electric pulse generated then go through a conditioning
circuit that adapt it to the input range of the I/O digital part of R Pi. Here, the signals
are stored and processed according to the required pipeline.

The software-hardware interface is made thanks to quick2wire.gpio library for

python, freely distributed under GNU license. Those methods allow the user to
directly manage the Raspberry GPIO interface pins.

An Arduino-based Low-Cost Device for the Measurement of the Respiration

Rates of Fruits and Vegetables

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 The article explained by the author is about a device based on open source
software that was made for the determining of the respiration rates of produce in a
closed system. The author also adds the advantages of said system which includes
simplicity, adaptability and low cost.

The materials or parts used is first is a respiration chamber which is a 1450

mL glass with a 110 mm wide mouth enabling easy access for the fruit and vegetables.
Second is the pump system which consists of a small diaphragm on pump and a motor
microcontroller. Next are the carbon dioxide sensors which is used for measuring
carbon dioxide. And lastly are the microcontroller and data logger module in which
the selected main board was an Arduino Uno. It is based on an 8-bit microcontroller
and (ATMEGA328; Atmel Corp, San Jose, CA, USA) with 32 kb flash memory.

A Low-cost Arduino-based Data Logger with Cellular Modem and FTP

Communication for Irrigation Water Use Monitoring to Enable Access to
Crop Manage

The research is to create a device that will make crop management easier at a
low-cost. Using a low cost alternative to Campbell scientific flowmeter-monitoring
stations that includes a data logger, modem, enclosure, battery, solar panel and
change regulator. The devices were enabled with FTPC (File Transfer Protocol)
Communication to a central FTP server and were built with an Arduino Mega,
Adafruit Data Logging Shield and an Adafruit FONA cellular Modem. A voltage
divider is added to monitor the external 12V battery voltage and AC/DC converter
was used to convert 12V to 5V.

In this research we might be able to use the hardware description as a

reference for the Arduino which is Arduino MEGA 2560 Rev3 board used to make
their data logger-modem stations. The software description in the research can be
used as reference iin coding the Arduino for data logging like the Arduino IDE
platform used.

An Open-source Hardware GPS Data Logger for Wildlife Radio-telemetry

Studies: A Case Study Using Eastern Box Turtles

This research is to develop a cheap, customizable, open-source hardware GPS

(Global Positioning System) logger used in animal movement studies. This research
is using a TOS logger and TNG logger in staring data for their GPS, and the battery
used in this research is selected to withstand conditions and make the whole device

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small. We can use this as reference in improving the design of our Data Logger similar
to the GPS. The results of their field test is the accuracy of the GPS loggers on habitat
type and function when signal reception improves, memory of Arduino Pro Mini, TOS
logger staring 83 points recording latitude, longitude, day, month, hour, and minute,
TNG loggers store 16,00 point. Battery life influenced by number of fi attempts and
time spent attempting to obtain a fix.

Open-source Automatic Weather Station and Electronic Ablation Station for

Measuring the Impacts of Climate Change on Glaciers

This research is about monitoring glaciers because they are called natural
sensors in identifying changes in climate and weather. The project has two modules
an automatic weather station and an electronic ablation station. The data logger in
this research is responsible for processing, staring and send data to remote servers
one example is how they used it for their Automatic Weather Station (AWS). This
reference would be useful in learning how was the Arduino Uno is used in multiple
applications in a system.

Study of Renewable Energy Sources Capacity and Loading Using Data

Logger for Sizing of Solar-Wind Hybrid Power System

This research is about using a data logger to monitor energy power plant
specifically solar wind hybrid power system for accuracy. In this research the data
logger is focused in acquitting data in energy power plants accurately in order to
resize an inefficient generating system. The wind-solar hybrid performance changes
and the data logger determines this changes through data stored and then adjust the
system. This reference would be useful in knowing how data loggers work in a wind-
solar hybrid system and making adjustments in said systems.

In this research there are equations written in acquiring data from the data
logger like the mathematical equations of the wind turbines. In the system resizing
procedure, the data received will be used in adjusting the batteries capacity.

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Design and Validation of a Low-cost Indoor Environment Quality Data
Logger

The research was aimed and designed for the purpose of evaluating the indoor
environment quality (IEQ). IEQ as stated in the paper, refers to the various
parameters pertaining to the various senses known to air, mainly senses of sight
(visual), smell (olfactory), touch (thermal), and hearing (acoustic). These parameters
can be obtained simultaneously with preference and such measures are done by the
field study of thermal comfort (FSTC) approach and they can be collected and stored
in a manner similar to writing a diary, which is the presence of a data logger is
needed.

One of the ways of attaining a suitable place to be in is to be able to have a

good environment. Inspecting the quality of indoor environment is one of the goals in
building designs and evaluating the performance of buildings can be done in the post
occupancy evaluation (POE). Such techniques may provide a good data gathered from
the inhabitants of the building regarding their experiences in the setting where they
live in however, such information gathered from surveys have biases and those would
not suffice the main goal of evaluating the IEQ.

The usage of a data logger can be a solution in the missing link of the research.
It is developed to measure the thermal, acoustic, and visual properties pertaining to
the environment as well as the air-quality of the environment. Using the data
gathered from surveys as a complementary information to the data collected via the
data logger, a better approach towards the IEQ can be met. Utilizing both the
information had led the research to have a better output. The information that was
stored in the data logger would be more valuable than what was in the data form
surveys.

The goal was to construct a Low-cost Logger (LCL) which should be

inexpensive, functional, and easy-to-use. The main function of LCL was to be able to
sense the different aspect of the indoor environment, the behavior of its residents and
residential perceptions of the environment.

The collection of data, as stated will be done by simultaneously using the

information taken from surveys and the information acquired through the
assessment of environmental parameters.

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Open Source Low-cost Power Monitoring System

The research was conducted on the motive of constructing an inexpensive

system capable of measuring different measurements such as loads and power
supplied by photovoltaic systems. This is limited only through fabrication of open
source software and hardware. The system mainly uses a Digital Universal Energy
Logger (DUEL) which has the capacity to read and scale the voltage and current of a
given load accurately. The DUEL can operate up to a maximum of 50 A and 300 V.
The DUEL can be lived up to 127 nodes and communicate via an Inter-Integrated
Circuit (I2C) on a bus and uses Arduino Uno to be monitored as well as store and log
information gathered.

Continuous Monitoring of IEQ Using Arduino Issued Data Acquisition

System

The main medium used for storing and logging the data acquired from their
sensors is the Arduino Uno. It is an open source platform capable of being coded in
programming languages such as C/C++. The platform has 6 analog pins which can
read data up to a maximum of 5 V.

The system uses a wireless network of gathering and reading data. Zigbee
Wireless Network is the particular type of wireless network that they used in the
research. Additional to that, Xbee Series 2, module is used on the main module and
hardware for the wireless communication and the module is based on the Zigbee
Protocol. The Xbee alone can be a powerful module in terms of gathering data as it
can also be wired directly to the board, and power reduction. However, the Xbee
module has a limited number of pins (I/O) and does not support logic programming.
Having also a low analog input of 1.2V, it has a low reading resolution and poor
accuracy. Having paired with the Arduino Uno, they can exchange data and aide each
other in storing and logging data.

Design of an Accurate, Low-cost Autonomous Data Logger for PV System

Monitoring using Arduino that Complies with IEC Standards.

The usage of open source system has made the research into working with low-
cost software and hardware. One example is the microcontroller under Arduino Uno.
It is capable of using Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LAN, GPS, etc.

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 A PV system houses solar modules, regulators, and batteries for the case of
stand-alone systems, inverters, AC & DC wiring, electrical security devices, and
protection devices. A stand-alone PV system have 9 variables that must be measured
mainly: 2 temperature, 1 irradiance, 3 voltages, 2 directional currents, and 1
bidirectional current. An important starting point is determining the number of
inputs in the design of the data logger.

The voltage and current parameters may be either AC or DC. The accuracy of
the sensors for these parameters must be greater than 1% of the reading. Two main
methods of measuring current can be either shunts or current transducers. Shunts
are very simple and does not require an extra power supply however it does require
a high sample rate for monitoring AC. Current transducers, on the other hand,
require an extra power supply but can easily measure AC and DC. In a similar
manner, voltage transducers/voltage dividers can be used to measure the DC voltage.
The electrical parameters may be AC, DC or both. The DC power can be measured in
real time as the product of the sample voltage and current (P = I E) or can be
measured directly using power sensor. The AC power must be measured using a
power sensor while taking account the power factor (pf) and the harmonic distortion.
Such energy meter contains both voltage and current transducers. The accuracy of
the power sensors must be greater than 2% of the actual reading.

Improved Coordinated Control Strategy of Hybrid Energy Storages in PV

Power Smoothing

High penetration of renewable energy causes system frequency fluctuation of

power flow and this significantly affects the power system operations. Coordinated
control strategy is added to avoid the power input inconsistency of storage and
consider energy storage simultaneously. This effectively reduces the number of
charge and discharge cycle of energy storage system.

Optimized Logging of Data Elements to a Data Storage Device

In this invention we can gather information for the effective data logging of
processed information given. We can also learn by the research the dividing of the
process between the data sources and data logging processes increase the efficiency
and speed of delivering data. This research also indicates that limiting size of data
logged increases the speed also, operating the data logger asynchronously makes full
latter from the queue than it writes the data to the hardware, with this manner, the
data logging device can perform optionally while creating or expanding the tile.

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Environmental Condition Control and Energy Management and Method

In this invention they developed an environmental condition sensing and

control system and minimizing energy consumption and cost and an ability to log
data at enhanced performance a humidity, temperature, UV intensity, wind direction
and speed, relative humidity, wet bulb thermometer measurements and dew point.
This system also can accept and process inputs such as local weather forecast data.
This system can also process sensed conditions and input by the processor of system,
with software operating on the processor, to maintain environmental conditions and
energy consumption level.

Optimized Energy Management System

This invention includes various system and method for increasing the
efficiency in which energy can managed. A control device manages the energy supply
from the various sources and demand for energy consumption devices. An
optimization algorithm determines based on various factors when to activate the
energy sources and where to activate the consumption devices.

The algorithm takes into account such factors as the supply charge on batteries
and others in order to schedule and activate energy supply and consumption devices.
Devices can be scheduled for flexible turn-on times are scheduled for periods on which
cheap energy supply is available.

Measurement Uncertainty in Energy Monitoring: Present State of the Art

Metrology is a science of measurement. Our project is related to measuring

voltage and current of electrical system so we need a greater view in this part of
metrology. This paper mainly focusses on the current state of instrumentation’s and
method’s uncertainties and their effect. We chose to cite this document for we are
creating a measuring device which would need uncertainty and accuracy computation
on the paper proper.

According to the document, there are 3 types of uncertainty; measurement,

sampling, and modeling. According to the authors the first type is negligible on
current state of art. We are creating something from a scratch so losses and stray
data would occur, thus greater effect to the uncertainty of the values that is going to
be displayed. For reference, the author has also cited the ASHRAE’s Guideline 14-
2002 or G14. The guideline discusses about instrumentation, data handling,

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uncertainty calculation, and catalogues of uncertainties for a wide variety of energy-
related measurement instruments.

If we want to further the study with the uncertainty computation, we would

need a copy of G14, if not costly.

Traceability of DC high voltage measurements using the Josephson Voltage

Standard

There are different methods on measuring high voltage values, which include
a series resistance ammeter, resistance potential divider, generating voltmeter, and
sphere gaps. To be honest we don’t understand any of this but since are project would
only deal with a maximum value of 30V, which would still be low voltage applications,
we chose to not to indulge more in this concept.

We have stipulated that we need a current and voltage transformer for the
Arduino boards have voltage and current limits. From the document, we have
inferred that we need an appropriate transformer with a correct transformation ratio,
and has less losses from stray current and iron core.

We have also have derived a formula from the document where they compared
actual and measured values and determine the percentage error:

𝑀𝑉 − 𝐴𝑉
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
𝐴𝑉

Where MV is the Measured Value and AV is the Actual Value

The actual value could come from a known source or a calibrated measuring
device.

Measurement of Power and Energy Using Arduino

Power is the rate at which electrical energy is dissipated or transferred from a

one device to another. Since the Arduino system can sense voltage and current in a
very distinct way, by formula:

P = IV = I2R = V2/R

We can compute on the processor of the Arduino the power dissipated from a
source for example, a battery or output from a cellphone charger. But in order for an
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Arduino to not overload from those voltages and amperage, we should first step it
down before allowing it to enter the module. We need a current and voltage
transformer.

A dc voltage transformer is easy to make since it is just a coil of wire on an iron

core. Old cellphone chargers have one inside. A current transformer, as so far by our
research, are only available to AC systems.

Using Rogowski Coil for Transient Current Measurement

The Rogowski Coil Method is a method or a type of current transformer for AC

electricity. It can also measure electric current for high current values. It is typically
visualized as an Air cored coil that is placed around the conductor in a toroidal
fashion. The magnetic field produced by the current on the conductor induces a
voltage in the coil which is directly proportional to the current on the conductor more
specifically, the output voltage is directly proportional to the rate of change of current
in the conductor.

We still have to read about current transformer on DC. A viable solution to

this would be converting the DC current into AC current to make it compatible with
a Current Transformer-Transducer.

Development of an Integrated Data-acquisition System for Renewable

Energy Sources Systems Monitoring

Since new Renewable Source of Energy are continuously being studied upon
by different researchers, data acquisition systems are needed by many to gather
information needed by the team for their study. This data can be used for testing,
monitoring, performance tests, and evaluation. Large researches which involve huge
sources for energy and equipment need a computer based or a centralized data
acquisition system that would ease their work. Since our project mainly focusses on
small scale power generation, we would develop a cheaper and smaller DAQ system
capable of measuring voltage, current and power.

The document will serve as a reference for a basis if our project decided to move
on a larger scale. Instead of individual logging device per sensors, each sensor will
send a signal to a microcontroller to a computer to process. This will save time and
frequent checking of each logging device per sensor.

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