Prof. Dr.

Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012

MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

CALCULUS- I
Week 1; Part 2:
FUNDAMENTALS
P f Dr.
Prof. D Zekeriya
Z k i ALTAÇ
Eskişehir Osmangazi University
School of Engng & Architecture

CHAPTER 1. FUNCTIONS

y = f ( x) one-variable function

x Æ independent variable, y Æ dependent variable

Examples
y = f ( x) = 3 x 2 − x + 5 y = f ( x) = x 2 e x − 2sin 3 x
2

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Function - for every x there is exactly one y.

Domain - set of x-values

Range - set of y-values

Find the domain of each function.

(a) f: {(-3,0), (-1,4), (0,2), (2,2), (4,-1)}

Domain = { -3,
3, -1,
1, 0, 2, 4}
1
(b) g ( x) = D= { x ≠ −5}
x+5
Set 4 – x2 greater
(c)
f ( x) = 4 − x 2
than or = to 0,, then
factor, find C.N.’s
(2 − x)(2 + x) ≥ 0 and test each interval.
D=[-2, 2]

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

y = f ( x1 , x2 ) two-variable functions

x1 , x2 Æ independent variables, y Æ dependent variable

Examples
2x − y
f ( x, y ) = x 2 y 3 − 2 x + y − 1 f ( x, y ) =
3x + 5 y 2

y = f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) n-variable functions

x1 , x2 ,..., xn Æ independent variables, y Æ dependent variable

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Piecewise Defined Functions

The Greatest Integer Function y = [[ x]]

-4
4 -3
3 -2
2 -1
1 0 1 2 3 4 5

x y x y

0 0 1.1 1
.2 0 1.4 1
.5 0 1.7 1 1 2 3
.8 0 1.8 1
.99 0 1.99 1

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Vertical Line Test for Functions

Do the graphs represent y as a function of x?

no yes yes

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

1. The function is decreasing on the interval ((-2,0).

2,0).
2. The function is constant on the interval (0,3).
3. The function is increasing on the interval (3,5).

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

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ASYMTOTES: Definition

„ An asymptote is a straight line which acts as a

boundary for the graph of a function.
function
„ When a function has an asymptote (and not all
functions have them) the function gets closer and
closer to the asymptote as the input value to the
function approaches either a specific value a or
positive or negative infinity.
„ The functions most likely to have asymptotes are
rational functions

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES
Vertical asymptotes occur when the
following condition is met:

The denominator of the simplified

rational function is equal to 0 (zero).
Remember, the simplified rational
function has cancelled any factors
common to both the numerator and
denominator.

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Example 1
2 − 5x
Given the function f (x ) =
2 + 2x
The first step is to cancel any
factors common to both 2 + 2x = 0
numerator and denominator. 2 (1 + x ) = 0
In this case there are none.
1+ x = 0
The second step is to see x = −1
where the denominator of the
simplified function equals 0.

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Graph of Example 1

The vertical dotted

li att x = –1 is
line i th
the
vertical asymptote.

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Example 2
2 x 2 + 10 x + 12
If f (x ) =
x2 − 9

First simplify the

2 x 2 + 10 x + 12 ( x + 3)( 2 x + 4 )
function. Factor =
both numerator
2
x −9 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
and denominator 2x + 4
andd cancell any =
x−3
common factors
x −3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3
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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Graph of Example 2

The vertical dotted line

at x = 3 is the vertical
asymptote

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Example 3

x −5
If g (x ) =
x2 − x − 6

Factor both the x−5 x−5

=
numerator and x 2 − x − 6 ( x + 2)( x − 3)
denominator and cancel
anyy common factors. x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2
In this case there are no
common factors to x −3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3
cancel. This function has two vertical
asymptotes!!!
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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Graph of Example 3

The two vertical

dotted lines at
x = -2 and x = 3 are
the vertical
asymptotes

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HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES
Horizontal asymptotes occur when either one of the following
conditions is met (you should notice that both conditions
cannot be true for the same function).

The degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the

denominator. In this case the asymptote is the horizontal
line y = 0.

The degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the

denominator. In this case the asymptote is the horizontal
line y =a/b where a is the leading coefficient in the
numerator
t and d b is
i th
the lleading
di coefficient
ffi i t in
i the
th
denominator.

When the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree

of the denominator there is no horizontal asymptote
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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Example 4
x 2 + 3x − 5
If f (x ) =
x 3 − 27

then there is a horizontal asymptote at the

line y=0 because the degree of the
numerator (2) is less than the degree of
the denominator (3). This means that as x
gets larger
g g and larger g in both the p
positive
and negative directions (x → ∞ and x → -∞)
the function itself looks more and more like
the horizontal line y = 0

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Graph of Example 4

The horizontal line

y = 0 is the
horizontal
asymptote.

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Example 5

6 x 2 − 3x + 5
If g (x ) = 2
5x + 7 x − 9
then because the degree of the numerator (2) is
equal to the degree of the denominator (2) there is
a horizontal asymptote at the line y=6/5. Note, 6 is
the leading coefficient of the numerator and 5 is the
leading coefficient of the denominator. As x→∞
and as x→-∞ g(x) looks more and more like the line
y=6/5

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Graph of Example 5

The horizontal dotted

line at y = 6/5 is the
horizontal asymptote.

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Example 6

− 2 x3 + 5x − 9
If f (x ) =
x2 +1
There are no horizontal asymptotes because the
degree of the numerator is greater than the degree
of the denominator.

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Graph of Example 6

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

SLANTED ASYMPTOTES
„ Slanted asymptotes occur when the degree
of the numerator is exactly one bigger than
the degree of the denominator. In this case a
slanted line (not horizontal and not vertical) is
the function’s asymptote.

„ To find the equation of the asymptote we

need to use long division – dividing the
numerator by the denominator.

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Example 7

x3 + 2 x 2 + 5x − 9
„ If f (x ) =
x2 − x +1

„ There will be a slant asymptote because the degree

of the numerator (3) is one bigger than the degree of
the denominator (2).

„ Using long division

division, divide the numerator by the
denominator.

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

x+3
x − x + 1 x + 2 x + 5x − 9
2 3 2

(
− x3 − x 2 + x )
3x2 + 4x − 9
− (3x2 −3x + 3)
7 x − 12
We can ignore the remainder 7x-12
7x 12
The answer we are looking for is the quotient x+3
and the equation of the slant asymptote is y=x+3

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Graph of Example 7

The slanted line

y = x + 3 is the
slanted
asymptote

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

HOLES
„ Holes occur in the graph of a rational function
whenever the numerator and denominator have
common factors. The holes occur at the x value(s)
that make the common factors equal to 0.

„ The hole is known as a removable singularity or a

removable discontinuity.

„ When you graph the function on your calculator you

won’t be able to see the hole but the function is still
discontinuous (has a break or jump).

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Finding a Hole
Example 8
Remember the 6 x 2 + 10 x + 12 ( x + 3)( 2 x + 4 )
f ( x) = =
function x2 − 9 ( x + 3)( x − 3)

We were able to cancel the (x + 3) in the numerator

and denominator before finding the vertical
asymptote.
Because (x + 3) is a common factor there will be a
hole at the point where
x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = −3

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Graph of Example 8

Notice there is a hole in

the
h graph h at the
h point
i
where x = -3. You
would not be able to
see this hole if you
graphed the curve on
your calculator (but it’s
there just the same.)
same )

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Example 9
x3 − 8
If
f (x ) = 2
„
x −4
„ Factor both numerator and denominator to see if
there are any common factors.
x 3 − 8 (x − 2)(x 2 + 2 x + 4 )
f (x ) = 2 =
x −4 (x − 2)(x + 2)
„ Because there is a common factor of x - 2 there will
be a hole at x = 2. This means the function is
undefined at x = 2. For every other x value the
function looks like
x2 + 2 x + 4
x+2
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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Graph of Example 9

There is a hole in the

curve at the point
where x = 2. This
curve also has a
vertical asymptote at
x = -2 and a slant
asymptote y = x.

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EVEN-ODD FUNCTIONS

A function is y = f(x) is even if, for each x in the domain of f,

An even function is symmetric about the y-axis.

A function is y = f(x) is odd if, for each x in the domain of f,

An odd function is symmetric about the origin.

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Even or Odd?
f ( x ) = x2

Even

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Even or Odd?

f ( x ) = x3

Odd

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Even or Odd?
1
f ( x) =
x

Odd

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Even or Odd?
f ( x ) = cos x

Even

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Even or Odd?
f ( x) = x

Even

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Example: g(x) = x3 – x

g(−x) = (–x)3 – (–x) = –x3 + x = –(x3 – x)

Th f
Therefore, g(x)
( ) is
i ODD because
b f( ) = –f(x)
f(–x) f( )

Example: h(x) = x2 + 1

h(–x) = (–x)2 + 1 = x2 + 1
h(x) is EVEN because f(–x) = f(x)

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

The composition of the functions f and g is

( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
“f composed by g of x equals f of g of x”

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EXAMPLE

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

EXAMPLE f ( x) = x , and g ( x) = x − 1

Find ( f D g )(2)
( f D g )( x ) = f ( g ( x)) = x − 1
of 2 = 2 −1 = 1
EXAMPLE f ( x) = x + 2, and g ( x) = 4 − x 2

( f D g )( x ) = f ( g ( x)) = (4 − x 2 ) + 2 = − x 2 + 6
( g D f )( x ) = g ( f ( x)) = 4 − ( x + 2)2 = − x 2 − 4 x
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2
EXAMPLE: Express h(x) = 1/( x − 2) as a
composition of two functions f and g.

1
f ( x) = , g ( x) = x − 2
x2

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

EXAMPLE Find the sum, difference, and quotient of

two functions.

f ( x) = 2 x + 1, g ( x) = x 2 + 2 x − 1

( f + g )( x) = 2 x + 1 + x 2 + 2 x − 1 = x 2 + 4 x
( f − g )( x) = 2 x + 1 − x 2 − 2 x + 1 = − x 2 + 2
⎛ f ⎞ 2x +1
⎜ ⎟ ( x) = 2
⎝g⎠ x + 2x −1

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VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL SHIFTS

1. h(x) = f(x) + c Vert. shift up

2. h(x) = f(x) – c Vert. shift down

3. h(x) = f(x – c) Horiz. shift right

4. h(x) = f(x + c) Horiz. shift left

5. h( ) = –f(x)
h(x) f( ) Reflection in the x-axis
6. h(x) = f(–x) Reflection in the y-axis

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Shifting the graph of y=lxl

y lxl , 2 units to the right and
1 unit to the down.

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

59

INEQUALITIES AND THE SIGN CHART

LINEAR INEQUALITIES

( ax + b [?] 0, [ ?] → =, >, <, ≥, ≤)

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

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QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES

( ax 2 + bx + c [ ?] 0, [ ?] → =, >, <, ≥, ≤)
If b 2 − 4ac = 0

a>0
a<0
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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

If b 2 − 4ac > 0

a<0 a>0
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If b 2 − 4ac < 0 NO REAL ROOTS

a<0 NO X- INTERCEPTS a>0

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

EXAMPLE ( x + 4)( x − 2)( x − 7) > 0

-4 2 7
O

O
O

{(−4, 2),(7, +∞)}

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EXAMPLE ( x − 5)2 ( x − 1)( x + 3) ≤ 0

{[−3,1],5}
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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

EXAMPLE

x 2 + 3x + 2
≥0 O
x 2 − 16
O

O
O

O O

D = {(−∞, −4),[−2, −1],(4, +∞)}

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EXAMPLE

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

EXAMPLE
y = x2 − 1

{
D = x2 − 1 ≥ 0 }
−∞ −1 +1 +∞
x2 − 1 + + + O - - -O + + +

{(−∞, −1),(1, +∞)}

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INVERSE FUNCTIONS f -1(x)

Inverse functions have symmetry

about the line y = x

Inverse of ordered pairs.

Ex. f(x) = {(1,4), (2,-4), (7,3)}

The inverse is:

f-1(x) = {(4,1), (-4,2), (3,7)}

Note that the x and y’s are switched.

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

DEFINITION OF THE INVERSE OF A FUNCTION

f and g are inverse functions if

f(g(x)) = x and g(f(x)) = x

Example. Show that the following functions are

inverses of each other.
x +1
f(x) = 2x3 -1 g ( x) = 3
2
3
⎛ x +1 ⎞ ⎛ x +1⎞
⎟ − 1 = 2⎜
f(g(x)) = 2⎜ 3
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎟ −1 = x + 1 – 1
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ =x

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A 1-on-1 function must pass both the vertical and

horizontal line tests. y = f ( x)

To find an inverse of a function f, use the

following procedure.

1. Interchange the x’s and y’s x = f ( y)

2. Solve the equation for y y = g ( x)

3. Replace g with f-1 in the f −1 ( x) = g ( x)

new equation
y = f −1 ( x )

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

f −1 ( x)

f ( x)

y=x

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CAUTION

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Example. Find the inverse of 5 − 3x

y = f ( x) =
2
5 − 3y
2x = 5 – 3y x=
2
3y = 5 – 2x

5 − 2x 5 − 2x
y= y = f −1 ( x) =
3 3

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The graph of f(x) and f -1(x)

3 5
y = f ( x) = − x +
2 2
2

1 2 5
y = f −1 ( x) = − x +
3 3

y=x 1 2

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Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 9/19/2012
MMF Makine Mühendisliği [email protected]

Example. Find the inverse of y = f ( x) = 3 − 2e − x

x = 3 − 2e − y ⇒ x 2 = 3 − 2e − y
3 − x2 3 − x2
−y
e = ⇒ − y = ln( )
2 2
3 − x2
y = − ln( )
2
⇒ ⎛ 2 ⎞
y = f −1 ( x) = ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 − x2 ⎠
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Questions?

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