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PRESENTATION
ON
GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:-
MRS.MANISHA BHATNAGAR SHINAKSHI GARG
(HOD OF COMP. SCI DEPT) MCA-III
MRS.HARKAWNALJEET KAUR ROLL NO: 13
(ASST. PROF OF COMP. SCIENCE DEPT)

SSD WOMEN’S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

BATHINDA
SESSION 2012-13
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CONTENTS
 Geographical Information System
 GIS Capabilities
 The Need For GIS
 Components of GIS
 Cross Disciplinary Nature of GIS
 Creating GIS
 How to combine Geographical Information

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CONTENTS
 How Does GIS Works
 Information is organized into layers:
 Why Is GIS Unique
 Top Benefits Of GIS
 GIS Applications

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Introduction To Geographical
Information System

Geo:- EARTH
Geography:- Study of earth and where things are.
Information:- For capturing, managing, analyzing and
understanding Information.
System:- A set of Software, hardware and Data.

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What Is GIS:-
 Geographical Information System (GIS) is a computer
based information system used to digitally represent
and analyze the geographic features present on the
Earth’s surface and the events that taking place on it.
 Geographic Information Systems provide a method for
integrating and analyzing spatial (digital map based)
information such as "where is the nearest movie theater?"
 Alongside related non-spatial information (what movies
are playing there?).
 Many people are becoming far more familiar with seeing
the results both textually - for example when their phone
shows them the nearest pub - and on open map systems
such as Google Maps.
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GIS Capabilities/ Analysis with GIS :

 Location: What is at a particular location...?
Where is it….?
 Condition: identify a location where certain
conditions exist..?
 Trends: What has changed since...?
 Patterns: What things are related..?
 Modeling: What if…?

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Example:-

Fig:- Loc. of Giani Zail Singh College Of Engineering& Technology

on Earth ..
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The Need For GIS:

 The real world has a lot of spatial data

 manipulation, analysis and modeling can be effective
and efficiently carried out with a GIS
 the neighborhood of the intended purchase of house
 location of historical sites to visit
 The earth surface is a limited resource
 rational decisions on space utilization
 fast and quality information in decision making

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Components of GIS:-

A working Geographic Information System

seamlessly integrates five key components:

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Hardware:-
• Computer
• Digitizer
• Scanner
• Printer/Plotter

Software :-
GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to
store, analyze, and display geographic information. The Key
components of GIS Software are:-
 Tools for entering and manipulating geographic
information such as addresses or political boundaries
 A database management system (DBMS)
 Tools that create intelligent digital maps you can
analyze, query for more information, or print for
presentation
 An easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI)
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Major GIS software

 ARCGIS ( ArcView 10.1)
ArcView: ESRI, the producer of ArcView, has been an industry
leader in the production of GIS software and in the support of
GIS education. Access ready-to-use ArcGIS for Desktop Basic
(formerly known as ArcView), which allows one to view spatial
data, create layered maps, and perform basic spatial analysis.
 GRASS GIS (Geographic Resources Analysis
Support System)
 Google Map
 Google Earth

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Data:-
 GIS incorporates geographical features with tabular
data in order to map, analyze, and assess real-world
problems.
 Data that is in some way referenced to locations on
the earth. Attribute data can be generally defined as
additional information about each of the spatial
features.
 Geographic data and related tabular data can be
produced by digitizing images from aerial photographs
or published maps.
 An example of this would be college. The actual
location of the College is the spatial data.
 Additional data such as the College name,
specialization, capacity would make up the attribute
data.
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People:-
GIS users range from technical specialists who design and
maintain the system to those who use it to help them
perform their everyday work.

METHODS
A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed
plan and business rules, which are the models and
operating practices unique to each organization

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CROSS-DISCIPLINARY NATURE OF
GIS

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1. Digital Mapping:-
 If you want to use already existed maps which are not in
digital form, but in a form that can be recognized by
computer can be used in GIS by converting them into
Digital form so that they can be used.
 Maps can be digitized by hand-tracing with a computer
mouse on the screen or on a digitizing tablet to collect
the coordinates of features.
 Electronic scanners can also convert maps to digits.

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2. Photogrammetry :-
Photogrammetry is art, science, and technology of
obtaining the geometric properties (of shape, size,
relative position of figures, and the properties of
space)of objects from photographic images.
Photogrammetry is as old as modern photography.
3. Surveying :-
 Surveying or land surveying is the technique,
profession, and science of accurately determining the
three-dimensional position of points and the
distances and angles between them(relative position
of points or physical and cultural details).
 These points are usually on the surface of the Earth,
and they are often used to establish land maps,
boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes
and cultural details about the area or land.
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4. Remote Sensing:-
 Remote sensing is the technique of deriving
information about objects on the surface of the earth
without physically coming into contact with them but
with the help of sensors like cameras scanners carried
on airplanes, satellites.
 These sensors collect data in the form of images.
 These sensors are at a considerable height from the
earth surface and recording the observations on a
suitable medium (images on photographic films and
videotapes or digital data on magnetic tapes).

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5. Statistical databases:-
There are many different designs of DBMS’s, but in GIS the
relational design has been the most useful.
In the relational design, data are stored conceptually as a
collection of tables. Common fields in different tables are
used to link them together.
 Spatial relational databases
 exactly the same as any other relational database
(RDBS) except that at least some of the Tables
consist of entities with a geographic location.
 geographic information about Geographic objects in the
Table.
 Place name, longitude, latitude, Pin code,
description..etc.
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Spatial data

• At a simple
level a GIS
may just
form the
graphical
interface to
a database

Linked database table

SQL Query Manager

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6. Computer Aided Design:

 CAD is an automated system for the design, drafting
and display of graphically oriented information.
 CAD is used with GIS and the benefit is CAD allows a
user to create a very accurate drawing whether it is a
map, site plan, profile, etc.
All the above defined systems are used with GIS to make
it more efficient.

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CREATING GIS:

 Essentially, geographic information states what is

where.
 So to create geographic information, we have to
record these two elements somehow.
 They can be captured through many different types of
observations, measurements and surveys.
 Data can be sourced from aerial photography, satellite
images, field samples, land surveying, population
censuses, global positioning systems (GPS) and
government administrative records among others.

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How To Combine Geographic Information..?

 If we are combining a number of different geographic
information themes together, they may be from different
sources, in different formats and covering different study
areas.
 Therefore, we need to use a system to deal with the
*disparate sources and organize them so that they can be
combined.
 A Geographic Information System does just that It is a tool
for the input of different geographical information themes
so that they can be stored, organized, displayed and
analyzed.
 It uses geography as the common denominator
between separate themes so that they can be combined.
 Its purpose is to provide answers to questions based on
geographical data
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How Does GIS Works :

Relating info. from
different sources

Data capture

Data integration

Projection and registration

Data structures

Data modeling

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1. Relating Information From

Different Sources:-
o The power of a GIS comes from the ability to relate
different information in a spatial context and to
reach a conclusion about this relationship.
o Most of the information we have about our world
contains a location reference, placing that information
at some point on the globe.
o A GIS, therefore, can reveal important new
information that leads to better decision making.

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2. Data Capture:
 How can a GIS use the information in a map? If the data to
be used are not already in digital form, that is, in a form the
computer can recognize, various techniques can capture
the information.
 Maps can be digitized by hand-tracing with a computer
mouse on the screen or on a digitizing tablet to collect the
coordinates of features.
 A GIS can be used to emphasize the spatial relationships
among the objects being mapped.

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Fig B. Collecting latitude and
longitude coordinates with a GPS
Receiver.

Fig A. Scanning paper maps to

produce digital data files for input
into a GIS.

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 Data capture—putting the information into the system

—involves identifying the objects on the map, their
absolute location on the Earth's surface, and their spatial
relationships.
 Software tools that automatically extract features from
satellite images or aerial photographs.
 A computer-aided mapping system may represent a road
simply as a line, a GIS may also recognize that road as
the boundary between wetland and urban city.

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3. Data Integration:
 A GIS makes it possible to link, or integrate, information
that is difficult to associate through any other means.
 Thus, a GIS can use combinations of mapped variables
to build and analyze new variables.

FIG:- Data integration is the linking of information in different forms

through a GIS.
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 For example, using GIS technology, it is possible to

combine agricultural records with hydrography (The
science of the measurement and description and mapping
of the surface waters of the earth with special reference to
navigation) data to determine which streams will carry
certain levels of fertilizer runoff.
 Agricultural records can indicate how much pesticide has
been applied to a parcel of land.
 By locating these parcels and intersecting them with
streams, the GIS can be used to predict the amount of
nutrient runoff in each stream.

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4. Projection & Registration:

 Projection is a fundamental component of mapmaking. A
projection is a mathematical means of transferring
information from the Earth's three-dimensional, curved
surface to a two-dimensional medium—paper or a
computer screen.
 Different projections are used for different types of maps
because each projection is particularly appropriate for
certain uses.
 Since much of the information in a GIS comes from
existing maps, a GIS uses the processing power of the
computer to transform digital information, gathered from
sources with different projections, to a common projection

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FIG:- An elevation image The elevation image has been

classified from a satellite image re-projected to match the
of Minnesota (state) exists in a projection and scale of the
different scale and projection State and province boundaries
than the lines on the digital file of
the State and province
boundaries.
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5. Data structures :
 Can a property ownership map be related to a satellite
image, a timely indicator of land uses? Yes, but,
because digital data are collected and stored in various
ways, the two data sources may not be entirely
compatible. So a GIS must be able to convert data from
one structure to another.
 Data restructuring can be performed by a GIS to
convert data into different formats
 For example, a GIS may be used to convert a
satellite image map to a vector structure by generating
lines around all cells with the same classification, while
determining the cell spatial relationships, such as
adjacency or inclusion.
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Figure 13a. Magnified view of the Figure 13b. Magnified views of the
same GIS data file, shown in raster same GIS data file. converted into
format. vector format.
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6. Data Modeling:
o It is impossible to collect data over every square meter
of the Earth's surface. Therefore, samples must be taken
at distinct locations.
o A GIS can be used to depict two- and three-
dimensional characteristics of the Earth's
surface, subsurface, and atmosphere from points where
samples have been collected.
o GIS Spatial Data Model :-
• Traditionally spatial data has been stored and
presented in the form of a map. Three basic types of
spatial data models have evolved for storing
geographic data digitally. These are referred to as:
 Vector Data Model
 Raster Data Model
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• Vector Data
 Map features
• Points, lines, polygons
• Feature attributes
 Every feature has attributes
• (e.g. name, area, population)

Shape Name Class Pop2000 State

Point New York City 8,008,278 NY
Point Los Angeles City 3,694,820 CA
Point Chicago City 2,896,016 IL

• Raster Data
 Stored electronic image or picture taken as an
aerial photograph or satellite image.
 Composed of a rectangular array of square
cells, called pixels, with a number in each cell
representing the solid color fill of that cell.
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In Vector model: as geometric

Fig:- Raster model as image
objects: points, lines, Polygons
files composed of grid-cells
(pixels)

• A new hybrid method of storing data is that of identifying

point clouds, which combine three-dimensional points
with RGB information at each point, returning a "3D color
image".
• GIS thematic maps then are becoming more and more
realistically visually descriptive of what they set out to show or
determine.
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Figure:- Raster, Vector n Real Model

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Information is organized into layers:

GIS organizes
information in
many layers. Each
layer represents a
particular theme
or feature of map.

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Lakes Roads

States

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Rivers Cities

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WHY IS GIS UNIQUE..?

• GIS handles SPATIAL information - information referenced

by its location in space.
• GIS makes connections between activities based on
spatial proximity.
• GIS stores related geographic features in separate
collections of files called map layers
• Map layers can be reused easily and assembled into any
number of map compositions and overlaid for analysis

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GIS benefits organizations of all sizes and in almost every industry. There is a
growing awareness of the economic and strategic value of GIS.
Better Decision Making:
GIS is the go-to technology for making better decisions
about location. Common examples include real estate
site selection, route selection. Making correct decisions
about location is critical to the success of an organization.
Improved Communication:
GIS-based maps and visualizations greatly assist in
understanding situations and in storytelling.
They are a type of language that improves communication
between different
teams, departments, disciplines, professional
fields, organizations, and the public.
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Better Recordkeeping:
Many organizations have a primary responsibility of
maintaining authoritative records about the status and
change of geography and GIS provides a strong support.
GIS provides a strong framework for managing these types
of records with full transaction support and reporting tools.
Managing Geographically:
GIS is becoming essential to understanding what is
happening—and what will happen—in geographic space.
 Geospatial data are better maintained in a standard
format.
 Revision and updating are easier.
 Geospatial data and information are easier to search,
analysis and represent.
 Geospatial data can be shared and exchanged freely.
 Time and money are saved.
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Crime mapping:-
• It is used on police crime maps. Collection of
data regarding incidences and arrests on
geographical areas which in turn helped increase
police patrols to reduce crimes.
• For Example :- In the case where there is a
kidnapping and the perpetrators (committers) of
crime call to demand something then this technology
can be used to locate the individual exactly where he
or she is calling from.

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Media and Press:

Journalists and editors use GIS in a number of ways:
• Creating valuable graphic images that help tell
compelling stories.
• Researching in depth information for articles.
Example:-
Mapping The Medals In Olympic :-
Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total

0 2 4 6

Badminton 0 0 1 1 +

Boxing 0 0 1 1 +

Shooting 0 1 1 2 +

Wrestling 0 1 1 2 +

Fig : Database of the medals India has Won in

Olympics.
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Fig: Keep up to date on Olympic medals distribution across the

world using GIS.
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Census:-
Integration of GIS technology in Census Mapping

 GIS introduced in Indian Census in 1992.

 Such software, as, ArcInfo, ArcView and ArcGIS have
been extensively used.
 About 60 skilled professionals are engaged in GIS
related work in 17 centers located in different parts of
the country.

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H.P
ARUNACHAL
PARDES

Fig:- show the states which have population less than

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Uttaranchal

Jharkhand

Chhattisgarh

Fig:- In India Newly Created States During 1991-2001

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Real Estate:-
 Residential Real Estate:-
A single map lets your customer compare multiple
properties and their respective proximity to desired
amenities such as schools, parks, and shopping centers
 Commercial Real Estate:-
Evaluate and analyze key factors when sating new
premise for restaurants, stores, warehouses, corporate
offices etc.:
* Location of potential competitors
* Crime rates
* Transportation infrastructure
* Regional labor pool characteristics
* Environmental risk factors (i.e., flood plains,
toxic sites, and others)
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Fig:- Colleges NEAR Namdev

Marg, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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GIS in Tourism :-
• Visualization of tourist sites through digital images or
videos
• Valuable information on tourist locations
• Selective information like route planning, accommodation,
cultural events, special attractions etc.
• Easily accessible information over the internet.
• Interactive maps that respond to user queries.
• They will find all information on click, measure distance,
find hotels and restaurants and even navigate to their
respective links.

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Fig: Bathinda map

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Fig:- Mittal Mall To Peninsula Mall

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What makes data spatial...???

Grid co-ordinate Placename

Postcode

Description
Distance & bearing
Characteristics of spatial data
The shape of a building or county
The course of a river, the route of a road
Back 1
The shape of the landscape.

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