Chapter II.

REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
AND STUDIES
The literature and studies cited in this chapter
tackle the different concept, understanding,
and ideas, generalization or conclusions and
different development related to study of the
enrollment from the past up to the present and
which serves as the researchers guide in devel-
oping the project. Those that were also includ-
ed in this chapter helps in familiarizing infor-
mation that are relevant and similar to the
present study.

Theoretical Background
! v: latest "
Enrollment management is “not just an organi-
zational concept: it is both a process and a se-
ries of activities that involve the entire campus”
( Hossler & Bean, 1990). Dennis (1998) defines
enrollment management as forecasting trends
that will affect higher education and utilizing
research to plan for the future (Dennis,1998).
Second, Dennis lists the following attributes of
those who understand enrollment manage-
ment. Hossler and Bean conclude that there are
two goals of enrollment management. “First, to
exert more control over the characteristics of
the student body and two control the size of the
student body” (& Bean, 1990, p.5) Given these
two perspectives, one would say that enroll-
ment management is concerned with the at-
traction and retention of students (Braxton,
Vesper, & Hossler, 1995). Donhardt (1995),
feels that enrollment management involves the
influence of the whole enrollment picture from
recruitment through graduation. Bateman and
Spruill (1995) found that enrollment manage-
ment extends to the educational outcomes of
attendance. Hossler and Bean (1990) define
enrollment management as “efforts to influ-
ence the characteristics and the size of enrolled
student bodies by directing the activities of the
offices of admissions, financial aid, new-stu-
dent orientation, career planning, retention,
and a number of other student affairs areas”
(Dennis, 1998). Tinto and Russo (1994) report
that the success of enrollment management
programs has been only moderately successful.
In traditional way of enrolling, manual enroll-
ment system is commonly used as a way of en-
rolling students to and is continuing to be used
nowadays. In manual way of registering and
enrolling students they must have to fill up first
using ball pen and an enrollment form sheet
given by their teachers. By the help of different
developers and programmers, they have devel-
oped different system about the registration
and enrollment process. Computerized, online
registration and online enrollment systems that
helps the school for having an easier process of
managing student information.

Related Studies
Local Studies
Based on the researcher, a web-based en-
rollment system for Veritas Parochial
School (VPS) in Web Based enrollment sys-
tem, Manila was developed to help its stu-
dents enroll in a more efficient way without
the hassles of waiting long hours in filling
out forms, which sometimes become re-
dundant, or to stand in line and pay at the
cashier. It is with the Web-based Enroll-
ment System for VPS that this new style of
enrollment may be achieved. This new type
of system offers its students new options
for enrolling at VPS. By logging on to VPS
website, one can register and enroll sub-
jects for a school year. With these, all the
students are required to fill out certain
forms that do not take more than a few
minutes to accomplish. The system stores
its records in the school database for future
references. Confirmation of the transaction
made by the students need to be verified,
the payment of tuition fees must be made
in the schools registrar. The students may
also browse the web site of VPS and he can
check his current account. He can also refer
to the list of the school current tuition fee
rates (Pascual & Riceo, 2008) According to
Lopez (2005), a registration system helps
and provides efficient and reliable services
to the students, enrollment personnel and
administration. Moreover, this system im-
proved the process of enrollment in terms
of searching, retrieving and subject sched-
ules. While in a study conducted by
Cayabyab (2007), many problems and dif-
ficulties were identified in the existing sys-
tem of Dagupan City National High School
(DCNHS). These major concerns are affect-
ing the efficient enrollment system of stu-
dents. Security of the students records were
found to be at high risk. The current sys-
tem may fail to protect some important
documents. It has also untimely and ineffi-
cient report generation. A computerized
system for DCNHS shall result to a signifi-
cant increase in the number of enrollees
Network-Based Enrollment system Conde
(2007) in his study entitled “Network-
bases Enrollment System of Paete National
High School cited that the manual process
of enrollment and manual handling of in-
formation and reports of the students is
very laborious one. The proponents devel-
oped a network based system enrollment
system to the said school to solve the huge
amount of task. Garcia (2002) created the
“LSPC Enrollment System”, the study can
be a great help to persons concerned dur-
ing the enrollment period, the registrar, in-
structor of the students as they retrieval
necessary information when needed and
lessen the burden manually browsing over
enrollment slip for record purposes Saayo
et.al (2008) developed the system “Net-
work based automated Enrollment and
grading system for Morong National High
School. Due to increasing population of the
institution, and the school currently imple-
menting the manual system, every student
spends a lot of time during enrollment pe-
riod, such as paying their tuition fees and
processing the school requirements. Valina
et.al (2009), in this work entitled “Net-
work-based student Permanent Record
keeping and Enrollment System of Balian
National High School”. This System was
made to lessen the time and effort exerted
by both student and school employees. It is
also made to give accurate reports and keep
records of every students every students
and for easy and fast way of enrollment.
Soria (2006), constructed a system entitled
“Network-based Computerized inventory
System for the supply office o the LSPC
main campus. With the advancement of
technology, devices and machines were im-
prove , developed and inverted to cope up
with the need of new world. There are dif-
ferent systems designed for reliable, effi-
cient and very useful to the user. Cabang et
al. (2003) developed the ‘computerized
Students Record Monitoring System of
Siniloan National High School”, Computer-
ized Student data will be exceedingly
helped to the user through continuous
management of the School. It could help
the registrar for a less effort services in the
institutions especially in updating, printing
and deleting student’s record. Velasco
(2002) Study entitled “Maulawin National
High School Student Information System”
cited that maintaining students, records
manually is a very difficult task and time
consuming. In that case, computerization
system that can help and handle 17 this
data needed to speed up the process of stu-
dent’s record keeping and to promote and
reliability. Cura et al. (2004), Designed sys-
tem entitled “computerized inventory sys-
tem of office of the supply in LSPU” is ca-
pable of handling voluminous data about
the flow of item insurance and reply to the
flow of items’ issuance and return in supply
office Torres et al. (2002), conducted a
study that resolves around the importance
computerization of student information.
This study was conducted with the hope
that it would help minimize time and effort
in processing student’s information in
Maulawin National High School. The basic
feature of this study is after the storage and
access of retrieving and updating the data.
Alcaira (1999), stated that the using of
computer are continue to grow, the need
for a more timely information and data
processing comes on demand keeping the
record of any manual operations need the
application, because handling it manually
will only be conflicting. Aravia et al.
(2002), show the growing importance of
computers in the society. The significance
of the study revolves the automation of stu-
dent permanent record keeping. Garnace
(1999), developed application software for
the computerized information system of a
commercial piggery using the concept of
the database and implemented it in data-
base.

Automation Enrollment System Gumitao

(2001), system is designed to provide re-
ports of the list of enrollment per school
year, periodical grade of students, and list
of new, old and transferees Revalla (2005)
created an Automation Enrollment System
for the computer Science Department of
the Laguna College business and Arts. The
study was conceived because of the need to
update the current registration system of
LCBA, which is done manually. Her study,
was based on the special problem of Mr.
Bonifacio E. Bacani, Jr. about “Student
Record information System”. Kampitan
(2000) developed an Enrollment System of
Liceo De Victoria that is designed to keep
the students records. This is used to pro-
vide an effective and faster of providing in-
formation of the student and also the ac-
counting purposes’ Liceo De Victoria En-
rollment was developed and implement us-
ing relational database and designed in
clipper 5.3. Earlier, Encila (1999) Intro-
duced the Enrollment System for the com-
puter Science Department of LCBA and
traders, designed of enrollment System is
advantageous to the school because it
speed up the process and with only a mini-
mum amount of power and resources. Ca-
cao (2002), designed the “Morning Star
Montessori School incorporated form
137implemented in Fox Base. Solomon
(2002), developed Enrollment and Record
keeping System, to know how to read sign
the data that is used to be kept the record
files of students and also that, it could be
mange more efficiently in computer with
his project. Quiver (2001), developed a
program using database III which capable
of retrieving, access in manipulating of
data in easy way. A computerized system to
minimized the lost of record and burden of
work was designed by Pajarillo in 2002.
Monsalve and Ilagan (2005), developed a
program and designed using Microsoft Vis-
ual Basic 6.0 and Microsoft access. The sys-
tem is capable of receiving access, search-
ing items, providing adequate information
and data gathering. IPizzara and Veridiano
(2001), this system was done using Mi-
crosoft Visual Basic 6.0. This conducted
system goes along the trend of computeri-
zation to be in the field of competitiveness
and survive to the complicated works. Re-
layo (1999) this study will assist the re-
searcher regarding to the use of database
and Visual Basic. This system have been
designed in order to speed up the access
and retrieval information and to lessen
manual effort involve in the library routine
of transaction. Magalang (2003), he pro-
posed this to developed software that will
help the management of the school
“lyceum’ in giving good service to its stu-
dent in speeding of the process involve in
monitoring account acquired during the
enrollment & other payment transaction.
Lazaro (2004), this study entitled “Liceo de
Los Banos record monitoring system” pass-
word was created for the protection and
was designed to be user-friendly by only
authorized persons and to ensure security
of data basic information. Lumbers (2002),
stated in her study entitled “a systematic
enrollment process using database system
in Saint John academy. Calamba, Laguna”
that the application of database system to
the enrollment process will greatly increase
its efficiency; automation of enrollment
process will upgrade the quality of the ser-
vices provided for the qualified enrollees.
Online enrollment system An Online Regis-
tration System was proposed to replace the
manual enrollment system of Cavite Mar-
itime Institute in order to advance an orga-
nized flow of transaction and an ease of
work concerned on how the manual enroll-
ment performs throughout the institution’s
operations. The numerous transactions
that the manual system covers, such as up-
dating and adding student records, gener-
ating the advising and assessment slips,
and the like considering the manual oper-
ating system to be inefficient for the need
of the institution. Since the study involves
proper record handling, tracing the con-
straints and evaluation of the manual sys-
tem is essential (Bacala and Reano, 2009).
In educational institutions like Harvent
School in Dagupan City, Composed of ele-
mentary and high school level. The school
puts premium to its registration. The en-
rollment process is the initial stage in gath-
ering bonafide fide and accurate student
information necessary to establish student
permanent records. A registration and
billing system is needed by the institution
to address the stated situation. The study
has been made to help Harvent School
gather fast and deliver accurate informa-
tion (Calabozo & Fernandez, 2006) Online
enrollment system is utilized today by
many universities to facilitate the enroll-
ment of their students into classes every
semester (Gaton, 2012). The system allows
students to choose courses they want to
take with the available class schedules. This
allows students to make up their time
schedules for different class courses with-
out time schedule conflicts. After the allot-
ted enrollment period, the system runs and
assigns slots to students. With the Online
Registration System, students could log in,
check their schedule, and set desired
changes and pay online without having to
stand in a line and rushing to meet dead-
lines to accomplish all the transactions re-
quired for enrollment (Ella, 2012). The On-
line Registration System is a method de-
signed to perform the process involved in
registration, advising, assessments, and
payments of students as well as scheduling
of classes in any educational institution.
According to Aquino (2005), importance of
computer application is increasing day by
day. In the latest decades of the millenni-
um winning organizations are those which
are willing to integrate business strategy
and information technology in plying their
respective trades. The use of information
technology results for them to be able to
develop products fast and make decisions
fast, ability to have fluid organization
structures, able to cope with the demand-
ing work force and external environment
by the rapid development of innovative ap-
proaches, and lastly, using information sys-
tem confirms the company’s vision and
mission. Schools use information systems
in the way of implementing an enrollment
system. This results for them to attract en-
rollees and earn an income. Enrollees are
attracted because the use of the said system
makes the transactions faster and easier.
Alcuaz (1988) stated that the use of com-
puter can give competitive advantage and
improve profitability. Computer helps to
increase the productivity of people. This is
true whether they are working alone or
working with others within a formal orga-
nization such as business corporations. As
said by Adrian(2011), “Lack of enrollment
system in schools can lead to chaos and
troubles.” Students will be confused on
what they should do to be able to enroll
that is why such systems is extremely use-
ful in the way that it gives an ease on work-
ing on enrollment processes. Enrollment is
very useful in retrieving vital information
of the students. Without it can lead difficul-
ty both for the administration of school and
student in enrollment processes Many
countries today, especially the developing
nations are challenged by the rapid techno-
logical changes. This has radically changed
the living and working styles of the entire
society. This transformation has been dri-
ven partly by rapid technological innova-
tion. While in the 20th century, people saw
the rise of the industrial revolution with
steam-powered machines intensifying and
expanding human productive power, the
21st century was characterized by the birth
of machine-powered flight and the emer-
gence of broadcasting and computer tech-
nologies that extend the reach of human
creativity even more and made new ways
possible by which humans could live and
work together (Tinio, 2002). The transfor-
mation of manual enrollment transaction
to automate and now into a web-based au-
tomation is one example of what was dri-
ven partly by the rapid technological inno-
vation. Any ways just to make work easier
and faster like enrollment transactions is
possible with the emergence of computer
technologies. Technology innovation had
influenced man’s work from data process-
ing, business transaction, research, plan-
ning, monitoring and even in medical oper-
ation on human anatomy are now entrust-
ed to computer technology. Web ap-
plications are popular due to ubiquity of its
applications. The ability to update and
maintain web applications without distrib-
uting and installing software on potentially
thousands of client computers are key rea-
sons for its popularity. A significant advan-
tage of building web applications to sup-
port a standard browser feature is the abili-
ty to perform as specified, regardless of the
operating system installed on a given client
(Bacala &Reanno, 2009). Web-based en-
rollment system A web-based enrollment
system has features that meet most of aca-
demic institutions system’s needs and re-
quirements. This includes standardized
modules for student registration, enroll-
ment, grade management, and other mod-
ules that are deemed necessary to operate a
school. Based on the researcher, a web-
based enrollment system for Veritas
Parochial School (VPS) in Web Based en-
rollment system, Manila was developed to
help its students enroll in a more efficient
way without the hassles of waiting long
hours in filling out forms, which sometimes
become redundant, or to stand in line and
pay at the cashier. It is with the Web-based
Enrollment System for VPS that this new
style of enrollment may be achieved. This
new type of system offers its students new
options for enrolling at VPS. By logging on
to VPS website, one can register and enroll
subjects for a school year. With these, all
the students are required to fill out certain
forms that do not take more than a few
minutes to accomplish. The system stores
its records in the school database for future
references. Confirmation of the transaction
made by the students need to be verified,
the payment of tuition fees must be made
in the schools registrar. The students may
also browse the web site of VPS and he can
check his current account. He can also refer
to the list of the school current tuition fee
rates (Pascual & Riceo, 2008)

Foreign Studies
According to Lopez (2005), a Registration
system helps and provides efficient and re-
liable services to the students, enrollment
personnel and administration. Moreover,
this system improved the process of enroll-
ment in terms of searching, retrieving and
subject schedules. While in a study con-
ducted by Cayabyab (2007), many prob-
lems and difficulties were identified in the
existing system of Dagupan City National
High School (DCNHS). These major con-
cerns are affecting the efficient enrollment
system of students. Security of the students
records were found to be at high risk. The
current system may fail to protect some im-
portant documents. It has also untimely
and inefficient report generation. A com-
puterized system for DCNHS shall result to
a significant increase in the number of en-
rollees Network-Based Enrollment system
Conde (2007) in his study entitled “Net-
work-bases Enrollment System of Paete
National High School cited that the manual
process of enrollment and manual handling
of information and reports of the students
is very laborious one. The proponents de-
veloped a network based system enroll-
ment system to the said school to solve the
huge amount of task. Garcia (2002) created
the “LSPC Enrollment System”, the study
can be a great help to persons concerned
during the enrollment period, the registrar,
instructor of the students as they retrieval
necessary information when needed and
lessen the burden manually browsing over
enrollment slip for record purposes Saayo
et.al (2008) developed the system “Net-
work based automated Enrollment and
grading system for Morong National High
School. Due to increasing population of the
institution, and the school currently imple-
menting the manual system, every student
spends a lot of time during enrollment pe-
riod, such as paying their tuition fees and
processing the school requirements. Valina
et.al (2009), in this work entitled “Net-
work-based student Permanent Record
keeping and Enrollment System of Balian
National High School”. This System was
made to lessen the time and effort exerted
by both student and school employees. It is
also made to give accurate reports and keep
records of every students every students
and for easy and fast way of enrollment.
Soria (2006), constructed a system entitled
“Network-based Computerized inventory
System for the supply office o the LSPC
main campus. With the advancement of
technology, devices and machines were im-
prove , developed and inverted to cope up
with the need of new world. There are dif-
ferent systems designed for reliable, effi-
cient and very useful to the user. Cabang et
al. (2003) developed the ‘computerized
Students Record Monitoring System of
Siniloan National High School”, Computer-
ized Student data will be exceedingly
helped to the user through continuous
management of the School. It could help
the registrar for a less effort services in the
institutions especially in updating, printing
and deleting student’s record. Velasco
(2002) Study entitled “Maulawin National
High School Student Information System”
cited that maintaining students, records
manually is a very difficult task and time
consuming. In that case, computerization
system that can help and handle 17 this
data needed to speed up the process of stu-
dent’s record keeping and to promote and
reliability. Cura et al. (2004), Designed sys-
tem entitled “computerized inventory sys-
tem of office of the supply in LSPU” is ca-
pable of handling voluminous data about
the flow of item insurance and reply to the
flow of items’ issuance and return in supply
office Torres et al. (2002), conducted a
study that resolves around the importance
computerization of student information.
This study was conducted with the hope
that it would help minimize time and effort
in processing student’s information in
Maulawin National High School. The basic
feature of this study is after the storage and
access of retrieving and updating the data.
According to Jennifer Rowley (2005), in-
formation systems are a tool to support in-
formation management. Information sys-
tems are increasingly being used in organi-
zations with the objective of providing
competitive advantage. The information
systems used by organizations can be
grouped into different types such as trans-
action processing system, management in-
formation system, decision support system,
executive information system, expert sys-
tems and office information system. Infor-
mation Technology has heralded the ad-
vent of the information society. The infor-
mation society may be a “virtual society”.
The concepts of the electronic classroom,
the electronic office and electronic library
have been explored. Information system
poses a number of issues on society in gen-
eral, including: changing employment pat-
terns, archiving, and bibliographic control,
security and data protection, intellectual
property, marketplace issues and access.
An registration system is basically included
in one of the classification of information
system that is stated by the author, thus it
serves as a tool to support information
management with regards to the student
data, enrollment fees information and oth-
er with a connection to the enrollment
process. Every school gain competitive ad-
vantage of having this system for they will
have the capacity on handling important
information at ease and with security. The
iterative implementation approach is a the-
ory that eliminates problems of using a wa-
terfall study. This is invented to avoid a lin-
ear and sequential development of study.
The overall functionality of the system is
broken down into feature sets. These fea-
tures sets often based upon use cases from
the analysis stage, containing group of in-
dividual features that are related, typically
by a functional area (Stephen McHenry,
2010) Adopting the theory of Stephen
McHenry which is known as the iterative
implementation covers the breakdown of
overall functionality of the system to a what
he called feature set and those feature sets
represents different process involve in an
enrollment system. It helps locate what fea-
ture an enrollment system will have since
that this kind of systems does many activi-
ties and processes. As said by Dunn and
Scott (2005), science and technology is the
root of emerging innovations in this world.
For many years now, a person in this field
of expertise does not stop to reshape the
landscape of today’s business world. En-
rollment system has made huge impact
into the school arena. It is a system that is
built on innovative program strategies. It is
a system that will help both the enrollment
personnel-in-charge and the students to
easily process the enrollment at a lesser
time. Distinct from traditional enrollment,
LAN enrollment system process large as-
sortment of student records and provides
efficient and consistent information ser-
vices. As stated by Holmes (2006), “The
Internet is neither an extraordinary com-
munication tool nor revolutionary. It sim-
ply represents the current stage in the de-
velopment of human capabilities through
written language, which itself derived from
the spoken form.” That statement only
shows that advancement in modern tech-
nology is at their highest peak. Nowadays,
Web-based applications are widely used
due to their ubiquity. Web-based enroll-
ment system is currently emerging on mar-
kets for they are offering transaction con-
venience and service efficiency through the
use of Internet. This system becomes a
powerful tool in dealing with information
management regarding enrollment trans-
actions. According to Forman (2007), con-
tinuing innovation in technologies can lead