Lesson 2 Presentation of Data
Lesson 2 Presentation of Data
1. TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
2. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
3. TABULAR PRESENTATION
1. TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
1. Accuracy
a good graph should not be deceptive, distorted, misleading, or in any way
susceptible to wrong interpretations as a result of inaccurate or careless
instruction
care should be taken so as not to create any optical illusion
2. Clarity
a chart should be easily read and understood
graph should focus on the message it is trying to communicate
there should be unambiguous representation of the facts
graph must be able to aid the reader in the interpretation of facts
…
3. Simplicity
the basic design of a statistical graph should be simple, straight-forward, not
loaded with irrelevant, superfluous, or trivial symbols and ornamentation
there should be no distracting elements in a chart that inhibit effective visual
communication
4. Appearance
a good graph is one that is designed and constructed to attract and hold
attention by having a neat, dignified, and professional appearance
it must be artistic in that it embodies harmonious composition, proportion, and
balance
1. Line Graph – graphical representation of data especially useful for
showing trends over a period of time
2. Pie Graph – a circular graph that is useful in showing how a total quantity is
distributed among a group of categories
- the pieces of the pie represent the proportions of the total that fall in each
category
3. Bar Graph – consists of a series of rectangular bars where the length of the
bar represents the quantity or frequency for each category if the bars are
arranged horizontally
- if the bars are arranged vertically, the height of the bar represents the
quantity
4. Pictograph – a pictorial chart in which each symbol represents a
definite and uniform value
3. TABULAR PRESENTATION
Advantages
More concise than textual presentation
Easier to understand
Facilitates comparison and analysis of relationship among different
categories
Presents data in greater detail than a graph
PARTS OF A FORMAL STATISTICAL TABLE
1. Heading – consists of a table number, title and headnote
- the title is a brief statement of the nature, classification and time reference of the
information presented and the area to which the statistics refer
- the headnote is a statement enclosed in brackets between the table title and the
top rule of the table that provides additional title information
2. Caption – the portion of the table that contains the column heads which describe the
data in each column
3. Stub – the portion of the table usually comprising the first column on the left
4. Field – main part of the table because this contains the substance or the figures of one’s
data
*other optional parts: source note, foot note, etc.
GUIDELINES IN TABLE CONSTRUCTION
The title should be concise, written in telegraphic style, not in complete sentence.
Column labels should be precise. Stress differences rather than similarities between
adjacent columns. As much as possible, 2 or more adjacent columns should not
begin nor end with the same phrase.
Categories should not overlap.
Show any relevant total, subtotals, percentages, etc.
Indicate if the data were taken from another publication by including a source note.
Tables should be self-explanatory, although they may be accompanied by a
paragraph that will provide an interpretation or direct attention to important
figures
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (FDT)
a tabular summary of data showing the number (frequency) of items in each of
several nonoverlapping classes
organization of data in tabular form, using classes (or intervals) and frequencies
Frequency – number of times the value occurs in the data set
Raw data – set of data in its original form
Array – an arrangement of observations according to their magnitude, either in
increasing or decreasing order
Advantages
Easier to detect the smallest and largest value
Easier to find the measure of position and frequency
…
Additional columns may be constructed to Relative frequency (RF) – ratio of the class
obtain additional information about the frequency to the total number of
distributional characteristics of the data observations, and is expressed in %
True Class Boundaries (TCB) – obtained by RF = (freq/N)*100
taking the midpoints of the gaps between Cumulative Frequency (CF) - 2 types:
class intervals
1. Less than CF (<CF) – no. of observations
LTCB = LL – 0.5(1 unit of measure) that are less than or equal to the UL of the class
UTCB =UL + 0.5(1 unit of measure) 2. Greater than CF (>CF) – no. of
observations that are greater than or equal to
Class Mark (CM) – midpoint of a class
the LL of the class
CM = ½ (LL+UL) =½ (LTCB+UTCB)
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATIONS OF THE FDT
1. Frequency Histogram – a bar graph that displays the classes on the horizontal
axis and the frequencies of the classes on the vertical axis
2. Frequency Polygon – a line chart that is constructed by plotting the frequencies
at the class marks and connecting the plotted points by means of straight lines;
the polygon is closed by considering an additional class at each end and the ends
are brought down to the horizontal axis at the midpoints of the additional classes
3. Ogives – graph of the cumulative frequency distribution
a. <ogive – the <CF is plotted against the UTCB
b. >ogive – the >CF is plotted against the LTCB