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Short Notes On Diagnostic

This document summarizes key concepts related to medical diagnostic testing. It defines prevalence as the probability of disease before a test, and sensitivity as the proportion of people with disease who test positive. Specificity is the proportion of people without disease who test negative. Positive predictive value is the probability of disease given a positive test, and negative predictive value is the probability of not having disease given a negative test. Likelihood ratios quantify how much a test result changes the probability of disease. The document also notes that predictive values depend on disease prevalence in the population.

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Nurul Ain
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101 views

Short Notes On Diagnostic

This document summarizes key concepts related to medical diagnostic testing. It defines prevalence as the probability of disease before a test, and sensitivity as the proportion of people with disease who test positive. Specificity is the proportion of people without disease who test negative. Positive predictive value is the probability of disease given a positive test, and negative predictive value is the probability of not having disease given a negative test. Likelihood ratios quantify how much a test result changes the probability of disease. The document also notes that predictive values depend on disease prevalence in the population.

Uploaded by

Nurul Ain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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+

=
+ + +

Prevalence
• a.k.a Prior probability OR Pre
DISEASE test probability
• Probability of disease before
Present Absent the test result is known

a b
Positive + =
True positive False positive +
TEST
c d − =
Negative +
False negative True negative

Sensitivity Specificity
Proportion of people with disease with +ve test. Proportion of people without disease with –ve test.

= =
+ +
Predictive value Likelihood ratio
• a.k.a Posterior /( + ) /( + ) Probability of that test
probability OR Post + = − = result in people with
/( + ) /( + )
test probability disease divided by the
• Probability of probability of the
(1 − )
disease after the + = − = result in people
test result is known (1 − ) without disease

Positive likelihood ratio (LR+)


+ve Predictive value Ratio of the proportion of diseased people
Probability of disease in a patient with a with +ve test result (sensitivity) to the
+ve (abnormal) test result proportion of non-disease people with
+ve result (1-specificity)

-ve Predictive value


Probability of not having the disease Negative likelihood ratio (LR-)
when the test result is –ve (normal) The proportion of diseased people with -ve
test result (1-sensitivity) divided by the
proportion of non-diseased people with -
ve test result (specificity)

SNOUT & SPIN ROC Curve


• One of the way to express the relationship between
• The more SENSITIVE a test is, the better will be its sensitivity & specificity.
• The larger the area, the better the test.
NPV • For clinician?
– more confident for the clinician that the –ve – Valuable ways of comparing alternative test for the
result rule out the Dx/disease. same Dx
• The more SPECIFIC a test is, the better will be its
PPV
– more confident for the clinician that the +ve Predictive value is influenced by prevalence.
result rule in the Dx/disease. • As the prevalence of disease in population approaches
0%, the PPV of a test also approaches 0
• As the prevalence of disease in population approaches
100%, the NPV of a test also approaches 0

DrPH Epid 2015/18

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