Ulam-Hyers stabilities of mild solutions of the fractional nonlinear

abstract Cauchy problem

J. Vanterler da C. Sousa 1
[email protected]
K. D. Kucche 2
[email protected]
E. Capelas de Oliveira 3
[email protected]
arXiv:1908.05296v1 [math.CA] 14 Aug 2019

1,3
Department of Applied Mathematics, Imecc-Unicamp,
13083-859, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
2
Department of Mathematics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur,
Maharashtra 416 004, India

Abstract

Since the main work on Ulam-Hyers dependable stabilities of differential equations to

date, numerous significant and applicable papers have been published, both in the sense
of integer order and fractional order differential equations. However, when we enter the
field of fractional differential equations, the path that is still long to be traveled, although
there is a range of published works. In this sense, in this paper, we will investigate
the Ulam–Hyers and Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stabilities of mild solutions of the fractional
nonlinear abstract Cauchy problem on the intervals [0, T ] and [0, ∞), by means of Banach
fixed point theorem.

Key words: Fractional nonlinear abstract Cauchy, Ulam-Hyers stabilities, mild solution, Ba-
nach fixed point theorem.
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 26A33, 34G25, 34A12.

1 Introduction
One of the most dynamic subjects of differential equations has been the stability theory of Ulam-
Hyers. The theme came in 1940 by Ulam in a lecture on unresolved issues at the University of
Wisconsin [26, 27]. The issue raised by Ulam was partially answered the following year by Hyers
in the case of the Banach spaces. Thus, the theory of stabilities, came to be called Ulam-Hyers.
However, in 1978 [31], Rassias introduced a generalization of the version exhibited by Hyers. In
this sense, due to this breakthrough and novelty in mathematical analysis, numerous specialists
have researched the stability of solutions of functional differential equations. The idea of Ulam-
Hyers stability for functional equations, is the substitution of the functional equation for a given
inequality that acts as a perturbation of the equation. We recommend a few monographs and
papers that permit a progressively careful study of the subjects [10, 28, 29, 30].
With the beginning of the fractional calculus and over the years his theory being well
consolidated and grounded, many researchers began to look in a different way for the area,
especially researchers working with differential equations [2, 5, 3, 16, 18, 14, 15]. In this sense,
today it is more than proven that investigating and analyzing certain physical problems, through
fractional derivatives, ensures more accurate and consistent results with reality. On the other

1
2

hand, moving to a more theoretical side, investigating the existence, uniqueness and Ulam-
Hyers stability of solution of fractional differential equations has gained increasing prominence
in the scientific community, although there are a range of works, the theory is still being built
with good results [9, 11, 12, 13].
In 2012, Wang and Zhou [9] in their work, investigated several kind of stabilities of the
mild solution stability of the fractional evolution equation in Banach space, namely: Mittag-
Leffler-Ulam stability, Mittag-Leffler-Ulam- Leffler-Ulam-Hyers stability, Mittag-Leffler-Ulam-
Hyers - Rassias stability and generalized Mittag-Leffler-Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stability. In 2014,
Abbas [25] investigated the existence, uniqueness, and stability of the mild solution of the
integrodifferential equation with nonlocal conditions through Holder’s inequality, Schauder’s
fixed point theorem, and Gronwall’s inequality in Banach space. Other work can be found in
the references of the two papers themselves. On the other hand, Zhou and Jiao [16], using
fractional operators and some fixed point theorems, investigated the existence and uniqueness
of mild solutions of fractional neutral evolution equations and made some applications in order
to elucidate the obtained results. In this sense, Saadati et. al. [17], presented results on the
existence of mild solutions for fractional abstract equations with non-instantaneous impulses.
In order to obtain such results, the authors used non-compactness measure and the Darbo-
Sadovskii and Tichonov fixed point theorems . For a more in-depth reading, we suggest some
papers [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 4].
Although we are faced with a significant amount of work dealing with solution properties of
fractional differential equations, there is still much work to be done. In order to propose new
results and provide new materials on Ulam-Hyers stability and to contribute positively to the
area, the present paper has as main objective to investigate the Ulam-Hyers stabilities on the
intervals [0, T ] and [0, ∞).
So let’s consider the fractional nonlinear abstract Cauchy problem given by
 H α,β
D0+ ξ(t) = Aξ(t) + u(t)H(t, ξ(t)), t ∈ I
(1.1)
I01−γ
+ ξ(0) = ξ0

where H Dα,β
0+ (·) is the Hilfer fractional derivative of order 0 < α ≤ 1 and type 0 ≤ β ≤ 1,
γ = α + β − αβ, I = [0, T ] or [0, ∞), ξ ∈ C(I, Ω), Ω := (Ω, k · k) is a Banach space, t ∈ I,
A : Ω → Ω is the infinitesimal generator of a C0 -semigroup (S(t))t≥0 and H : I × Ω → Ω is a
given continuous function.
We highlight below the main points that motivated us to investigate the mild solution
stability for the fractional abstract Cauchy problem:

1. A new class of Ulam-Hyers type stabilities for the fractional abstract Cauchy problem;
2. At the limit of β → 1 in the mild solution of the abstract Cauchy problem with 0 <
α < 1, we have a sub-class of Ulam-Hyers stabilities for the Riemann-Liouville fractional
derivative;
3. At the limit of β → 0 in the mild solution of the abstract Cauchy problem with 0 < α < 1,
we have a sub-class of Ulam-Hyers stabilities for the fractional derivative of Caputo;
4. When α = 1, we have as particular case, the integer version;
5. An important consequence of the obtained results are the possible future applications
through the Ulam-Hyers stabilities in engineering, biology and especially in mathematics;

The paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we introduce the ψ-Riemann-Liouville

fractional integral, the ψ-Hilfer fractional derivative and fundamental concept of the operator
 3

(α, β)- resolvent. In this sense, it is presented the mild solution of the fractional Cauchy problem
as well as the Ulam-Hyers stability. In section 3, it is directed to the first result of this paper,
that is, we investigate the Ulam-Hyers and Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stabilities in the [0, T ] range and
discuss some particular cases. In section 4, we discuss the Ulam-Hyers and Ulam-Hyers-Rassias
stabilities in the interval [0, ∞). Concluding remarks close the paper.

2 Preliminaries
In this section, we will introduce some important definitions and results in order to assist in
the development of this paper.
Let T > 0 be a given positive real number. The weighted space of continuous functions
ξ ∈ I ′ = (0, T ] is given by [1]

C1−γ (I, Ω) = ξ ∈ C(I ′ , Ω), t1−γ ξ(t) ∈ C(I, Ω)
where 0 < γ ≤ 1, with norm

||ξ||C1−γ = sup ||t1−γ ξ(t)||

t∈I
and
||ξ − φ||C1−γ = d1−γ (ξ, φ) := sup ||t1−γ (ξ(t) − φ(t))||·
t∈I

Let (a, b) (−∞ ≤ a < b ≤ ∞) be a finite interval (or infinite) of the real line R and let
α > 0. Also let ψ (x) be an increasing and positive monotone function on (a, b] , having a
d
continuous derivative ψ ′ (x) (we denote first derivative as ψ(x) = ψ ′ (x)) on (a, b). The left-
dx
sided fractional integral of a function f with respect to a function ψ on [a, b] is defined by
[2, 1] Z x
1
α;ψ
Ia+ f (x) = ψ ′ (s) (ψ (x) − ψ (s))α−1 f (s) ds. (2.1)
Γ (α) a
On the other hand, let n − 1 < α < n with n ∈ N, let J = [a, b] be an interval such that
−∞ ≤ a < b ≤ ∞ and let f, ψ ∈ C n [a, b] be two functions such that ψ is increasing and
ψ ′ (x) 6= 0, for all x ∈ J. The left-sided ψ−Hilfer fractional derivative H Dα,β;ψa+ (·) of a function
f of order α and type 0 ≤ β ≤ 1, is defined by [2, 5]
 n
H α,β;ψ β(n−α);ψ 1 d (1−β)(n−α);ψ
Da+ f (x) = Ia+ Ia+ f (x) . (2.2)
ψ ′ (x) dx
Let (Ω, || · ||) be a given Banach space and I = [0, +∞) or I = [0, T ] where T and L (Ω) the
set of bounded linear maps from Ω to Ω.
Next, we present the definition of the fundamental operator (α, β)-resolvent in the presen-
tation of the mild solution of the fractional abstract Cauchy problem Eq.(1.1).

Definition 2.1 [4] Let α > 0 and β ≥ 0. A function Sα,β : R+ → L (Ω) is called a β-times
integrated α-resolvent operator function or an (α, β)-resolvent operator function (ROF) if the
following conditions are satisfied:
(A) Sα,β (·) is strongly continuous on R+ and Sα,β (0) = gβ+1 (0)I;
(B) Sα,β (s)Sα,β (t) = Sα,β (t)Sα,β (s) for all t, s ≥ 0;
(C) the function equation
Sα,β (s)Itα Sα,β (t) − Isα Sα,β (s)Sα,β (t) = gβ+1 (s)Itα Sα,β (t) − gβ+1 (t)Isα Sα,β (s)
holds for all t, s ≥ 0.
4

The generator A of Sα,β is defined by

 
Sα,β (t) x − gβ+1 (t) x
D(A) := x ∈ Ω : lim+ exists (2.3)
t→0 gα+β+1 (t)
and
Sα,β (t) x − gβ+1 (t) x
A x := lim+ , x ∈ D(A), (2.4)
t→0 gα+β+1 (t)
tα+β
where gα+β+1 (t) := (α + β > 0).
Γ(α + β)
An (α, β)-ROF Sα,β is said to be exponentially bounded if there exist constants δ ≥ 1, w ≥ 0
such that ||Tα (t)|| ≤ δ ewt and ||Sα,β (t)|| ≤ δ ewt , t ≥ 0.
Now, we consider the continuous function given H : I × Ω → Ω such that, for almost all
t ∈ I, we get
||H(t, x) − H(t, y)|| ≤ ℓ(t)||x − y||C1−γ , x, y ∈ Ω (2.5)
where ℓ : [0, T ] → R+ and u : [0, T ] → R are two given measurable functions such that ℓ, u and
ℓu are locally integrable on I.
The following is the definition of the Mainardi function, fundamental in mild solution of the
Eq.(1.1). Then, the Wright function, denoted by Mα (θ), is defined by [6, 7]
∞
X (−θ)n−1
Mα (θ) = , 0 < α < 1, θ∈C
n=1
(n − 1)!Γ(1 − αn)

satisfying the relation

Z ∞
Γ(1 + δ)
θδ Mα (θ) dθ = , for θ, δ ≥ 0·
0 Γ(1 + αδ)

Lemma 2.1 [6, 7] The fractional nonlinear differential equation, Eq.(1.1), is equivalent to the
integral equation
Z t
tγ−1 1
ξ(t) = ξ(0) + (t − s)α−1 [Aξ(s) + u(s) H(s, ξ(s))] ds , t ∈ [0, T ]· (2.6)
Γ(γ) Γ(α) 0

A function ξ ∈ C1−γ (I, Ω) is called a mild solution of Eq.(1.1), if the integral equation,
Eq.(2.6) holds, we have
Z t
ξ(t) = Sα,β (t)ξ(0) + Tα (t − s)u(s)H(s, ξ(s)) ds , t ∈ I (2.7)
0
Z ∞
β(1−α)
where Tα (t) = tα−1 Gα (t), Gα (t) = αθMα (θ)S(tαθ ) dθ and Sα,β (t) = I0 Tβ (t).
0

For a given ξ0 ∈ Ω and any ξ ∈ C1−γ (I, Ω), we set

Z t
Λ(ξ)(t) := Sα,β (t)ξ0 + Tα (t − s)u(s)H(s, ξ(s)) ds (2.8)
0

for all t ∈ I.
For the procedure in this paper, ℓ, u are measurable functions such that ℓ, u and the product
ℓu are locally integrable. Moreover, it is easy to see that the application ξ → Λ(ξ) is a self-
mapping of the space C1−γ (I, Ω).
 5

For ξ0 ∈ Ω and ε, we consider

ξ(t) = Λ(ξ(t)), t∈I (2.9)

and the following inequalities

||t1−γ (ξ(t) − Λ(ξ(t))) || ≤ ε , t∈I (2.10)

and
||t1−γ (ξ(t) − Λ(ξ(t))) || ≤ G(t) , t ∈ I, (2.11)
where ξ ∈ C1−γ (I, Ω) and G ∈ C(I, (0, +∞)).
The following are the definitions of the main results to be investigated in this paper. Follow-
ing the methodology of [10], the definitions were adapted to the problem version of fractional
differential equations. Then we have:

Definition 2.2 [10, 8] The Eq.(2.9) is Ulam-Hyers stable if there exists a real number c > 0
such that for each ε > 0 and for each solution ξ ∈ C1−γ (I, Ω) of Eq.(2.10) there exists a solutions
v ∈ C1−γ (I, Ω) of Eq.(2.9) such that

||t1−γ (ξ(t) − v(t)) || ≤ ε , t ∈ I. (2.12)

Definition 2.3 [10, 8] The Eq.(2.9) is generalized Ulam-Hyers stable if there exists θ ∈ C1−γ ([0, +∞), [0, +
θ(0) = 0, such that for each ε > 0 and for each solution ξ ∈ C1−γ (I, Ω) of Eq.(2.10) there exists
a solutions v ∈ C1−γ (I, Ω) of Eq.(2.9) such that

||t1−γ (ξ(t) − v(t)) || ≤ θ(ε) , t ∈ I. (2.13)

Definition 2.4 [10, 8] The Eq.(2.9) is generalized Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stable with respect to
G ∈ C1−γ ([0, +∞), [0, +∞)), if there exists cG > 0 such that for each solution ξ ∈ C1−γ (I, Ω)
of Eq.(2.11) there exists a solution v ∈ C1−γ (I, Ω) of Eq.(2.9) such that

||t1−γ (ξ(t) − v(t)) || ≤ cG G(t) , t ∈ I· (2.14)

3 Ulam-Hyers and Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stabilities of mild

on [0, T ].
In this section, we investigate the first of the main results of this paper, i.e., the Ulam-Hyers
and Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stabilities of Eq.(2.9) in the interval [0, T ], using the Banach’s fixed
point theorem.
Let (Sα,β (t))t≥0 the (α, β)-resolvent operator function on a Banach space (Ω, || · ||C1−γ ). and
the continuous function ξ : [0, T ] → Ω, given by
Z t
Λ(ξ)(t) := Sα,β (t)ξ0 + Tα (t − s)u(s)H(s, ξ(s)) ds , t ∈ [0, T ) (3.1)
0

for ξ0 ∈ Ω fixed.
Then, we have the theorem that gives certain conditions, guarantees the Ulam-Hyers sta-
bility to Eq.(2.9) on the finite interval [0, T ].
6

Theorem 3.1 Let (Sα,β (t))t≥0 the (α, β)-resolvent operator function on a Banach space (Ω, || ·
||C1−γ ), with 0 ≤ γ ≤ 1 and let T > 0 be a positive real number. We set
Z T
e
λ := δ T 1−γ
ew(T −s) |u(s)|ℓ(s) ds· (3.2)
0

e < 1, then the Eq.(2.9) is stable in the Ulam-Hyers sense.

If λ

Proof: Admit that eλ < 1 and let ε > 0 be given. For φ, ξ ∈ C1−γ (I, Ω), we have
 Z t

 
||(Λφ)(t) − (Λξ)(t)|| = Sα,β (t)ξ0 + Tα (t − s)u(s)H(s, φ(s)) ds
Z t0 

− Sα,β (t)ξ0 − Tα (t − s)u(s)H(s, ξ(s)) ds
Z t 0 
 
=  Tα (t − s)u(s) (H(s, φ(s)) − H(s, ξ(s))) ds
Z t0
≤ ||Tα (t − s)|||u(s)|||H(s, φ(s)) − H(s, ξ(s))|| ds
Z0 t
≤ ||Tα (t − s)|||u(s)| ℓ(s) ||φ − ξ||C1−γ ds
0Z
T
= δ ew(T −s) |u(s)| ℓ(s) ds ||φ − ξ||C1−γ , t ∈ [0, T ]·
0

Therefore

||(Λφ) − (Λξ)||C1−γ = sup ||t1−γ ((Λφ)(t) − (Λξ)(t)) ||

t∈I
 Z T 
1−γ w(T −s)
≤ δT e |u(s)| ℓ(s) ds ||φ − ξ||C1−γ .
0

So, we get
e d1−γ (φ, ξ).
d1−γ (Λφ, Λξ) ≤ λ
e < 1, Λ is a contradiction. On the other hand, consider θ, φ ∈ C1−γ (I, Ω), such that
Since λ

d1−γ (Λθ, θ) ≤ ε

and
ε
d1−γ (φ, ξ) ≤ .
e
1−λ
Then, we obtain

d1−γ (θ, Λφ) ≤ d1−γ (θ, Λθ) + d1−γ (Λθ, Λφ)

e
λε ε
≤ ε+ ≤ ·
1−λ e 1−λ e
 
ε
In this sense, we have that the closed ball B C1−γ θ, of the Banach space C1−γ (I, Ω)
1−e
λ
is invariant by the map Λ, i.e.
    
ε ε
Λ B C1−γ θ, ⊂ B C1−γ θ, ·
e
1−λ e
1−λ
 7

 
ε
Then, applying the Banach fixed-point theorem to Λ acting on B C1−γ θ, , we have
  e
1−λ
ε
that there is only one element ξ ∈ B C1−γ θ, such that ξ = Λ(ξ). So we have ξ is a
1−e λ
solution of the Eq.(2.9), which satisfies
ǫ
d1−γ (θ, ξ) ≤ ,
e
1−λ
which gives
||t1−γ (θ(t) − ξ(t)) || ≤ c ε , t ∈ [0, T ]
e Thus, we conclude that the integral equation Eq.(2.9) is stable in the
where c := 1/(1 − λ).
Ulam-Hyers sense . ✷

Next, we will investigate the Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stability by completing the first purpose
of this paper.

Theorem 3.2 Let (Ω, ||·||) be a Banach space and let (Sα,β (t))t≥0 be a (α, β)-resolvent operator
function on Ω. Let δ ≥ 1, w ≥ 0 be constants such that

||Sα,β (t)|| ≤ δ ewt and ||Tα (t)|| ≤ δ ewt (3.3)

for all t ≥ 0. Let ξ0 ∈ Ω, T > 0 and G : [0, T ] → (0, ∞) be a continuous function.

Suppose that a continuous function f : [0, T ] → Ω satisfies
 Z t 
 1−γ 
t (f (t) − Sα,β (t)ξ0 − T (t − s)u(s)H(s, f (s)) ds)  ≤ G(t) (3.4)
 α 
0

for all t ∈ [0, T ].

Suppose that there exists a positive constant ρ such that

ℓ(s)|u(s)|ew(T −s) ≤ ρ (3.5)

for almost all s ∈ [0, T ]. Then, ∃ CG > 0 (constant) and a unique continuous function v :
[0, T ] →→ Ω such that
Z t
v(t) = Sα,β (t)ξ0 + Tα (t − s)u(s)H(s, v(s)) ds , t ∈ [0, T ] (3.6)
0

and
||f (t) − v(t)|| ≤ CG G(t) , t ∈ [0, T ] · (3.7)

Proof: Consider the constant K > 0 such that δ ρ K T 1−γ < 1 and chose a continuous
function φ : [0, T ] → (0, ∞) as follows,
Z t
φ(s) ds ≤ K φ(t) , t ∈ [0, T ]. (3.8)
0

eG , βeG > 0 such that

Now let, f , G satisfy the inequality (3.4) and let α

eG φ(t) ≤ G(t) ≤ βeG φ(t) ,

α t ∈ [0, T ] · (3.9)
8

On the other hand, for all h, g ∈ C1−γ (I, Ω), consider the following set

dφ,1−γ (h, g) := inf C ∈ [0, ∞) : ||t1−γ (h(t) − g(t)) || ≤ Cφ(t) , t ∈ [0, T ] ·

It is easy to see that (C1−γ (I, Ω), dφ,1−γ ) is a metric and that (C1−γ (I, Ω), dφ,1−γ ) is a com-
plete metric space.
Now, consider the operator Λ : C1−γ (I, Ω) → C1−γ (I, Ω) defined by
Z t
(Λh)(t) := Sα,β (t)ξ0 + Tα (t − s)u(s)H(s, h(s)) ds , t ∈ [0, T ]·
0

The next step is to show that Λ is a contraction in the metric space C1−γ (I, Ω) induced by
metric dφ,1−γ . Then, let h, g ∈ C1−γ (I, Ω) and C(h, g) ∈ [0, ∞) a constant such that
||t1−γ (h(t) − g(t)) || ≤ C(h, g)φ(t) , t ∈ [0, T ] ·
Then, using Eq.(3.3), Eq.(3.5) and Eq.(3.8), we obtain
Z t 
 
||(Λh)(t) − (Λg)(t)|| =  Tα (t − s)u(s) (H(s, h(s)) − H(s, g(s))) ds
Z t0
≤ ||Tα (t − s)|||u(s)|||H(s, h(s)) − H(s, g(s))|| ds
Z0 t
≤ δ ew(t−s) |u(s)|ℓ(s)||h − g||C1−γ ds
0 Z t
≤ δC(h, g) ew(t−s) φ(s)|u(s)|ℓ(s) ds
Z
0
t
≤ δC(h, g)ρ φ(s) ds
0
≤ T 1−γ δC(h, g)ρKφ(t) , t ∈ [0, T ]·

Therefore, we have dφ,1−γ (Λ(h), Λ(g)) ≤ δ ρ K T 1−γ C(h, g) from which we deduce that
dφ,1−γ (Λ(h), Λ(g)) ≤ δ ρ K T 1−γ dφ,1−γ (h, g)·

Using the fact that δ ρ K T 1−γ < 1, we have that Λ is a contraction in (C1−γ (I, Ω), dφ,1−γ ).
In this sense, through Banach’s fixed point theorem, we have that there is a unique function
v ∈ C1−γ (I, Ω) such that v = Λ(v). Now, using By the triangle inequality, we get
dφ,1−γ (f, v) ≤ dφ,1−γ (f, Λ(f )) + dφ,1−γ (Λ(f ), Λ(v))
≤ βG + δ ρ K T 1−γ dφ,1−γ (f, v)
which implies that
βG
dφ,1−γ (f, v) ≤ . (3.10)
1 − δ ρ K T 1−γ
Which in turn, gives
βG
||t1−γ (f (t) − v(t)) || ≤ φ(t)
1 − δ ρ K T 1−γ
(3.11)
βG G(t)
≤ 1−γ
= CG G(t) , t ∈ [0, T ]
1 −δρK T αG
βG
where CG := , which is the desired inequality (3.7). ✷
(1 − δ ρ K T 1−γ ) αG
 9

Remark 3.3 From Theorem 1 and Theorem 2, we have some particular cases, that is, by
taking the boundaries with β → 1 and β → 0. Also, we have the whole case when α = 1. So we
have the following versions:
(1) Taking β → 0 in Eq.(6), we have as particular case, the version of Theorem 1 for the
Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, given by:

Theorem 3.4 Let (Sα,0 (t))t≥0 the (α, 0) − resolvent operator function on Banach space (Ω, k·k)
with and let T > 0 be a positive real number. We set
Z T
e
λ := δ T 1−γ
eω(T −s) |u (s)| ℓ (s) ds.
0

e < 1 them Eq.(6) is stable in the Ulam-Hyers sense.

If λ

(2) Taking limit β → 1 in Eq.(6), we have the version of Theorem 1 for the Caputo fractional
derivative, ensuring that Eq.(6) is Ulam-Hyers stable.
(3) Taking limit β → 1 in Eq.(6), we have as particular case the version of Theorem 2 for
the Caputo fractional derivative given by the following theorem (Ulam-Hyers-Rassias):

Theorem 3.5 Let (Ω, k·k) be a Banach space and (Sα,1 (t))t≥0 be (α, 1) − resolvent operator
function on Ω. Let δ ≥ 1, ω ≥ 0 be constants such that kSα,1 (t)k ≤ δeωt and kTα (t)k ≤ δeωt
for all t ≥ 0. Let ξ0 ∈ Ω be fixed, T > 0 and G : [0, T ] → (0, ∞) be a continuous function.
Suppose that a continuous function f : [0, T ] → Ω satisfies
Z t
1−γ
t (f (t) − Sα,1 (t) ξ0 − T (t − s) u (s) H (s, f (s)) ds) ≤ G (t)
α
0

for all t ∈ [0, T ].

Suppose that exists a positive constant ρ such that

ℓ (s) |u (s)| eω(T −s) ≤ ρ

for almost all s ∈ [0, T ]. Then, exist the constant CG > 0 and a unique continuous functions
v : [0, T ] → Ω such that
Z t
v (t) = Sα,1 (t) ξ0 + Tα (t − s) u (s) H (s, f (s)) ds, t ∈ [0, T ]
0

and 1−γ
t (f (t) − v (t)) ≤ CG G (t) , ∀t ∈ [0, T ] .

4. Taking limit β → 1 or β → 0 and choosing α = 1, we have the version of the Theorem

1 and Theorem 2, for integer case.

4 Ulam-Hyers and Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stabilities of mild

solution on [0, +∞)
As in section 3, we will investigate the Ulam-Hyers and Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stabilities in the
interval [0, +∞], with the same assumption on the function H. So we start with the following
theorem:
10

Theorem 4.1 Let ξ0 ∈ Ω be fixed and let ε > 0 be a given positive number. Suppose that a
continuous function f : [0, +∞) → Ω satisfies
 Z t 
 1−γ 
t (f (t) − Sα,β (t)ξ0 − Tα (t − s)u(s)H(s, f (s)) ds) ≤ ε (4.1)

0

for all t ∈ [0, +∞).

Suppose that Z t
eα,1−γ = sup t
λ 1−γ
ℓ(s)|u(s)|||Tα(t − s)|| ds < 1 (4.2)
t≥0 0
with 0 < α ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ γ ≤ 1.
Then, there exists a unique continuous function v : [0, +∞) → Ω such that
Z t
v(t) = Sα,β (t)ξ0 + u(s)Tα (t − s)H(s, v(s)) ds , t ∈ [0, +∞) (4.3)
0

and
ε
||t1−γ (f (t) − v(t)) || ≤ , t ∈ [0, +∞) · (4.4)
eα,1−γ
1−λ

Proof:
Consider that λeα,1−γ < 1, ε > 0 be given and f ∈ C1−γ ([0, +∞), Ω) satisfy the inequality
(4.1). On the other hand, we consider the set Eef,1−γ , given by
 
Eef,1−γ := g ∈ C1−γ ([0, +∞), Ω); sup ||t 1−γ
(g(t) − f (t)) || < +∞ . (4.5)
t≥0

The set Eef,1−γ is not empty, because it contains f and Λ(f ). Now, consider the functions
h, g ∈ Eef,1−γ , such that
d1−γ (h, g) := sup ||t1−γ (h(t) − g(t)) ||.
t≥0

Then, d1−γ is a distance and the metric space (Eef,1−γ , d1−γ ) is complete.
For any functions h, g ∈ Eef,1−γ , we get
Z t 
 
||(Λh)(t) − (Λg)(t)|| =  u(s)Tα (t − s) [H(s, h(s)) − H(s, g(s))] ds
Z t0
≤ ||Tα (t − s)|||u(s)|||H(s, h(s)) − H(s, g(s))|| ds
0Z t 
≤ ||Tα (t − s)|||u(s)|ℓ(s) ds d1−γ (h, g) , t ∈ [0, +∞).
0

This gives
||t1−γ ((Λh)(t) − (Λg)(t)) || ≤ e
λα,1−γ d1−γ (h, g) , t ∈ [0, +∞).
Therefore, we have
eα,1−γ d1−γ (h, g).
d1−γ (Λh, Λg) ≤ λ
Moreover, it is easy to show that Λ(h) ∈ Eef,1−γ for any function h ∈ Eef,1−γ . Thus, we have
Λ is a contraction in (Eef,1−γ , d1−γ ). In this sense, by Banach’s fixed point theorem, we have
that there is only one element v ∈ Eef,1−γ such that v = Λ(v). By the triangle inequality, we get
d1−γ (f, v) ≤ ≤ d1−γ (f, Λ(f )) + d1−γ (Λ(f ), Λ(v))
≤ ε+λeα,1−γ d1−γ (f, v)
 11

that implies
ε
d1−γ (f, v) ≤ ,
eα,1−γ
1−λ
this is,
||t1−γ (f (t) − v(t)) || ≤ c ε , t ∈ [0, +∞) (4.6)
1
where c := .
eα,1−γ
1−λ
The inequality (4.6) shows that the Eq.(2.9) is Ulam-Hyers stable. ✷

With the following result aimed at investigating the Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stability, complete
the second main result of this paper.

Theorem 4.2 Let Ω be a Banach space, (Sα,β (t))t≥0 be a (α, β)-resolvent operator function on
Ω and φ0 ∈ Ω be fixed. Let K > 0 be given and φ : [0, +∞) → (0, +∞) be a continuous function
such that Z t
φ(s) ds ≤ K φ(t) , t ∈ [0, +∞)· (4.7)
0

Suppose that a continuous function f : [0, +∞) → Ω satisfies

 Z t 
 1−γ 
t (f (t) − Sα,β (t)ξ0 − u(s)T (t − s)H(s, f (s)) ds)  ≤ φ(t) (4.8)
 α 
0

for all t ∈ [0, +∞).

Suppose that there exists a positive constant ρ > 0 such that

ℓ(s)|u(s)|||Tα(t − s)|| ≤ ρ (4.9)

for almost all (s, t) ∈ [0, +∞) with 0 ≤ s ≤ t and suppose that

ρ K T 1−γ < 1· (4.10)

Then, there exists a unique continuous function v : [0, +∞) → ω such that
Z t
v(t) = Sα,β (t)ξ0 + u(s)Tα (t − s)H(s, v(s)) ds , t ∈ [0, +∞) (4.11)
0

and
1
||t1−γ (f (t) − v(t)) || ≤ φ(t) , t ∈ [0, +∞)· (4.12)
1 − Kρ

Proof: Let f ∈ C1−γ ([0, +∞), Ω) satisfy the inequality (4.8) and the following set, defined
by

Eef,1−γ := g ∈ C1−γ ([0, +∞), Ω) : ∃C ≥ 0 : ||t1−γ (g(t) − f (t)) || ≤ Cφ(t) , t ∈ [0, +∞) .

The set Eef,1−γ is not empty, because it contains f and Λ(f ). Now, for h, g ∈ Eef,1−γ , we define
the following set

dφ,1−γ (h, g) := inf C ∈ [0, +∞) : ||t1−γ (h(t) − g(t)) || ≤ Cφ(t) , t ∈ [0, +∞) .
12

Note that it is easy to see that (Eef,1−γ , dφ,1−γ ) is a complete metric space satisfying Λ(Eef,1−γ ) ⊂
Eef,1−γ , where Λ : Eef,1−γ → Eef,1−γ is defined by
Z t
(Λh)(t) := Sα,β (t)ξ0 + u(s)Tα (t − s)H(s, h(s)) ds , t ∈ [0, +∞).
0

The idea is to prove that in fact the Λ application is a contraction on the metric space
(Ef,1−γ , dφ,1−γ ). Then, let h, g ∈ Eef,1−γ and C(h, g) ∈ [0, +∞) be an arbitrary constant such
e
that
||t1−γ (h(t) − g(t)) || ≤ C(h, g)φ(t) , t ∈ [0, +∞).

In this sense, we have the following inequality

Z t 
 
||(Λh)(t) − (Λg)(t)|| =  u(s)Tα (t − s) (H(s, h(s)) − H(s, g(s))) ds
 
Z t0
≤ |u(s)|||Tα(t − s)||C1−γ ||H(s, h(s)) − H(s, g(s))|| ds
Z0 t
≤ |u(s)|||Tα(t − s)||C1−γ ℓ(s)||h − g||C1−γ ds
0 Z t
≤ C(h, g) |u(s)|ℓ(s)||Tα(t − s)||φ(s) ds
0Z
t
≤ ρ C(h, g) φ(s) ds
0
≤ ρ C(h, g) Kφ(t) , t ∈ [0, T ]·

Therefore, we have dφ,1−γ (Λ(h), Λ(g)) ≤ C(h, g) T 1−γ ρ K, that implies in

dφ,1−γ (Λ(h), Λ(g)) ≤ T 1−γ ρ Kdφ,1−γ (h, g).

Using the fact that T 1−γ ρ K < 1, we get Λ is strictly contractive on the (Eef,1−γ , dφ,1−γ ).
Thus, through the Banach fixed-point theorem, there is a unique function v ∈ Eef,1−γ such that
v = Λ(v). Using the triangle inequality, we obtain

dφ,1−γ (f, v) ≤ dφ,1−γ (f, Λ(f )) + dφ,1−γ (Λ(f ), Λ(v))

≤ 1 + T 1−γ ρ K dφ,1−γ (f, v)

which implies that

1
dφ,1−γ ≤ .
1− T 1−γ ρK

Therefore, we conclude that

||t1−γ (f (t) − v(t)) || ≤ Cφ φ(t) , t ∈ [0, +∞)

1
where Cφ := . ✷
1− T 1−γ ρK

Remark 2. In the same way that we highlight the particular cases for Theorem 1 and
Theorem 2, here also the observation made according to remark 1 is valid.
 13

5 Concluding remarks
We conclude this paper with the objectives achieved, that is, we investigate the Ulam-Hyers and
Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stabilities for the mild solution of the fractional nonlinear abstract non-
linear Cauchy problem: the first part was destined to the inite interval [0, T ] and the second
part to the red infinite interval [0, ∞). It is important to emphasize the fundamental role of
the Banach fixed point theorem in the results obtained.
Although, the results presented here, contribute to the growth of the theory; some questions
still need to be answered. The first question is about the possibility of investigating the existence
and uniqueness of mild solutions for fractional differential equations formulated via ψ-Hilfer
fractional derivative. Consequently, the second allows us to question the Ulam-Hyers stabilities.
But for such a success, it is necessary and sufficient condition to obtain a Laplace transform
and inverse Laplace transform with respect to another function [33].
Another important consequence that we can take, the mild solution part of a fractional
problem, is to be able to investigate properties of Navier-Stokes equations [32, 34]. So this path
is the next step in the research being developed.

Acknowledgment
JVCS acknowledges the financial support of a PNPD-CAPES (process number n88882.305834/2018-
01) scholarship of the Postgraduate Program in Applied Mathematics of IMECC-Unicamp. The
second author acknowledges the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi,
India for the Research Grant (Ref: File no. EEQ/2018/000407).

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