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Titanium

The document discusses titanium, including its properties, major reserves around the world with Australia and South Africa having large deposits, how it is mined with China being the largest producer, and details about titanium mining in India with various companies partnering to build plants to process titanium and produce titanium sponge to gain a competitive advantage in the market.

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71 views

Titanium

The document discusses titanium, including its properties, major reserves around the world with Australia and South Africa having large deposits, how it is mined with China being the largest producer, and details about titanium mining in India with various companies partnering to build plants to process titanium and produce titanium sponge to gain a competitive advantage in the market.

Uploaded by

manikanta naga
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7th August ’19

ASSIGNMENT NO - 01

TITANIUM

Subject: Non-Ferrous metal extraction Principles and Practices 


Subject Code: MM2306 

Submitted By: 
Vishal Agrawal (Group Leader) 
Tapashree Pradhan 
Bhargavi B 
Animesh Mohanty 
Nehaar Singh Bisen 
Supratim Dey 
INTRODUCTION

● Titanium is an element with the symbol Ti, atomic number 22 and atomic
mass of 47.867u discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William
Gregor in 1791.
● It’s a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, high
strength and is present in earth’s crust as the 4th most abundant metal.
● The most important mineral sources are Ilmenite(FeTiO3) and
Rutile(TiO2).
● Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia and chlorine.
● With hexagonal closed packing, it is paramagnetic in nature.

- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Melting Point : 1941 K / 1668 °C
Boiling Point : 3560 K / 3287 °C
Density : 4.506 g/cm^3 (Room temperature)
Thermal Conductivity : 21.9 W/(m-K)
Electrical Resistivity : 420 nΩm
Atomic Radius : 147 pm

- CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Electronic shell configuration : [ Ar ] 3d1 4s2
Energy of first ionization : 658 kJ / mol

● Pure titanium is not soluble in water but is soluble in concentrated acids.


● This metal forms a passive but protective oxide coating (leading to
corrosion-resistance) when exposed to elevated temperatures in air but
at room temperatures it resists tarnishing.
● The main oxidation state is 4+, although the states 3+ and 2+ are also
known, but are less stable.
MAJOR RESERVES
Rutile and ilmenite are extracted
from sands that may contain only a
few percent by weight of these
minerals.

Major ilmenite deposit regions:


eastern coast and western coast of
Australia; Richards Bay in South
Africa; eastern coast of America;
Kerala in India; eastern coast and
southern coast of Brazil.
Fig.1 :Pie Chart showing
country wise distribution

Major rutile deposit regions: eastern coast and western coast of Australia;
southwest coast of Serra Leone; Richards Bay in South Africa, Canada,
China and India’s minerals belong to titanium rock minerals.

According to a survey report, Ilmenite accounts for about 92% of the world’s
consumption of titanium minerals.

Fig.2: Titanium reserves in metric tonnes


Titanium Mining in the World

Fig.3: Pie Charts showing major Ti mining countries

World mining of Titanium ores is about 150,000-200,000 tons. While China


currently dominates the market position as the largest producer and user of
Titanium, India is making conscious efforts to achieve self-sufficiency in
Titanium production.

Titanium Mining in INDIA:

The Indian Rare Earths Limited has embarked on a joint venture with
NALCO(National Aluminium Company) and is currently building a $82 million
plant for processing Titanium slag( 100,000 tons) in the eastern state of
Odisha.IREL has four plants operating in the Indian Coastline, one of which
named OSCOM currently produces 2,20,000 ton of Ilmenite per annum,most
of which is to other countries.
Being a part of a handful of nations who produce Titanium sponge, India has
prioritized the production to gain a competitive advantage in the market. To
this effect the Steel Authority of India Limited(SAIL) and Kerala State
Industrial Development Corp(KSIDC) and Kerala Minerals and Metals
Ltd(KMML) have signed an agreement to set up a $458 million plant to
produce Titanium sponge.

Fig.4: Ilmenite distribution in India Fig.5:Concentration of ilmenite


and rutile along Kerala coastline
Summative Observations:
Titanium is a metal of the future. With its light-weight and good strength, it
is a metal of choice for the manufacturers. It can find use in weapons
industry,which can make the guns more lighter and at the same time
improve performance. Medical implants and tools for surgery will also
employ the use of Titanium alloys in their production. The bottomline being, if
India leverages on the advantageous position it has been granted because
of abundant Titanium deposits along its coasts, the economy may soon find an
alternative to steel in the form of Titanium which can be used to create even
more jobs because of the plethora of opportunities it presents.The need of
the hour is to conduct research and find out more effective means of
Titanium extraction and processing.

References
1.https://titaniumprocessingcenter.com/titanium-extraction-and-refining/
2.https://agmetalminer.com/2014/07/22/the-real-reason-behind-indias-titanium
-push-rare-earths/
3.https://www.titaniumfortomorrow.com/tft/military.do
4.https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/ti.htm

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