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Linear Algebra: Differential Equations

The document introduces several types of matrices including square, rectangular, row, column, upper triangular, lower triangular, diagonal, scalar, identity, null, and transpose matrices. It defines each matrix type and provides examples. The document also covers matrix operations and results including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and transpose. Key results discussed are that the order of addition does not matter, multiplication is generally non-commutative, and the transpose of the product of matrices is equal to the product of the transposes (in the correct order).

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53 views

Linear Algebra: Differential Equations

The document introduces several types of matrices including square, rectangular, row, column, upper triangular, lower triangular, diagonal, scalar, identity, null, and transpose matrices. It defines each matrix type and provides examples. The document also covers matrix operations and results including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and transpose. Key results discussed are that the order of addition does not matter, multiplication is generally non-commutative, and the transpose of the product of matrices is equal to the product of the transposes (in the correct order).

Uploaded by

adnan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LINEAR ALGEBRA

&
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

SPRING – 2013

Lecture -1
(First Week)
For any clarification please contact:

Zain Ul abadin Zafar


INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES:
Matrix:
An arrangement of object in rows & columns is called
matrix.
General Matrix:

Where
e.g:
Types Of Matrices:
Square Matrix:
An matrix is called a square matrix if

e.g:
Diagonal Element:
The elements of a matrix are called the
diagonal elements of if . That is
Note: The highlighted elements of matrix (above) is called
Main Diagonal

e.g:
Rectangular Matrix:
An matrix is called rectangular matrix if
.
e.g:

Row matrix or Row vector:


A matrix having only one row is called row
matrix.
e.g:

Column matrix or column vector:


A matrix having only one column is called
column matrix.

e.g.
Upper Triangular Matrix:
A square matrix A is called upper triangular matrix
if all of its elements below the main diagonal are zero.

OR
A square matrix is called upper triangular if
i > j.
Lower Triangular Matrix:
A square matrix A is called lower triangular matrix if all of
its elements above the main diagonal are zero.
OR
A square matrix is called lower triangular if
i < j.
e.g:

Diagonal Matrix:
A square matrix, all of whose element are zero
except those in the main diagonal is called a diagonal matrix.
i.e A = is called a diagonal matrix if =0 i

e.g

Scalar Matrix:
A square matrix A = is called scalar
matrix if
e.g:

Identity OR Unit matrix:


A square matrix is called identity matrix if all
the elements of main diagonal k= 1, it is denoted by .
e.g.

Null OR Zero Matrix:


A matrix ‘A’ is called null or zero matrix if all of
its elements are zero. It is denoted by O.

e.g

Results ( Operation on Matrices) :


1. A+B = B+A
2. (A+B)+C = A+(B+C)
3. AB BA ( in general)
4. (AB)C = A(BC)
5. A(B+C) = AB + AC

Transpose of a Matrix:
The transpose of a matrix ‘A’ is denoted by and
is obtained by interchanging the rows & columns of ‘A’ .
e.g.

=
Theorem:

If matrices ‘A’ & ‘B’ are conformable for sum A+B and
product AB.
Then
1.
2.
3.
4. =
e.g: (1)
and

So

= and =

For Addition
Answer

For subtraction

Answer
(2)

Now
Similarly we can prove others on the same lines.

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