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315 viewsOperational Amplifier Notes
Notes for Op-Amp.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
315 viewsOperational Amplifier Notes
Notes for Op-Amp.
Uploaded by
Karthik C MCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 19
ti
bauically ede
Aenphifier where fry, 1% ( ert a “oor
| 7 Pie . = pe AK
| betervorn two Tp 4°Y of 4 04 : ee
“ zt
ale’ berence. acnplitiers Tt pe nigh “he ¥
dy ar oP -AME ae ie
Speratoml aenpligier
lonw ofp _Crvadance NES"
Ve
Because qe i we © 7
additton , Aubtrae
A — mathematical
mubtipbcaron ete # ods
amplibies. Thc Urect fa ihe HE :
pigod sews”
Communceakon , pron +
OP-Aenp AYmbol g seneoroale :-
DPS PPAR OF
ave Aupply +
Aovetces 7 bose
x
hb ve. 2 ©r)i5v
pe se preps
® Tapaally the slewAate bh op-amp « o-3~ 1av/us ” :
(A a function a time, slew Hate Cap be used a saa to
giver
max], operating freq % the opamp which % 4
Commmnon «mode — heyeohon Aare % inl
Rt oath
The . op vettage 97 opame we 0
Dred 40 the (venting +
the Atfpence. Eetweon tht vollgges
Non-invenking beimirals. Ioleally whan the voltages mre equal, ae
applied to bq the Tp orm
an usuaniad
lp voltag. Abdy, ba pro. A siqoad
té called a Cormmon.mocle Aignal. ar nearly
Notke » the ability & GP aP-omp to AUPPAAS Common rode. Aigrel
euesetied th 4ime of Commonmrele hejeo! froin (CMRR ) ©
ua voy high gate Aifarurtall
op- Ame
ok to exoutele
that uses voltage 4eadba:
Aenelifier
A Atal-Arsed wage Jaro-
Bt te Lastcally 7 de amplier whose
amplify the aeyjoorce. Koren tre
Aigeuores, |
tunctton «x to
Ble ac ae pe ae oe eee Ae
Q neu 8) vohese A ened 900? Mai
amplifies Ne or enkdren electron!
vis25m) the op- Ame caine verat ro. sore dation
cnaipfentl openatront Auch 48 a «
i
Ahae ey.
By wave prow
the eathy
cn egnakon,
to ware
-cally ,
Aubtvachon ,
Bur cow wrest
avalog +o digcal Convers yor
tates , eteS*
ackve frien, ees Varge PU:
. Cormplete ck made ve %
yoacsidts and capaci all
Lelowe
rackag. (chie)
She black dg op Ame,
a last &
oie “s rush pall Vaut
gain ellen :
Gyrt us neaded 7° Peas
osetllateare + UP mee
Agro art otter
poopences oe Amp :-
|. Ao. Op-Amp iw as mubbidtege, AO seer + the Tle
Arage. % an “op-Amp K& 4 déffernral amplstier Age:
ap has 2 alpA-
‘oe le
Ap toverting: Bip 4+ % non - ceventing Fp -
BA he
Gh Ip. onpedance (usually ds armed "ad,) ar ike
Te ee Sp Sees Ck 20) bar Praor
eva = open beve voltage. gate; * Egercelll) es
CY) The vctfage, gain femains Contanr covet Cored,
breqy. yange » 3° bandetdlth €& 90 | Zi
(wi) very bag. mee a carta te
A ye Ol
(war) Be el eta ah "nate Pa okey -C CO cr
byw era
tented as an op-Ame
fas
ie hano-o
(Ki) Chesraate states os an
Gleak op-Amp ole mor Ante
ott temp)
the baste cp-Ame L
pn Oo ee terminal: +2 ienetitraly 4h EP
+ one
| VaR Rages Wo 4 -¥, te Ele temminals
Z, S,
Olp terminal. anvetth 3fFC Ug tpn | ronomtenfe_ A
The 2 2p pesieritada ieee ver con
lovettins, F8p4 ate, 4@rel applied ot the ao
with te P
fewmival (je swrked ee -
a the
Ahibr & igo’, While | He Agra eee! eee
estibouw
on -Loventing 4eseninal produces 4 Ole
Phas. neversal
: : 7 pod hinges MOBIOget hes
My) va, Nene as The
ete Study
they ace aun measuctad
bea a 2, pote
Al ferntrval afe(Vinj hn TS :
veblagee iy 9) Va. (a) Vip = “A FO
when da peurbt o ter ws We | the op-Amp
Op voltage Will be te, +h ir “V7 ee. voltage
cA lee wt ke —ve
mone i @
et RE WER)
. ER-
Ab te,
fie pier volige Yin) 7
The Senal voltage, thar USE be applied
berwpan the ‘the je: envals js celine to
hull de Ye K kenso ot Bip Doct voltagc. he
ange A, Bip War voltage CS 5 to bev de, which cs tere]. densitive
Bip Berk RaCOLEe to
Clizjewrce berwen i.
POI
The alge boote
cursenr — ePterting «the toverting + pon — inventing
; pte
teientoals the ep-acng, TH unequal bare cate
Pe ere. a ee pteiee, aula eal
6. tine | ne CStlage thar gee arockipted
we coctnca blue, op WS
to Eis Mejcienance
The Amaller
S/, bias the Bip AhAok Curvenr, thy better % tHe (9°.
cur . = >
rh neers currenr (a) rope “owenage volus.
ee that flo te
le erpcnals 3 the op-ame «The “
Te = Jetiea when \,
2
may not be. penzeemby watelad )
coventing non - loventing
aalier the) Fin bac cureent
the Smmatler the eosstele,
unbalana .
the
CR Bip HAMA
le
hast voliage SaLeOOTEE sal
voltage. even when thee a PO Tp
called er vottege + the Op vor w
ss ade ines yy P beariry
Renfree ten Feven
adjusted 4o be Grr by useing "PO
amount & ole
vottage , atuch (4
ghe terminal 4 +5
corgenon sede ~ Resenrion ORD” FLY te -rsy
Tk as at cbiyjeroo tral ened.
ke bp +0 12Hk
de gaan. The
4 very email
So CMRR
2
ain «tO tke, Common ene
= — MRE = [Yen Ago > Lala
Slow Sate > Bp os we moiy,, nate & change A A Pi ok clone
4 woxprented 0 oe a
Cle wltage [uni J viene,
Volk [pre ® Gonneettng eoalback,
te ah ore im tp Ve wero} 7 wa
corction, he wad
jor ¥° bo the OPER = Loop %
pen Dome eae dhar tHe 4eodback paths A
op-amp 4 Vy
ain the case dp ofer teer
Compigetahion the LHe
| wange fi whieh Ap yg
behaves Uinawrly with 2/6 egal
ae ty Mtr
te very Aeodll and exacticalll nor
| & the apelieateon
The use a oP-amp ‘ses
by” edt ode witha. Jere eee”
th ip ce Used NS
|
| back cllows +0
| Possith using feedback. The 4 eee
Jead fome part B the ep back et
Vina appeations | the ep-amnp. A 4 TT
writ —ve feedback , the feodback help
Gain whee, ctberusize “drives OP-ame $Ofe ae
The fenibaoe «ard to be “VS
to the
the feadback Mesites Connedy te UP
Erventing Fy, teninal. the gain weauthing vith
fertback ia called elated Roop Sain. The Cletad
Veer gain a Des than the Cpar-lene gan .
A = _ Aor
Ck Tie #® sp . @
Beek og? tne WO tege (gale, Poe ch Aakirwct os
Re latio [p vouage to Zp welhage Usttty the |
feeclback: pais opened. as phon wy degita ). EA a
qa tntetnal volbage pin &
idee ee oe
up to 220,078 ord A
nor @ well- eontrclled
pasareter The O]p vole
©
lo voltage Vy & etfher ar
ve
Ven. *
eee mi wy tue parenatot
: v v5 lover “Na ey
oo
Unt th Reaches dha AarewtaKoD
voltages 4 theuaker le vobiage
Bermain ae -
Bult yis oj amen to do whabeves EN a
“po emake tha voltage UBT Lenoas the Te i
Xoo iis The T/p* givens no CHITTENY
FAQs a=
ree Se tore gartaton OP-2MP:
En mst headeack arnplies, the Lene gdh
Ai pe fe nner gestern tan 4 + en lees
te e
Thus je Closed Dove vel
Ae =, Mp zy he Se yage.
gain og indapecdanr ap amp open ine voltage 5 Ral ; "
Udall Sg toundits ey nee, Dope et “fase
ww te Ch the Or m6 = 2
Spd te dame volleye as ‘
oh
Bn an Waal oP-ame chy the 2 Voting
into tha | OP-OP
vike. 10.4 concep cables
These Q (eas Qive
" as a
viral gouret. yoxgal Ooh tg dered AC
that het yotvage, BROT AAA
that be OR VERE.
mechanically geoorded we tomo Wy AE)
qr an (deal op-ame Va-V, =O cS Jay
Jor tchab
ch Plo,
Kaper (iD The caevTeor
oprame Aco
terminal V, =0 , them V, =° te
pon tnventing
when
vy wi} be oe
Ground petenhal wtthour
actually betng gvourded
“the mode Gr Us
called Vertaal svrud
Virtual gsound does hop Prrde a path $7
current betwen “te ede ground . ThA oe
has Beno volrage WX to gueund. Fh & Behe batg
Sround to voltae but hot jpateeueee aye
Jive bal a aeond..
* Zdeol op-amp has toyinte Zip een
¢- because 9 the Virtual Jvound all the Fp curverr
asses dtoough 9, ate the only path ler fot the Th
Sudynhie ce eitenegt, the — beselGank _ Feettte: Recase o the
Virtual gxeurch Rp ta postalfel ov Ri: ap wt
equols the Voltage aertoss Ry» By ober, tow, He Voltage AGtost Re te
Vout = Tj Rp
Applicate
An ampliyes whose le voltage %4
Zp votteae bee
our .
a Qi ehare by (go wr the
oun at aD MYerhing ampbipes:
ago)
he Zip a applies te OE inverting terminal &
x
Uthe non- ovethog fesrminal.
Cp aree Hotough aq serstdr R
t
yes ard? Connected
ler a, & Ty be aie Op uvIerr
dlowseng tio Ry + Re os peotively , SO We Fle
tmpedarc, A the @p-ame c& wfenite , 0° curren
( the Currxenr Ty plows
enter the ap-ameP : Hence
thio the peadback posta = Rp i“ ewal to emogn ited.
+o Ra Peis, _
a
by te corr, &
abe ar F
the node ‘8’ & guourded,
edage ee 8
| Vinqual geound , the
porneal-
J. yothage gan
the overall gain 15 tndaperdane A the
ye 4go indicates that %/p & igo out
| dp.
Non-¢nveritng Ampligies |
ROARS ow i“
Jn fagier whose eV a
cs called
30. The
oer loop SO
ay phase. oth
mtn vettg
Since he
cs wrlial
Zle
fo thE DIN”
tnventing F/e
teunwal yee
called
nan —Cnven 029
amples « a ae eT abet a Mk
cé radutcad) 40 abmots “eee ?
why vi
when v, % opelicd , point A att op
Potenkigd and ar hs lak i
[aackion & the
io we teadback ,
ecuntence - Dur
pe A ante!
Olp voltage & fed back =
vatiage. abondy tou. (Aue 10)
rhe algbraie Awe & 2 voltages a
do thar VE Ot becore 02708 ud eae
feadlack voltage ae A as re i
Voltage, hoduced vig Many”
7 - ~ aca l ae
sscewicl seh bok * asnelipion
pares 4 eR AN
% ae
‘ Ele °
called erlbark ane + {gods
AL — votuege goin * . .
The — jpodiack CF ingjeads a frackon ( ) a fe le woe)
F change!
4+ netwin it to he Zp voliage ae |
4o Vin EPYS ;
oO yea sg
the vlue. ak Zip voltage 16 Min age
with Zip i
; al ws 19 phase th & Copal +o
aia phasis aie te voltage . H's Bip voRigge un
arnpbapay by he OF 4 tts value ot He Sb
/
ay (vor PE) ® i
ul (1 par) = Av te
vs ‘
eet Ay By
a Vin i-pAy
/
Al id equal Vy panrthege ea
Ae _A
Vv ph (3% “ve. feedback)
= Ay Avi Coe pextteck.)
(Fv) ety
ee Ae
vequnexta
mye feedencke Th te
130"
then
Aaah
prolsibises onie
(V) Ness haere
i“ ok + te =p
4 a fpadhack Ckr
eo
te padlock | Th she bedi
Zp ko that Te vobiege
tive. (0X) altkeat deadbank -
out Phase
tu called — Co) ae
Cb Higher Haelbiy Je oe
Givo aed, bandon’
deararron (Vv!
! dtétdien (Vil) Reclecad pe
% fc
ck bat tm whieh a bracken & the a
fp. feadback amelizior consists & & peor
voltage (eusvent > yr we phase with
Anes than & % Called NE °
ee perch war hor @
ta amolaes Fe
with Tp 40°
Patented .teae peaetback «
: operaion. HD regis
ee Dude. cuintdhtion.
) tess brew destdiron (1) les cae
‘ can ba. obyicl
(ix) Bet “le
as desisel-
(ow cxervert)
aw cv)! ’
%
vom , the psiocipall § vistual gol & e
4 Be ane Are potennal - Henca Vi ~ Ve = Mi
po" cHerTent glows penweey te 2 Bie feuninds.
The 2" resicre RB,
Acriss te Ap Votrage® 7 ae
flom two Ry + Re An ampliper whose le
a Called ©
Voltage ie the hum % te ay, voting =
ee, the Oe WOE anderry
addes ot humming armpligcer.
AQ ehate wevenal . yo be 4
¥
of 4V, bo ee Fy ottages
MY V2 ‘3 i :
| rd ; ,
fo tha, (nverting ten!
( «tay soins : |
Ge "Yai yy 8
Applyng KeL te PKG,
ie htt, o£
vy = a(R.
fs “( Vy russ) (24 all i natetanens Roe, 2
TE & =R then Sfp vobkage exactly eqyalt the Xam
% Tip4 Fa?
our thar He AF
Ve =W, +¥5 +Va) ve Aejn Ah ss a
a Phase by 180 wh ig EEE
Voltage tA our
Subtract: Lat V, $V, be the Tp
Pc Vot +o be Aubtvanked .
poked thio the A
a + Rs The each "esi
‘e nected been
Pectin, Fol fetminals ds He
Op-ame: bare: CITT] oom
0)
Wee = (1%)
= RR. +Rp Va + Rs
Rk R,+ke
with RoR, 4 +R, 2 ko .
Yoo. = Sav,
jt
‘h_poth _sgnalls prssenr.
| R
s V Ee
Y= Yo, ¥ Noa EL R,
ee a
— Rp =8, ther ofp % equal to Ae
Aiwer Aiherwncs dh the 2 Ziph. ae an tenpadarca op-arip ‘
‘yao
Ro es dows —teeaugh ep-ame, bet a, @T, be
R, +8 ‘the Ole % pubinacks Cam
‘ a”
the cauvrents YArough
be obtained by Au pen PAstCo sdhen
. ele ae, aaete he acting lene,
, 7 :
aang
Let Vo
th 2p “2%
QAbicoisg Vo =% + Voq be the lp pe Ie
am plies
assuming Vv =O
an tTnventio”
with We the ORF wdins 4
ay
Ao ok _ Rev >0
Note eae : :
f Ry eed
an 10: gan
‘ eer
weth v= he oe wie :
amplifier j
a (ve aia
fee (gy te ESE
‘ R.
v= *.
Vv T+ Ra,
Yon “(18 _%s _\»@ the
a
1 fs
Then by Auvpor positon ther ¥
= R, isa wt R
Vy > Vou + Vpa. ('* \ (re £ a
V=R, R N: "
gyre a, Pures |)
1 | Se “he Lr Raf
Vi ig ® v;
ot Be) Fi
|" R, See «\-w —@& T4RHR, = Ra = Raga R. thor
¥08 (2) a
Vv, “47 (Gee (*) wf
tet
Y= (%- i)
= the Aebhertence
Thus the lp Vottage 1% pietibndl
Fp voltages:
bepean the Her
R, pews ee
hom | the Tp Ade” ZF
the opstde T= ce Ay (Vr Ve
fe oe ae
ee |
sor equating Cl) +2) we hwe
oe = -Cy AV,
R, dt
Integnatiay both Aides
E
Mode = -G AM At
R, ‘ at
z : :
cea
sae Vv
(Mae a5 Kei’
R,
o *
\
= -~—— |v, at
ee RS \¥
oO
Phate Anite
the ve Sign (rdicatee thar theve “ 4
iF Ap -
a igo betwen Tp + le seeped eee
[ mathemarically we Fp Z ‘ ~\s
6
a SA pt ea By Oe
ce wepees ole
ant=o pt EEO _v
+ = 4
then vie -_1 ie = Re Wt +k.
oO R io + ae a
whe Ke Bettere ay integieticn
si gio)
when £20 ,V, 20, *
Ve Slut
0 RG
gh a theo
pine COR
TE 8.C¢ Cie ete ee
a ave mee AY.
2 hen
0 tur Cp o>} ing
‘prale:
My
i . -at Awe passing thio Sgt?
45 ustth esther ume (os) Cle voltage
va
ve slope BO = |
a okt .ushpers whore Ape Vorage
D themnkard \-
WA
vet” be: depjerentianon
