EEE 103

Introduction to Power Systems

Lesson no. 5

Short Circuit Analysis

Prof. Rowaldo D. del Mundo

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

University of the Philippines Diliman
 5. Short Circuit Studies

5.1 Types of Faults

5.2 Applications of Short Circuit Studies
5.3 Three Phase Fault
5.4 Single Line to Ground Fault
5.5 Line to Line Fault
5.6 Double Line to Ground Fault
5.7 Fault through Impedance

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 Types of Fault
a a
b b
c c

Three-Phase Fault Single Line-to-Ground Fault

a a
b b
c c

Line-to-Line Fault Double Line-to-Ground Fault

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 Applications
 Determination of the correct short-circuit duties
of protective devices and power apparatuses
(e.g., switchgear, circuit breakers, fuses, etc.)

 Comparison of short-circuit capacities of

installed devices and apparatuses with the short-
circuit currents (i.e., for changes in the power
system)

 Determination of maximum and minimum short-

circuit currents for proper protection
coordination
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 Analysis of Faulted System
F
a
b
c
+ + + Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
- - -
Ground

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Three Phase Fault
a
b
c
+ + + Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
- - -
Ig

Note: The system is still balanced

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Three Phase Fault
 On a balanced three phase system, the same
magnitude of fault currents will flow in each
phase of the network if a three phase fault occurs.

 Since faults currents are balanced, the faulted

system can, therefore, be analyzed using the single
phase representation.

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Three Phase Fault

1. Draw the Single Line Diagram.

2. Draw the Impedance Diagram.
3. Convert all parameters to per-unit.
4. Reduce the network between the source(s) and the
fault location.
5. Calculate the fault current

Vf
If 
Z equiv
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Example:

Determine the fault current for a three phase bolted fault in

each bus for the 4 bus system below.
G LINE FB TB Z(p.u.)
1 Line1 1 4 j0.2
3 Lin Line2 1 3 j0.4
Line 2

e e1
Lin
Line 5 Line 4 Line3 1 2 j0.3
2 3 4 Line4 3 4 j0.5
4-bus system
Line5 2 3 j0.6
The generator is rated 100 MVA, 6.9 kV and has a subtransient
reactance of 10%. Base Values: 100 MVA, 6.9 kV
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Solution:
Draw the impedance diagram

E 1.0

0.1
1
0.3 0.2
0.4

2 4
0.6 0.5
3

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 Reduce the network
a) Fault @ Bus 4
X a  X 12  X 23
 0.3  0.6
-  0.9
E 1.0
+ X a X 13
Xb 
0.1
If X a  X 13
1
(0.9)(0.4)
0.3 0.2 
0.4
0.9  0.4
 0.276923
2
0.6 0.5 4 X c  X b  X 34
3
 0.276923  0.5
 0.776923
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 X c X 14
Xd 
X c  X 14
( 0.776923 ) ( 0.2 )
-
 E 1.0
0.776923  0.2 If
 0.159055 +

X equiv  X gen  X d 0.25905

 0.1  0.159055
 0.259055 100 x 1000
I base   8367.64 A
1.0 3 (6.9)
If 
0.259055 If  3.860184 x 8367.64
 3.860184 p.u.  32,300.63 A
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b) Fault @ Bus 3

X a  X 23  X 12
-  0.3  0.6
E 1.0
+  0.9
0.1
If X b  X 14  X 34
1
0.3 0.2  0.2  0.5
0.4
 0.7
2 0.6 0.5
3 4
X equiv  (X a //X b ) //X 13

 0.198425
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 X  X gen  X equiv
 0.1  0.198425
 0.298425 -
E 1.0
If
1.0 +
If 
0.298425 0.298425
 3.350923 p.u.

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c) Fault @ Bus 2

X  X 14  X 34
a

-
E 1.0  0.2  0.5
+
 0.7
0.1
If
1
X a X 13
0.3 0.2 Xb 
0.4 X  X 13
a

(0.7)( 0.4)
2
0.6
3
0.5 4 
0.7  0.4
 0.254545
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X c  X b  X 23
 0.254545  0.6
-
 0.854545 E 1.0
X c X 12 If +
Xd 
X c  X 12 0.322047
(0.854545)( 0.3)

0.854545  0.3
 0.222047 1.0
If 
0.322047
X  X gen  X d
 3.095525 p.u.
 0.322047
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d) Fault @ Bus 1

X  X gen
-
E 1.0  0.1
+

0.1
If 1.0
1 If 
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.2
 10.0 p.u.

0.6 0.5
2 3 4

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 Single line-to-ground fault in
phase A
F
a
b
c
+ + + Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
- - -
Ground
• Boundary Conditions :
(1) I b  I c  0 (2) Va  0
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• From Symmetrica l Components ,
1
I 012  A I abc

I   1 1 1   Ia  I 
 ao  1  2   1  a
 I a 1   1 a a   0    Ia 
 I  3 1 a2 a   0 
3 
 a2   I
 a

Therefore,
1
I ao  I a1  I a2  Ia
3

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 Sequence Networks
F F F
+ + +
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0
Z1 Z2 Z0
Va1 Va2 Va0
+
Vf
- - -

Va1  V f – I a1 Z 1 Va2  - I a2 Z 2 Vao  - I ao Z o

Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence

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Substituting the values of Ia2 and Ia0 in terms of Ia1
Va1  V f – I a1 Z 1
Va2  - I a1 Z 2
Vao  - I a1 Z o
From the second boundary conditions
Va  Va1  Va2  Va0  0
 V f - I a1 Z 1 - I a1 Z 2 - I a1 Z 0

0  V f - I a1 Z 1  Z 2  Z 0 
Solving for sequence currents The Fault Current is
Vf 3V f
I a1  I a2  I a0  I f  Ia 
Z0  Z1  Z 2 Z0  Z1  Z 2
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Sequence Network Interconnection
for a Single Line-to-Ground Fault
• Boundary Conditions :
(1) I a 1  I a 2  I a 0 (2) Va 1  Va 2  Va 0  0

+ + +
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0
Z1 Z2 Z0
Va1 Va2 Va0
+
Vf
- - -

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 Example: Four-bus System
4
Find the fault current
if a single line-to- L2 L3
ground fault occurs
in bus 4. T1
G1 G2
L1
1 2 3
G1: X1 = 0.15 X2 = 0.10 Xo = 0.05 T1: X = 0.05
G2: X1 = 0.10 X2 = 0.05 Xo = 0.025
L1: X1 = 0.20 X2 = 0.20 Xo = 0.425
L2: X1 = 0.08 X2 = 0.08 Xo = 0.255
L3: X1 = 0.05 X2 = 0.05 Xo = 0.18125
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 Positive Sequence Network
F1
Ia1
4 j0.05
1 j0.08
j0.05 3

j0.2
2 j0.10
j0.15

1.0 1.0

N1
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 Delta-Wye Transformation
Xa
0.05
0.08 Xc
Xb
0.2
(0.08)(0.05)
Xa   0.0121
0.08  0.05  0.2
X b  0.0485
X c  0.0303

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 Ia1 F1
4
Xa
1 3
j0.05
Xb Xc

2 j0.10
j0.15

1.0 1.0

N1
X LEFT  0.15  0.05  X b  0.2485
X RIGHT  0.10  X c  0.1303

Z 1  jX a  jX LEFT // jX RIGHT  j0.0976 
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 Negative-Sequence Network
F2
Ia2
4 j0.05
1 j0.08 3
j0.05

j0.2
2
j0.1 j0.05

N2
Can show Z 2  j0.0693
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 Zero-Sequence Network
F0
Ia0
4 j0.18125
1 j0.255
3

j0.05 j0.425
2
j0.025

N0
Can show Z0  j0.1230
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Sequence Fault Currents
Vf
I a0  I a1  I a2 
Z0  Z1  Z 2
1.0

j0.0976  j0.0693  j0.1230
 - j3.4497

Phase Fault Currents

I a  3I a0  (3)(-j3.4497)
 - j10.3492
Ib  0
Ic  0

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Line-to-line Fault in Phases B and C
a
b
c
+ + + Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
- - -

• Boundary Conditions :
(1) I a  0 (2) I b  - I c (3) Vbc  Vb - Vc  0

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Transformation:
I  1 1 1 0   0 
  1
a0
2   1 
 I a1   1 a a   I b   (a  a )I b 
2

 I  3 1 a 2   3 2 
 a   I b  (a  a)I
 a2    b 


Therefore,
1 jI b
I a0  0 I a1   I a2  (a  a )I b 
2

3 3
From boundary condition (3),
(Va0  a 2Va1  aVa2 )  (Va0  aVa1  a 2Va2 )  0
(a 2  a)Va1  (a  a 2 )Va2  0
Va1  Va2  0
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Sequence Network nterconnection

Sequence Fault Currents

I a0  0
Zf

F F
Vf Ia1 Ia2
I a1  -I a2 
Z1  Z 2 Z1 +
Va1
+
Va2 Z2
+ - -
Vf
-
N1 N2

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Example: Four-Bus System
Assume a line-to-line fault in bus 4. Find the fault current
From previous example,
F F
Z 1  j0.0976 Ia1 Ia2
+
Z 2  j0.0693 Z1 Va1=Va2
+ - Z2
Sequence Fault Currents
Vf
I a0  0 -

1.0 Ia  0
I a1   I a2 
j(0.0976  0.0693) I b   j 3 (  j5.9916)
  j5.9916  10.3778   I c
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Double Line-to-Ground Fault in
Phase B and C
a
b
c
+ + + Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
- - -
Ib+Ic

 Boundary Conditions :
(1) I a  0 (2) Vb  0 (3) Vc  0
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From symmetrical components for the voltage
phasors:
Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
V   1 1 a 2
a   0 
 a1  3 
Va 2  1 a2 a   0 


We get:
Va 0  Va1  Va 2

What type of sequence network interconnection will

satisfy this relationship between Va0, Va1, and
Va2?

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Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Sequence Network Interconnection
Ia1
F F F
+ +
+ Ia0
Ia2
Z1 Z2 Z0
Va1 Va2 Va0
+
VF
- - -

Boundary conditions:
(1) Ia  0 (2) Vb  0 (3) Vc  0
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From circuit analysis, we get:

Vf Vf
I a1  
Z1  ( Z 2 || Z 0 ) Z  Z 2  Z 0
Z2  Z0
1

From current division, noting the defined directions:

Z0 Z2
Ia2  I a1 Ia0  I a1
Z2  Z0 Z2  Z0
Note: Make sure that Ia0, Ia1, and Ia2 satisfy KCL at the fault
point; that is, Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2 = 0.

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Re-synthesizing the phase currents:

 I a  1 1 1   Ia0 
 I   1 a2
 
a   I a1 
 b 
 I c  1 a a 2   I a 2 
We get:
I a  I a 0  I a1  I a 2  0
I b  I a 0  a 2  I a1  a  I a 2
I c  I a 0  a  I a1  a 2  I a 2
This set of equations supports our premise that the
fault current flows through phases b and c.

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Example: 4-Bus System

1
Ia1 
j(0.0976  0.0693//0.123)
 -j7.0459

0.0693
Ia0  - Ia1
0.0693  0.123
 j2.5392 Ia = Ia1 + Ia2 + Ia0 = 0
Ib= a2Ia1 + aIa2 + Ia0
Ia2  j4.5067
Ic= aIa1 + a2Ia2 + Ia0
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 Faults Through Impedance
 So far, all the faults we have discussed
consisted of direct (bolted fault, i.e., zero
impedance) short-circuits between lines
and from one or two lines to ground.
 This gives the highest value of fault current and is
thus the most conservative.
 What will happen to our equations and
sequence network interconnections when
the fault impedance is non-zero?
 Read Chapter 12.10 of Stevenson!

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Faults Through Impedance
a a
b b
c c
Zf Zf Zf Zf

Three-Phase Fault Single Line-to-Ground Fault

a a
b b
Zf c
c
Zf
Line-to-Line Fault
Double Line-to-Ground Fault
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Faults Through Impedance

(+) Zf (+) (-) (0)

3·Zf
Three-Phase Fault
Single Line-to-Ground Fault

(+) (-) (0)

(+) (-)
3·Zf
Zf
Line-to-Line Fault Double Line-to-Ground Fault
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 APPLICATION OF
SHORT-CIRCUIT STUDIES

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