Mizoram

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Mizoram

State

Mizoram has the

highest
concentration of
tribal people
among all states
in India

Seal
 Coordinates
(Aizawl):
23.36°N 92.8°E

Coordinates​:
23.36°N 92.8°E
Government
Area
Population
(2011)
 †​
It was elevated
to the status of a
full State by the
State of Mizoram
Act, 1986

Mizoram​ (​English: ​/mɪˈzɔːrəm/​ ​( listen​)​) is a state in northeastern

India​, with ​Aizawl​ as its capital city. The name is derived from "​Mizo​",
the name of the native inhabitants, and "Ram", which means land, and
[4]​
thus Mizoram means "land of the Mizos".​ Within the northeast

region, it is the southernmost landlocked state, sharing borders with

three of the ​Seven Sister States​, namely ​Tripura​, ​Assam​ and ​Manipur​.
The state also shares a 722-kilometre border with the neighbouring

countries of ​Bangladesh​ and ​Myanmar​.[5]

​

Like several other northeastern states of ​India​, Mizoram was

previously part of ​Assam​ until 1972, when it was carved out as a ​Union
Territory​. It became the 23rd state of India, a step above Union
Territory, on 20 February 1987, with the Fifty-Third Amendment of the
[6]
Indian Constitution, 1986.​

Mizoram's population was 1,091,014, according to a 2011 census. It is

the ​2nd least populous state​ in the country.​[7]​ Mizoram covers an area

[8]​
of approximately 21,087 square kilometres.​ About 91% of the state is

[9]
forested.​

About 95% of the current population is of diverse tribal origins who

settled in the state, mostly from ​Southeast Asia​, over waves of
migration starting about the 16th century but mainly in the 18th
[10]​
century.​ This is the highest concentration of tribal people among all

states of India, and they are currently protected under Indian

constitution as a ​Scheduled Tribe​.[11]​

​ Mizoram is one of three states of

[12]​
India with a Christian majority (87%).​ Its people belong to various

denominations, mostly ​Presbyterian​ in the north and ​Baptists​in the

south.

Mizoram is a highly literate ​agrarian economy​, but suffers from

[13]​
slash-and-burn​ ​jhum​, or ​shifting cultivation​, and poor crop yields.​ In

recent years, the jhum farming practices are steadily being replaced

with a significant ​horticulture​ and ​bamboo​ products industry.​[14]​[15]​ The

state's gross state domestic product for 2012 was estimated at ₹6,991
 [8]​
crore (US$1.0 billion).​ About 20% of Mizoram's population lives

below poverty line, with 35% rural poverty.​[16]​ The state has about 871

kilometres of national highways, with NH-54 and NH-150 connecting it

to Assam and Manipur respectively. It is also a growing transit point for

trade with Myanmar and Bangladesh.​[17]

Contents

1
Etymology

2
History
2.1
British era (1840s to 1940s)

2.2
Post 1947

3
Geography
3.1
Climate

3.2
Biodiversity

4
Demographics
4.1
Ethnic groups

4.2
Protected demographic category

4.3
Languages

4.4
Religion

5
Politics
5.1
Administration

6
Economy
 6.1
Agriculture

6.2
Forestry, fisheries and sericulture

6.3
Industry

6.4
Education infrastructure

6.5
Energy infrastructure

6.6
Transport infrastructure

7
Education

8
Culture
8.1
Traditional festivals

8.2
Dance

8.3
Music

8.4
Sports

9
Tourism

10
Issues
10.1
Alcohol prohibition

10.2
Rat problems

11
Media and communication

12
Notable people
 13
See also

14
References

15
Further reading

16
External links

Etymology​[​edit​]
The term Mizoram is derived from two Mizo words-​Mizo​ and ​ram.​
'Mizo' is the name used to call the native inhabitants and 'Ram' means
'land'. There is dispute on the term 'zo'. According to one view, 'zo'
means 'highland' (or hill) and Mizoram means 'land of the Mizos'. B.
Lalthangliana says 'zo' may also mean 'cold region' and therefore,
[18]
Mizo may also signify people of the cold region.​

History​[​edit​]
​ istory of Mizoram
Main article: H
 One of the many battles between British troops and British-aligned tribes of

Mizoram against a Lusei clan in Mizoram.​[19]​ This sketch is by Lieutenant

Cole in 1889 titled "Looshai expedition".

The origin of the ​Mizos​, like those of many other tribes in the
northeastern India, is shrouded in mystery. The people living in the
Mizo Hills were generally referred to as the Cucis or ​Kukis​ by their
neighbouring ethnic groups which was also a term adopted by the
British writers. The claim that 'The ​Kukis​ are the earliest known

residents of the Mizo hills area,' must be read in this light.​[20]​ The

majority of the tribes classified as "Mizo" today most likely migrated to

their present territories from the neighbouring countries in several

waves, starting around 1500 CE.​[21]

Before the ​British Raj​, the various Mizo clans lived in autonomous
villages. The tribal chiefs enjoyed an eminent position in the
gerontocratic​ Mizo society. The various clans and subclans practised
slash-and-burn, locally called ​jhum​ cultivation - a form of ​subsistence
[22]​
agriculture​.​ The chiefs were the absolute rulers of their respective

clans' territories (​ram)​ , although they remained under the nominal

political jurisdictions of the Rajas of Manipur, Tripura and Burma.​[23]

There were many instances of tribal raids and head-hunting led by the
village chieftains. Head-hunting was a practice which involved
ambushing, taking slaves and cutting off the heads of fighters from the
enemy tribe, bringing it back, and displaying it at the entrance of the
[24]
tribal village.​

British era (1840s to 1940s)​[​edit​]

Some of the earliest records of raids and intertribal conflicts are from
[19]​
the early 19th century.​ In the 1840s, Captain Blackwood of Britain

marched into the Mizo Hills with his troops to punish a Palian tribal
chief for raiding British interests in India. A few years later, Captain
Lester was wounded in a battle with the Lusei tribe in the region that is
now Mizoram. In 1849, a Lusei tribal raid killed 29 members of the
Thadou tribe and added 42 captives to their clan. Colonel Lister
retaliated in 1850, with the co-operation of the Thadou tribe, an event
historically called the ​First British invasion​, burning down a Lusei
[19]​[25]
village of 800 tribal houses and freeing 400 Thadou captives.​

British historical records on the Mizo Hills state similar inter-ethnic

tribal raids for loot, slaves and retaliatory battles continued for
[26]
decades.​

The Mizo Hills formally became part of ​British India​ in 1895, and
practices such as head-hunting were banned in Mizoram as well as
[27]​
neighbouring regions.​ The northern and southern Mizo Hills became

the Lushai Hills, with Aizawl as their headquarters by declaring the

whole area as Excluded Area till India got independence from the
[28]​
British.​ At the time of the British conquest, there were around 60

[23]​
chiefs.​ After Christian missionaries arrived with the gospel, the

majority of the population became Christians in the first half of the 20th
century.

Post 1947​[​edit​]
By the time India gained independence from the British Empire, the
number of tribal chiefs had increased to over 200. The educated elites
among the Mizos campaigned against the tribal ​chiefdoms​ under the
banner of the ​Mizo Union​. As a result of their campaign, the hereditary
rights of the 259 chiefs were abolished under the Assam-Lushai

District ("Acquisition of Chief's Rights") Act, 1954.​[23]​[26]​ Village courts

were re-implemented in the Mizo region along with other parts of

Assam. All of these regions were frustrated by these arrangements
and by centralised Assam governance. The Mizos were particularly
dissatisfied with the government's inadequate response to the 1959–60
mautam​ famine. The Mizo National Famine Front, a body formed for
famine relief in 1959, later developed into a new political organisation,
 [29]​
the ​Mizo National Front​ (MNF) in 1961.​ A period of protests and

armed insurgency​ followed in the 1960s, with the MNF seeking

[30]
independence from India.​

In 1971, the government agreed to convert the Mizo Hills into a Union
Territory, which came into being as Mizoram in 1972. Following the
Mizoram Peace Accord​ (1986) between the Government and the MNF,
[31]​
Mizoram was declared a full-fledged state of India in 1987.​ Mizoram

was given two seats in the ​Parliament​, one each in the ​Lok Sabha​ and
[32]​
in the ​Rajya Sabha​.​ The region has been peaceful in recent

decades. Between 2006 and 2013, no more than two civilians have
died each year from protest-related violence (or less than 0.2 people
[33]​
per 1,00,000).​ The world's average annual death rate from

intentional violence, in recent years, has been 7.9 per 1,00,000

people.​[34]​ [35]
​

Geography​[​edit​]
​ eography of Mizoram
Main article: G

Mizoram is a landlocked state in ​North East India​ whose southern part

[8]​
shares 722​ kilometres long international borders with Myanmar and

Bangladesh, and northern part share domestic borders with Manipur,

Assam and Tripura. It is the fifth smallest state of India with 21,087
2​
km​ (8,142 sq mi). It extends from 21°56'N to 24°31'N, and 92°16'E to

[36]​
93°26'E.​ The ​tropic of cancer​ runs through the state nearly at its

middle. The maximum north-south distance is 285 km, while maximum

[36]
east-west stretch is 115 km.​
 Mizoram landscape is mostly rolling hills with major valleys. Most villages
and town are located on hillsides.

Mizoram is a land of rolling hills, valleys, rivers and lakes. As many as

21 major hill ranges or peaks of different heights run through the length
and breadth of the state, with plains scattered here and there. The
average height of the hills to the west of the state are about 1,000
metres (3,300 ft). These gradually rise up to 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) to
the east. Some areas, however, have higher ranges which go up to a
height of over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). ​Phawngpui Tlang​ also known as
the Blue Mountain, situated in the southeastern part of the state, is the
[37]​
highest peak in Mizoram at 2,210 metres (7,250 ft).​ About 76% of

the state is covered by forests, 8% is fallows land, 3% is barren and

considered uncultivable area, while cultivable and sown area
[38]​
constitutes the rest.​ Slash-and-burn​ or ​jhum​ cultivation, though

discouraged, remains in practice in Mizoram and affects its

topography.​[39]​[40]​ The State of Forest Report 2017 states that

Mizoram has the highest forest cover as a percentage of its

[41]
geographical area of any Indian state, being 86.27% forest.​
Chhimtuipui (top) and Tuipui river of Mizoram

Mizoram terrain is, according to the Geological Survey of India, an

immature topography, and the physiographic expression consists of
several almost north-south longitudinal valleys containing series of
small and flat hummocks, mostly anticlinal, parallel to sub-parallel hill
ranges and narrow adjoining synclinal valleys with series of
topographic highs. The general geology of western Mizoram consists
of repetitive succession of Neogene sedimentary rocks of the Surma
Group and Tipam Formation such as sandstone, siltstone, mudstone
and rare pockets of shell limestone. The eastern part is the Barail
[42]​
Group.​ Mizoram lies in ​seismic zone V​, according to the India

Meteorological Department; as with other northeastern states of India,

this means the state has the highest risk of earthquakes relative to
[43]
other parts of India.​

The biggest river in Mizoram is Chhimtuipui, also known as Kaladan

(or Kolodyne). It originates in Chin state in Burma and passes through
Saiha​ and ​Lawngtlai​ districts in the southern tip of Mizoram, goes back
to Burma's Rakhine state. Although many more rivers and streams
drain the hill ranges, the most important and useful rivers are the
Tlawng​, ​Tut​, ​Tuirial​ and ​Tuivawl​ which flow through the northern
territory and eventually join the ​Barak River​ in ​Cachar District​. The
[42]
rivers have a gentle drainage gradient particularly in the south.​

Palak lake is the biggest in Mizoram and covers 30 hectares (74

acres). The lake is situated in Saiha district of southern Mizoram. It is
believed that the lake was created as a result of an earthquake or a
flood. The local people believe that a submerged village remains intact
deep under the waters. The ​Tam Dil​ lake is a natural lake situated 85
kilometres (53 mi) from Aizawl. Legend has it that a huge ​mustard
plant​ once stood in this place. When the plant was cut down, jets of
water sprayed from the plant and created a pool of water, thus the lake
was named Ţam Dil which means of 'lake of mustard plant'. Today the
lake is an important tourist attraction and a holiday resort. The most
 significant lake in Mizo history, ​Rih Dil​, is ironically located in Burma, a
few kilometres from the Indo-Burma border. It was believed that
departed souls pass through this lake before making their way to
[​citation needed​]​
Pialral​ or heaven. Mizoram is also called​ a "peninsula

state" as it is surrounded by international borders on three sides.

Climate​[​edit​]
Mizoram has a mild climate, being relatively cool in summer 20 to 29
°C (68 to 84 °F) but progressively warmer, most probably due to
climate change, with summer temperatures crossing 30 degrees
Celsius and winter temperatures ranging from 7 to 22 °C (45 to 72 °F).
The region is influenced by ​monsoons​, raining heavily from May to
September with little rain in the dry (cold) season. The climate pattern
is moist tropical to moist sub-tropical, with average state rainfall 254
centimetres (100 in) per annum. In the capital Aizawl, rainfall is about
215 centimetres (85 in) and in ​Lunglei​, another major centre, about
[42]​
350 centimetres (140 in).​ The state is in a region where cyclones

[44]
and landslides can cause weather-related emergencies.​

Month Ja Fe Ma Ap Ma Jun Jul Au Sep Oc No De Yea

n b r r y g t v c r
Average high °C (°F) 20. 21. 25. 26. 26. 25. 25. 25. 25. 24. 23. 21. 24.3
4 7 2 8 3 5 3 5 7 7 0 0 (75.
(68 (71 (77 (80 (79. (77. (77. (77. (78. (76 (73 (69 7)
.7) .1) .4) .2) 3) 9) 5) 9) 3) .5) .4) .8)
Average low °C (°F) 11. 12. 15. 17. 18. 18. 19. 19. 19. 18. 15. 12. 16.4
4 8 6 5 1 9 1 1 2 0 1 2 (61.
(52 (55 (60 (63 (64. (66. (66. (66. (66. (64 (59 (54 6)
.5) .0) .1) .5) 6) 0) 4) 4) 6) .4) .2) .0)
Average ​precipitation 13. 23. 73. 16 289 406 320 320 305 18 43. 15. 2,16
mm (inches) 4 4 4 7.7 .0 .1 .4 .6 .2 3.7 2 3 1.4
(0. (0. (2. (6. (11. (15. (12. (12. (12. (7. (1. (0. (85.
53) 92) 89) 60) 38) 99) 61) 62) 02) 23) 70) 60) 09)

Source: [45]
​

Biodiversity​[​edit​]
Vavu (​Mrs. Hume's pheasant​) is the state bird​[47]​ (top) and Senhri

(​Renanthera imschootiana​) the state flower of Mizoram.​[48]

Mizoram has the third highest total forest cover with 15,94,000
hectares (39,40,000 acres), and highest percentage area (90.68%)
covered by forests, among the states of India, according to 2011
 [9]​
Forest Survey of India.​ Tropical semi-evergreen, tropical moist

deciduous, subtropical broadleaved hill and subtropical pine forests are

the most common vegetation types found in Mizoram. Bamboo is
common in the state, typically intermixed with other forest vegetation;
2​
about 9,245 km​ (44%) of the state's area is bamboo bearing. The

state and central governments of India have cooperated to reserve and

protect 67% of the land covered by forests, and additional 15% by
management. Only 17% of the land is non-forested area for cultivation,
industry, mining, housing and other commercial human activity.
Satellite data suggests 91% of state's geographical area is covered by
[9]
forests.​

Jhum cultivation, or slash-and-burn practice, was a historic tradition in

Mizoram and a threat to its forest cover. This practice has reduced in
recent decades, due to a government-supported initiative to support
[9]
horticultural crops such as pineapple and banana plantations.​

Neptunia oleracea

Mizoram is host to numerous species of birds, wildlife and flora. About

640 species of birds have been identified in the state, many of which
are endemic to the Himalayan foothills and southeast Asia. Of the birds
found in Mizoram forests, 27 are on the worldwide threatened species
[49]​
lists and eight are on the critically endangered list.​ Prominent birds

spotted in Mizoram include those from the families of ​Phasianidae​,

Anatidae​, ​Ciconiidae​, ​Threskiornithidae​, ​Ardeidae​, ​Pelecanidae​,
Phalacrocoracidae​, ​Falconidae​, ​Accipitridae​, ​Otididae​, ​Rallidae​,
Heliornithidae​, ​Turnicidae​, ​Burhinidae​, ​Charadriidae​, ​Scolopacidae​,
Jacanidae​, ​Laridae​, ​Columbidae​, ​Psittacidae​, ​Cuculidae​, ​Strigidae​,
Caprimulgidae​, ​Apodidae​, ​Alcedinidae​, ​Meropidae​, ​Bucerotidae​,
Ramphastidae​, ​Picidae​, ​Pittidae​, ​Laniidae​, ​Campephagidae​,
Dicruridae​, ​Corvidae​, ​Paridae​, ​Hirundinidae​, ​Cisticolidae​,
Pycnonotidae​, ​Sylviidae​, ​Timaliidae​, ​Sittidae​, ​Sturnidae​, ​Turdidae​,
Dicaedae, ​Chloropseidae​, ​Ploceidae​, ​Motacillidae​, ​Fringillidae​,
[49]​
Nectariniidae​ and ​Muscicapidae​.​ Each of these families have many

species.

The state is also host to a variety of fauna, just like its sister
northeastern Indian states. Mammal species observed in the Mizoram
forests include ​slow loris​ (​Nycticebus coucang)​ , ​red serow​ (​Capricornis
rubidus)​ , which is the state animal, ​goral​ (​Nemorhaedus goral​),
tiger​(​Panthera tigris​), ​leopard​ (​Panthera pardus​), ​clouded leopard
("Neofelis nebulosi"), ​leopard cat​ (​Prionailurus bengalensis​), and
Asiatic black bear​ (​Ursus thibetanus​). Primates seen include
stump-tailed macaque​ (​Macaca arctoides)​ , hoolock gibbon (​Hylobates
hoolock)​ , ​Phayre's leaf monkey​ (​Trachypithecus phayrei)​ and ​capped
langur​ (​Trachypithecus pileatus​). The state is also home to many
[50]​[51]
reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates.​

The state has two national parks and six wildlife sanctuaries - Blue
Mountain (Phawngpui) National Park, Dampa Tiger Reserve (largest),
Lengteng Wildlife Sanctuary, Murlen National Park, Ngengpui Wildlife
Sanctuary, Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary, Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary,

and Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary.​[52]

Demographics​[​edit​]
show​Population growth
Mizoram has a population of 1,091,014 with 552,339 males and
[7]​
538,675 females.​ This reflects a 22.8% growth since 2001 census;

still, Mizoram is second least populated state of India. The sex ratio of
the state is 976 females per thousand males, higher than the national
ratio 940. The density of population is 52 persons per square
[54]
kilometre.​

The literacy rate of Mizoram in 2011 was 91.33 per cent,​[54]​ higher

than the national average 74.04 per cent, and second best among all
the states of India. About 52% of Mizoram population lives in urban
areas, much higher than India's average. Over one third of the
population of Mizoram lives in Aizawl district, which hosts the
[7]​[55]​[56]
capital.​

Ethnic groups​[​edit​]
The great majority of Mizoram's population consists of several ethnic
tribes who are either culturally or linguistically linked. These ethnic
groups are collectively known as ​Mizos​ (​Mi​means People, ​Zo​ means
[26]​
Hill; Mizo thus is hillmen​ ). Mizo people are spread throughout the

northeastern states of India, Burma, and Bangladesh. They belong to

numerous tribes; however, to name a particular tribe as the largest is
difficult as no concrete census has ever been undertaken.

Sometime in the 16th century CE, the first batch of Mizo crossed Tiau
river and settled in Mizoram and they were called as Kukis by
[57]​
Bengalis.​ The term Kuki mean the inhabitants of the interior and

inaccessible mountain tracts. Sometimes grouped as Kuki-Chin tribes,

The First batch were called Old Kukis which are the Biate and the
Hrangkhol and the second batch that followed include Lushei (or
Lusei), Paite, Lai, Mara, Ralte, Hmar, Thadou, Shendus, and several
[57]​
other.​ These tribes are subdivided into numerous clans, and these

clans are further sub-divided into sub-clans, for example the Hmars are
divided into Thiek, ​Faihriem​, Lungtau, Darngawn, Khawbung, Zote and
others. These clans sometimes have slight linguistic differences. The
Bru (Reang), ​Chakma​, ​Tanchangya​, origin of Northern Arakan
Mountain, are some non-Kuki tribes of Mizoram, with some suggestion
[57]​
that some of these are Indo-Aryan in their origins.​ The ​Bnei

[58]
Menashe​ tribe claim Jewish descent.​

The diversity of tribal groups reflects the historical immigration

patterns. Different tribes and sub-tribes arrived in the present Mizoram,
in successive waves and settled down in different parts of the state.
Further, as they arrived, there were raids, fear of raids and intertribal
feuds. The resulting isolation and separation created numerous tribes
[57]​
and sub-tribes.​ The Mizo people usually suffix their descriptive

given names with their tribe.

Other than tribal groups, other ethnic groups inhabit Mizoram. For
example, Nepali Gorkhas were encouraged to settle in Aizawl area and
other parts of Mizoram during the British colonial times. Thousands of
[59]
their descendants are now residents of Mizoram.​

Protected demographic category​[​edit​]

According to 2011 census, Mizoram had 1,036,115 people (95% of
total) classified as ​Scheduled Tribe​, the highest concentration of
[11]​[60]​
protected tribal people in all states of India.​ This demographic

classification, given to ​Mizoram tribes​ since the 1950s, has provided

reservations and extra resources in education and government job
opportunities, a preferential treatment as a means to accelerate their
[61]
integration with mainstream society.​

Languages​[​edit​]
​ izo language
Main article: M

Languages of Mizoram in 2011​[62]

 ​ ​Mizo​ (73.16%)

​ ​Chakma​ (8.46%)

​ ​Mara​ (3.82%)

​ ​Kokborok​ (2.97%)

​ ​Pawi​ (2.61%)

​ ​Paite​ (2.02%)

​ ​Hmar​ (1.64%)

​ ​Bengali​ (1.37%)

​ ​Hindi​ (0.97%)

​ Other (2.98%)

Mizo​, ​English​ and ​Hindi​ are the official languages of the state. Mizo is
the most widely used language for verbal interactions, but English,
being important for education, administration, formalities and
governance, is widely used. The Duhlian dialect, also known as the
Lusei​, was the first language of Mizoram and has come to be known as
the ​Mizo language​. The language is mixed with other dialects like the
Hmar​, ​Mara​, ​Lai​, Thadou-Kuki, ​Paite​, ​Gangte​, etc. Christian
missionaries developed the Mizo script. Writing is a combination of the
Roman script and ​Hunterian transliteration​ methodology with
prominent traces of a phonetics-based spelling system. There are 25
letters in the alphabet: ​A, AW, B, CH, D, E, F, G, NG, H, I, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P, R, S, T, Ṭ (with a dot under)​, U, V, Z​. Mizo is one of the
languages with official status in India​ (at the state level). ​Nepali​ is also
spoken by Nepali immigrants to the state.

The major languages spoken as per census 2011 are Mizo (7,34,910),
Chakma (96,972), Pawi (51,406), Kuki(45,754), Lakher (42,754), Hmar
(29,587), Paite (23,183), etc.

Religion​[​edit​]
 Religion in Mizoram (2011)​[63]​[64]

​ ​Christianity​ (87.16%)

​ ​Buddhism​ (8.51%)

​ ​Hinduism​ (2.75%)

​ ​Islam​ (1.35%)

​ ​Jainism​ (0.03%)

​ ​Sikhism​ (0.03%)

​ Other or not religious (0.16%)

The majority (87%) of Mizos are Christians in various denominations,

predominantly Presbyterian. Mizoram has a Chakma ​Theravada
Buddhist population of 8.5%, making them the largest minority,

followed by Hindus at 2.7% according to the 2011 census.​[63]​ There

are several thousand people, mostly ethnic Mizo, who have converted
to Judaism claiming to be one of the lost Judaic tribe group ​Bnei
[58]​
Menashe​, with descent from the biblical ​Menasseh​.​ Muslims make

up about 1.3% of the state population. The remaining 3,000 people are
Sikhs, Jains and other religions.

Christianity

​ istory of Christianity in Mizoram

Main article: H

Solomon's Temple, Aizawl

The major Christian denomination is ​Mizoram Presbyterian Church
which was established by a Welsh missionary Rev. D.E. Jones starting
[65]​
in 1894.​ By the time India gained independence from British

Empire, some 80% of Lushei tribe people had converted to

[66]​
Christianity.​ The Mizoram Presbyterian Church is one of the

constituted bodies of the ​General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church

of India​ at Shillong in ​Meghalaya​; it became the dominant sect of
Christianity in north Mizoram hills; In the southern hills of Mizoram, the
[66]​
Baptist Church​ had the dominant following.​ Other Christian

churches present in Mizoram include the ​United Pentecostal Church​,

the ​Salvation Army​, the ​Seventh-day Adventist Church​, Church of God
(Seventh Day), Mizoram Conference, ​Kohhran Thianghlim​, Roman
Catholic, Lairam Isua Krista Baptist Kohhran (LIKBK), Congregational
Church of India (Maraland), ​Evangelical Church of Maraland​,
Independent Church of India (ICI) and Evangelical Free Church of
India (EFCI).

Buddhism

According to 2001 census report there are more than 70,494 people
who follow Buddhism in Mizoram. The Chakmas and Tongchangya or
[​when?​]​
Tanchangya​ have been Buddhist since​ historical times and there

are approximately one hundred monasteries (known as vihara in ​Pali​)

in Mizoram. Of the many schools of Buddhism that are exist recent
[​citation needed​]
time ​Theravada​ ​Buddhism​ in Mizoram.​

Hinduism

According to the 2001 census, there were 31,562 Hindus in Mizoram,

or about 3.55%. Out of this, 26,448 were non-indigenous and 5,114
were indigenous tribal. Earlier there were significant Hindu population
among the Reang (Bru) communities, but after the communal clash,
[​citation needed​]​
many of them migrated to Tripura and Assam.​ In 1961,

[66]
the Hindu population was about 6%.​
Others

There are also a few Mizos who practice Judaism (866 according to
the 2001 census) and a modernised traditional Mizo religion called
Hnam sakhua​, which puts a particular emphasis on Mizo culture and
seeks to revive traditional Mizo values, while at the same time
attacking the influence brought about by Christianity on Mizo
[​citation needed​]
people.​

A total of 1,367 people practised the Mizo religion according to the

2001 census. This number included, in addition to the original Mizo
religion (755 people), adherents of other tribal religions such as
Lalchhungkua (279), Lalhnam (122), and Nunna Lalchhungkua
[67]
(211).​

Politics​[​edit​]
Main articles: ​Politics of Mizoram​ and ​Government of Mizoram

Mizoram Assembly House

Originally village land, locally called ​ram​, was the property of the tribal
chief. The institution of chieftainship began in the 16th century. Each
village behaved like a small state, and the chief was called ​Lal.​ The
rule was hereditary, and there were no written laws (the first script for
Mizo language was developed by Christian missionaries Lorraine and
[26]
Savidge about 1895).​

After annexation by the British in the 1890s, northern part of Mizoram

was administered as the Lushai Hills district of Assam, while southern
Mizoram was part of Bengal. In 1898, the southern part was
transferred from Bengal to Assam. The colonial power retained the
chiefs and Mizo customs, including the socially stratified hereditary
transfer of political power. In 1937, under Section 6 of the Scheduled
[26]​
District Act, the British administration​ consolidated executive and

legislative political power to the Deputy Commissioner and District

Magistrates, with village chiefs in advisory role. The political and
judiciary powers of chiefs were neither final nor exclusive, thereafter.
Rulings could be appealed to courts staffed with British officials. After
India gained independence from the colonial rule, the region was
granted autonomous status in 1952, where Mizo people formulated
their own laws and delivered judicial decisions. The region was
renamed as Mizo District within Assam State in April 1954 and in that
year, the institution of hereditary chieftainship was abolished, and

instead village courts/council were set up.​[26]​ In the same year the

Young Mizo Association​ was formed which is still an important

institution in Mizoram.

The representatives of the Lushai Hills Autonomous District Council

and the ​Mizo Union​ pleaded with the ​States Reorganisation
Commission​(SRC) to integrate the Mizo-dominated areas of ​Tripura
and ​Manipur​ with the District Council in Assam. The tribal leaders in
the northeast were unhappy with the final SRC recommendations and
met in Aizawl in 1955 to form a new political party, Eastern India Tribal
[30]​
Union (EITU).​ This group raised their demand for a separate state

comprising all the hill districts of Assam. However, the demand was not
accepted by the government.
 Mizoram Peace Accord was signed in June 1986. The Accord granted
political freedoms by making Mizoram a full state of India, and included
infrastructure provisions such as a High Court and establishment of

Mizoram University (shown).​[68]

In the 1950s, the fears of ​Assamese​ hegemony and perceived lack of

government concern led to growing discontent among the Mizos. The
Mizos were particularly dissatisfied with the government's inadequate
response to the 1959–60 ​mautam​ famine. The Mizo National Famine
Front, a body formed for famine relief in 1959, later developed into a
new political organisation, the ​Mizo National Front​ (MNF) in
[29]​
1961.​ The Front sought sovereign independence for the Mizo

territory, staging an armed insurrection with the ​28 February 1966

[30]​
uprising​ against the government.​ The revolt was suppressed by the

government of India, which carried out airstrikes in Aizawl and

[69]​[70]​
surrounding areas.​ The secessionist Mizo National Front was

outlawed in 1967, as the Mizo Union and other organisations continued

the demand for a separate Mizo state within the Republic of India.

Assam state was split, re-organised into multiple political regions, Mizo
hills area was declared Mizoram after the insurgency, and it received
[26]​
status as a Union Territory in 1972.​ A Peace Accord was signed

between central government and insurgent groups of Mizoram on 30

June 1986. Per the accord, insurgents surrendered their arms and
Mizoram became the 23rd state of India in 1986, formalised the
following year. The first election of Mizoram Legislative Assembly was
[26]​
held on 16 February 1987.​ Elections have been held at 5 year

intervals since then. The most recent ​Mizoram elections​ were held for
40 seats of legislative assembly on 28 November 2018. The voter
turnout was 80%. The Mizo National Front led by ​Zoramthanga​ was
[71]
elected to power.​

Shri Jagdish Mukhi is the present governor of Mizoram.

Administration​[​edit​]
​ ist of districts of Mizoram
Main article: L
 Districts of Mizoram

The Mizoram State Legislative Assembly has 40 seats and the Village
Councils are the ​grassroots​ of democracy and leadership in Mizoram.
The state has a chief minister, council of ministers with a portfolio of
ministries responsible for different priorities and role of the
[73]
government.​

There are three ​Autonomous District Councils (ADCs)​ for ethnic tribes
in Mizoram, namely ​Chakma Autonomous District Council​ (in the
southern part of state, bordering ​Bangladesh​), ​Lai Autonomous District
Council​ (LADC) for ​Lai people​ in the southern part of the state, and
Mara Autonomous District Council​ (MADC) for ​Mara people​ in the
southern-eastern corner.

There are eight districts in Mizoram. A district of Mizoram is headed by

a ​Deputy Commissioner​ who is in charge of the administration in that
particular district. The Deputy Commissioner is the executive head of
the district, responsible for implementing government regulations, the
law and order situation in the district, as well as being responsible for
[74]
tax collection for the government.​
A Superintendent of Police is responsible for the police administration
[74]​
of each district.​ These officials work with the village councils in each

district.

Economy​[​edit​]
Main article: ​Economy of Mizoram

The capital city of Aizawl.

Mizoram gross state domestic product (GSDP) in 2011-2012 was

about ₹6,991 crore (US$1.0 billion).​

[8]​
The state's gross state domestic

product (GSDP) growth rate was nearly 10% annually over 2001-2013
period. With international borders with Bangladesh and Myanmar, it is
an important port state for southeast Asian imports to India, as well as
[17]
exports from India.​

The biggest contributors to state's GSDP growth are Agriculture, Public

[75]​
Administration and Construction work.​ Tertiary sector of service

sector continued to have the contribution to the GSDP with its share
hovering between 58 per cent and 60 per cent during the past
[17]​[76]
decade.​

As of 2013, according to the ​Reserve Bank of India​, 20.4% of total

state population is below poverty line, about same as the 21.9%
average for India. Rural poverty is significantly higher in Mizoram, with
35.4% below the poverty line compared to India's rural poverty average
of 25.7; while in urban areas of Mizoram, 6.4% are below the poverty
[16]
line.​

Mizoram has a highly literate work force, with literacy rate of nearly
90% and widespread use of English. The state has a total of 4,300
kilometres of roads of which 927 kilometres are high quality national
highways and 700 kilometres of state highways. The state is
developing its Kolodyne river for navigation and international trade.
Mizoram's airport is at the capital city of Aizawl. The state is a power
deficit state, with plans to develop its hydroelectric potential. After
agriculture, the major employer of its people include handloom and
horticulture industries. Tourism is a growth industry. In 2008, the state
had nearly 7,000 registered companies. The state government has
been implementing Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to encourage
[15]
economic growth.​

Agriculture​[​edit​]

A paddy field in Zawlpui, Serchhip

Between 55% to 60% of the working population of the state is annually

[13]​[14]​
deployed on agriculture.​ The sector's contribution to the gross

state domestic product was 30% in 1994, just 14% in 2009 due to
[77]
economic growth of other sectors.​

Agriculture has traditionally been a subsistence profession in Mizoram.

It is seen as a means for generate food for one's family, ignoring its
potential for commerce, growth and prosperity. Rice remains the
 [78]​
largest crop grown in Mizoram by gross value of output.​ Fruits have

grown to become the second largest category, followed by condiments

[77]
and spices.​

Jhum practice

Before 1947, agriculture in Mizoram predominantly used to be

slash-and-burn driven ​Jhum​ cultivation. This was discouraged by the
[79]​
state government, and the practice has been slowly declining.​ A

[80]​
2012 report​ estimates the proportion of shifting cultivation area in

Mizoram to be about 30% - predominant part of which was for rice

production (56% to 63% depending on the year). Despite dedicating
largest amount of labour, jhum cultivated and non-jhum crop area to
rice, the yields are low; Mizoram average rice yields per acre is about
70% of India's average rice yield per acre and 32% of India's best
yield. Mizoram produces about 26% of rice it consumes every year,
[14]
and it buys the deficit from other states of India.​

The crop area used for jhum cultivation rotates in Mizoram; that is, the
area slashed and burnt for a crop is abandoned for a few years and
then ​jhumias​ return to slash and burn the same plot after a few years
of non-use. The primary reasons for cyclical jhum cultivation includes,
[80]​
according to Goswami et al.,​ personal, economic, social and

physical. Jhum cultivation practice offers low crop yields and is a threat
to the biome of Mizoram; they suggest increased government
institutional support, shift to higher income horticultural crops, assured
supply of affordable food staples for survival as means to further
reduce jhum cultivation.

Horticulture
 Oil palm in Mamit

In horticulture and floriculture, Mizoram is a significant producer and

global exporter of ​Anthurium​ (over 7 million a year) and roses. It is also
a significant producer and domestic supplier of banana, ginger,
[15]​
turmeric​, passion fruit, orange and ​chowchow​.​ Mizoram has

accomplished this horticulture success and exports in 2009, with just

6% of its cultivated land dedicated to horticulture and floriculture,
indicating a large potential for further growth and economic integration
[81]​
with other Indian states as well export driven economy.​ In 2013, the

area dedicated to horticulture and floriculture increased to 9.4% of 1.2

million hectares potential.​[8]

[82]​
The agricultural productivity is very low in Mizoram.​ The state gets a

lot of rain, but its soil is porous and irrigation infrastructure very
[13]​
inadequate; this has affected it crop yield and reliability.​ The yield

issue that can be addressed by building irrigation infrastructure and

adoption of better crop technologies. The state also has very low
[82]​
consumption of fertiliser and pesticides, which scholars​ suggest
offers an opportunity for organic farming particularly of vegetables and
fruits.

Forestry, fisheries and sericulture​[​edit​]

Mizoram is one of the leading producers of bamboo in India, has 27
species of bamboo, and supplies 14% of India's commercial
[8]​[17]​
bamboo.​ Forest products contribute about 5% to the state's gross

product. The state produces about 5,200 metric tonnes of fish a year,
[8]​
about 12% of potential that can be sustainably achieved.​ Sericulture

is an important handicraft industry engaged by nearly 8,000 families in

[17]
over 300 Mizo villages.​

Mizoram produces over 7 million tonnes of Anthurium (shown), supplying

the domestic market as well as exporting it to UAE, UK and Japan. The
majority of producers and income earners from this business are Mizoram

women.​[15]​[83]

Industry​[​edit​]
Mizoram faces difficulties in the advancement of industries. Lack of
transport infrastructure is one of the major drawbacks. Other problems
faced by the state includes shortage of electricity, capital,
telecommunication and export market access.

[17]​
Mizoram has two industrial estates at Zuagtui and Kolasib.​ Another

software technology park is being established in Mizoram University

[84]​
campus.​ The state government has acquired 127 acres of land in
Khawnuam for development of the Indo-Myanmar border trade
[17]
township.​

A school campus in Mizoram

Education infrastructure​[​edit​]
Main article: ​Education in Mizoram

The first primary school was set up in 1898 at Aizawl by Christian

missionaries. The state has long enjoyed higher literacy rates than
[85]​
average literacy rates for India. In 1961, the literacy was 51%.​ By

2011 census, it had reached 92%, compared to 74% average for

[8]​ [86]
India.​ Mizoram is second only to ​Kerala​.​

There were 3,894 schools in Mizoram as of 2012. Of these, 42% are

publicly owned and managed by Central/State governments, 28% are
private without government subsidies, 21% are private with
government subsidies, and the rest are primary and middle schools
that are government financed by run by three Autonomous District
Councils of Mizoram. The teacher-pupil ratio is about 1:20 for primary,
1:9 for middle School, 1:13 for high, and 1:15 for higher secondary
[8]
schools.​

There are several educational establishments under the umbrella of

the Ministry of Education, including universities, colleges and other
institutions. Within ​Mizoram University​, there are 29 undergraduate
departments including 2 professional institutions affiliated with the
university. The state had 22 other colleges, and the total college
[8]​
enrolment was approximately 10,600 students in 2012.​ Other well

known institutes are ​National Institute of Technology Mizoram​, ​ICFAI

University, Mizoram​, ​College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal
Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram​ and ​Regional Institute of
Paramedical and Nursing Aizawl​.

Energy infrastructure​[​edit​]
Mizoram is not self-sufficient in power. In 2012, the state had a
demand for 107 MW of power, but had an effective installed capacity of
only 29.35 MW. To bridge the gap, it purchased electricity from the
[87]
national grid.​

Of the total installed power generation capacity, all 29.35 MW came

from hydel. The state also has 22.92 MW of thermal power and 0.50
MW of Diesel generating set as of March 2012. The thermal and diesel
generating stations were kept on standby mode owing to their high
cost of operation, and because it was cheaper to buy the power from

the national grid than to operate these standby units.​[87]

The hydroelectric power potential of Mizoram was assessed to be

about 3600 MW in 2010,​[88]​ and about 4500 MW in 2012.​[89]​ If even

half of this is realised, the state could supply all its citizens and industry
with 24/7 electricity, as well as earn income by selling surplus power to
the national grid. The topography of Mizoram hydroelectric resources
is ideal for power projects. The following rivers are suited for hydel
projects with minimal impact on its biosphere - ​Tuivai​, Tuivawl, Tlawng,
Tut, Serlui, Tuirial, Kolodyne, Tuichang, Tuipui, ​Tiau​and Mat. Beyond
the major rivers, Mizoram has many small but perennial streams and
rivulets with ideal condition for developing micro/mini and small
[88]​
hydroelectric projects.​ The state has proposed projects to attract

private investments on Build, Own, Operate and Transfer (BOOT)

basis with financial assistance in rehabilitating its citizens were they to
be affected by the project. The largest proposed project is expected to
be on Kolodyne (460 MW), and there are dozens of small to micro

projects that have been identified.​[88]

By 2014, the state had signed memorandums to build and add 835
MW of electricity generation projects - Tuivai SHP with VGF (210 MW)
in Champhai district, Kolodyne-II SHP with NHPC (460 MW) in Siaha
district, Bairabi with Sikaria Power (80 MW) in Kolasib district, Tuirini
with SPNL (38 MW) in Aizawl district, and Tuivawl with SPML as well

(42 MW) in Aizawl district.​[89]​[90]

Transport infrastructure​[​edit​]
The state is the southern most in India's far northeast, placing Mizoram
in a disadvantageous position in terms of logistical ease, response
time during emergencies, and its transport infrastructure. Prior to 1947,
the distance to Kolkata from Mizoram was shorter; but ever since,
travel through Bangladesh has been avoided, and traffic loops through
Assam an extra 1,400 kilometres to access the economic market of
West Bengal. This remoteness from access to economic markets of
India is balanced by the state's closeness to southeast Asian market
and its over 700 kilometres of international boundary.

● Road Network​: In 2012, Mizoram had a road network of

around 8,500 kilometres (5,300 mi) including unsurfaced
village roads to surfaced national highways; and there were
[8]​
106,000 registered motor vehicles.​ The village roads are
primarily single lane or unmetalled tracks that are typically
lightly trafficked. Mizoram had 871 kilometres of national
highways, 1,663 kilometres of state highways and 2,320
kilometres of surfaced district roads. All of Mizoram's 23
urban centres and 59% of its 764 villages are connected by
all weather roads. However, landslide and weather damage
to these roads is significant in parts.​[91]​ The state is
connected to the Indian network through Silchar in Assam
through the National Highway 54. Another highway,
NH-150 connects the state's ​Seling​ Mizoram to Imphal
Manipur​ and NH-40A links the State with ​Tripura​. A road
between ​Champhai​and Tiddim in ​Burma​ has been
proposed and is awaiting co-operation from the Burmese
authorities.
Lengpui Airport Building

● Airport​: Mizoram has an airport, ​Lengpui Airport​ (IATA:

AJL), near Aizawl and its runway is 3,130 feet long at an
[92]​
elevation of 1,000 feet.​ Aizawl airport is linked from
Kolkata​ – a 60-minute flight. Inclement weather conditions
mean that at certain times the flights are unreliable.
Mizoram can also be reached via Assam's ​Silchar Airport​,
which is about 200 kilometres (120 mi) (around 6 hours) by
road to Aizawl.
● Railway​: There is a rail link at ​Bairabi railway station​ but it
is primarily for goods traffic. The nearest practical station to
Mizoram is at ​Silchar​ in Assam. Bairabi is about 110
kilometres (68 mi) and ​Silchar​ is about 180 kilometres (110
mi) from the state capital. The Government is now planning
to start a broad gauge ​Bairabi Sairang Railway​ connection
for better connectivity in the state.​[​citation needed​]
● Helicopter​: A Helicopter service by ​Pawan Hans​ has been
started which connects the Aizawl with ​Lunglei​, ​Lawngtlai​,
Saiha​, ​Chawngte​, ​Serchhip​, ​Champhai​, ​Kolasib​, ​Khawzawl​,
Mamit​ and ​Hnahthial​.[93]​
​ [94]
● Water Ways​: Mizoram is in the process of developing
water ways with the port of Akyab ​Sittwe​ in Burma along its
biggest river, Chhimtuipui. It drains into Burma's Rakhine
state, and finally enters the Bay of Bengal at ​Akyab​, which
is a popular port in ​Sittwe​, Burma. The Indian government
considers it a priority to set up inland water ways along this
river to trade with Burma. The project is known as the
Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Project.​[95]​ India is
investing $103 million to develop the Sittwe port on Burma's
northern coast, about 160 kilometres (99 mi) from Mizoram.
State Peace and Development Council​ of Burma has
[96]​
committed $10 million for the venture.​ The project is
expected to be complete in 2015, and consists of two
parts.​[97]​ First, river Kaladan (or Kolodyne, Chhimtuipui) is
being dredged and widened from the port at Sittwe to
Paletwa, in Chin province, adjacent to Mizoram. This 160
km inland waterway will enable cargo ships to enter, upload
and offload freight in Paletwa, Myanmar; this is expected to
 be complete in 2014. As second part of the project, being
constructed in parallel, includes a 62 km two-lane highway
from Paletwa (also known as Kaletwa or Setpyitpyin) to
Lomasu, Mizoram. Additionally, an all weather multilane
100 km road from Lomasu to Lawngtlai in Mizoram is being
built to connect it with the Indian National Highway 54. This
part of the project is slated to be complete by 2015. Once
complete, this project is expected to economically benefit
trade and horticulture exports of Mizoram, as well as
improve economic access to 60 million people of
landlocked northeast India and Myanmar.​[97]

Education​[​edit​]

Aizawl Theological College (ATC), Mizoram

Main article: ​Education in Mizoram

See also: ​List of institutions of higher education in Mizoram

Mizoram schools are run by the state and central government or by

private organisation. Instruction is mainly in English and Mizo. Under
the 10+2+3 plan, students may enroll in general or professional degree
programs after passing the Higher Secondary Examination (the grade
12 examination). Mizoram has one ​Central University​ (​Mizoram
University​), one engineering college (​National Institute of Technology
Mizoram​) and one private university (a branch of the ​Institute of
Chartered Financial Analysts of India​). A medical college, Mizoram
Institute of Medical Education and Research (MIMER) was also
inaugurated on 2018 and offer 100 seats for MBBS course.

Culture​[​edit​]
The culture of the Mizo tribes and its social structure has undergone
tremendous change over 100 years, since the arrival of Christianity in
the late 1890s. Contemporary people of Mizoram celebrate Christmas,
Easter and other Christian celebrations replacing many of old tribal
customs and practices.

The growth of Christianity, scholars state,​[98]​ was shaped from a

foundation of cultural, religious and socio-political structure. One such

foundation cultural element of Mizo people was ​Hnatlang​, states
Hlawndo, which literally means social work, united labour or
community labour (the word hna‘ means job or work in the Mizo
language; and tlang‘ means together and mutual). The tribal members
who were absent from such social work (for reasons other than illness
and disability) were penalised — a form of strong peer pressure. Jhum
cultivation and raids on neighbouring tribes required ​Hnatlang​, the
spirit of united labour and equal sharing of the end result.

A consequence of Hnatlang was the culture of ​Tlawmngaihna,​ which

does not have a direct English translation. ​Tlawmngaihna​ as cultural
concept incorporates behaviour that is self-sacrificing, self-denying,
doing what an occasion demands unselfishly and without concern for
inconvenience caused, persevering, stoical, stout-hearted, plucky,
brave, firm, independent, loath to lose one's good
[99]​[100]​[101]​
reputation.​ Thus, after a fire or landslide or flood damage,

the Mizo culture is one of spontaneous humble social work without

demands or expectations.

Several other cultural elements of ancient Mizo tribes, some of which

became less prevalent after arrival of Christianity, included:​[100]​[102]

● Zawlbuk:​ a place near the chief's home, which served as

defence camp in times of war, as well as "bachelor house"
[100]​[102]
where the youth gathered and centre of village life.​
● Pathian​: the term for god, to whom prayers and hymns
[102]
were recited. The evil spirits were called ​ramhuai.​ ​
● Nula-rim​: the method of courtship in ancient culture.
Courtship, pre-marital sex and polygamy were accepted.
The man and the woman could have many partners. If the
 woman got pregnant, the man was required either marry or
pay a substantial sum called ​Sawnman​. If the woman's
parents discover the relationship, they had a right to
demand a payment called ​Khumpuikaiman​. While
pre-marital sex was accepted, a woman who was virgin at
marriage was more highly esteemed than one who
[100]
wasn't.​
● Pathlawi:​ a young married man who engaged in
extra-marital relationships, something that was acceptable
[100]
in traditional Mizo society.​
● Ramri lehkha:​ a boundary drawing that identified a chief's
tenured land called ​ram.​ Only the chief owned the land, and
this ownership was hereditary. The tribe and village worked
and harvested the land.​[100]​[102]
In modern Mizoram, much of the social life often revolves around
church. Community establishments exist in urban centres that arrange
social events, sports event, musical concerts, comedy shows and other
activities.

Traditional festivals​[​edit​]

Darkhuang, Zamluang or jamluang — a traditional musical instrument

found in Mizoram.Other instruments include khuang (drum), dar (cymbals),

as well as bamboo-based phenglawng, tuium and tawtawrawt.​[103]

Traditional festivals in Mizoram often revolved around stages of jhum

[104]​
cultivation or the seasons.​ Community festivals were called ​kut​ in

the local language, and there were major and minor kuts such as
Chapchar Kut​, Thalfavang Kut, ​Mim Kut​ and ​Pawl Kut​. ​Chapchar Kut
was the festival of spring (February/March), just before jhum started
and land was cut-and-burnt for a new crop. Chapchar Kut was most
anticipated by youth, a major festival and involved dancing and feasts.
Thalfavang Kut celebrated completion of weeding of the jhum crop

fields.​[105]​ Mim Kut was the festival dedicated to ancestors after first

maize crop was collected, while Pawl Kut celebrated the end of harvest
and the start of new year. These festivals slowly disappeared as
Christianity became established in Mizoram.

Chapchar Kut​ was reintroduced and revived in 1973 by Mizo people to

celebrate their heritage. Before Christianity arrived in Mizoram,
home-brewed alcohol and many meat delicacies were part of the
Chapchar celebrations. Now, with Mizoram's state law as a dry state,

the youth busy themselves with music and community dancing.​[106]

Along with reviving traditional festivals, the community has been

reviving traditional dances at these festivals, for example, dances such
[107]
as Cheraw, Khuallam, Chheihlam and Chai.​

Dance​[​edit​]

Chapchar Kut​ ​cheraw dance​ in Mizoram. Chapchar Kut festival is

celebrated during March after completion of their most arduous task of
Jhum operation i.e., jungle-clearing (clearing of the remnants of burning).

Mizoram has many traditional dances, such as:

● Cheraw​ — a dance that involves men holding bamboo

close to the floor. They tap the sticks open and close with
the rhythm of music. Women in colourful dresses dance on
 top, stepping in between and out of the bamboo with the
music. It requires co-ordination and skill.​[100]
● Khuallam​ — a mixed-gender dance that traditionally
celebrated successfully hunting with swaying cloth with
singing and music.​[108]

Dance of Mizoram

● Chheihlam​ — typically performed over cool evenings with

rice beer, people sit in a circle with two or more dancers in
the centre; they sing with impromptu often humorous
compositions about recent events or guests between them
with music and dancers keeping up. The song was called
Chheih Hla​. Mizo people have tried to introduce Chheihlam
dance during church sermons with controversy.​[109]
● Chai​ — an important dance at the Chapchar Kut, this
places the musicians in the centre while men and women in
colourful dresses alternate and form a circle; the women
held the men at their waist, while men held the women at
their shoulders; they step forward to move in circles while
swaying left and right with the music. A song may be sung
[100]
which is also called ​Chai​.​

Music​[​edit​]
​ usic of Mizoram
Main article: M

Mizo traditional tunes are very soft and gentle, with locals claiming that
they can be sung the whole night without the slightest fatigue. The
guitar is a popular instrument and Mizos enjoy country style music.
Within the church services are drums, commonly used and known
[​citation needed​]​
locally as "khuang".​ The "khuang" is made from wood and

animal hide and are often beaten enough to instigate a trance-like

state with worshipers as they dance in a circular fashion.
Mizos enjoy singing and, even without musical instruments, they
enthusiastically sing together, clapping hands or by using other

rhythmic methods. Informal instruments are called ​chhepchher​.[​​ citation

needed]​

Sports​[​edit​]

Lammual Stadium

Main article: ​Sports in Mizoram

Mizoram's first football league debuted in October 2012. The Mizoram

Premiere League had eight teams during the 2012-2013 season and is
the highest level league in Mizoram. The eight clubs include Aizawl,
Chanmari, Dinthar, FC Kulikawn, Luangmual, Mizoram, RS Annexe,
and Reitlang. The season starts each year in October and wraps up

with the finals in March.​[110]

Tourism​[​edit​]

Waterfall Tuirihiau

​ ourism in Mizoram
Main article: T

See also: ​Tourism in North East India

Visitors to Mizoram are required to obtain an 'inner line permit' under
the ​special permit​ before visiting. Domestic and international visitors
face different requirements.

Domestic tourists

The state requires Inner Line Pass. This is available from the Liaison
Officer, government of Mizoram in Kolkata, Silchar, Shillong, Guwahati
and New Delhi. Those arriving by air can obtain a 15-day visit pass at
Lengpui airport, Aizawl by submitting photographs and paying the fee

of ₹120 (US$1.70).​
[111]

International tourists

Almost all foreign nationals can also get visitor pass on arrival, and
face the same requirements as domestic tourists. However, they
additionally have to register themselves with state police within 24
hours of arrival, a formality that most resorts can provide. Citizens of
Afghanistan, China and Pakistan and foreign nationals having their
origin in these countries are required to get the pass through the Indian
consulate or from the Ministry of Home Affairs in New Delhi, before
[111]
they arrive in Mizoram.​

Mizoram is a place with flora and fauna rich landscape and pleasant
[112]​
climate.​ The tourism ministry regulates the maintenance and

[​citation needed​]
upgrade of tourist lodges throughout the state.​

The state is a bird watcher's destination. For ​Mrs. Hume's pheasant

(​Syrmaticus humiae​), Mizoram is a stronghold.​[113]​ Wild water buffalo,

Sumatran rhinoceros, elephants and other mammals have been

spotted in the past.​[114]​[115]​[116]

Issues​[​edit​]

Alcohol prohibition​[​edit​]
In 1996 the government of Mizoram banned liquor. The church leaders
(Mizoram Kohhran Hruaitute Committee) argue that state government
should keep the ban and not seek to amend the law, while others
[117]​
argue prohibition should be lifted.​ However, it has been difficult to

[118]
enforce the ban due to the high demand for alcohol.​

In 2008, the Mizoram Excise and Narcotics (Wine) Rules amended the
ban of 1996 to allow the manufacture, export, sale, possession and
[119]
consumption of ​wine​ in Mizoram made from ​grapes​ and ​guava​

which would help the economy of the state, reduce fruit waste from
farms, and encourage large scale commercialisation. In 2011 the bill
was amended to include ​apple​, ​ginger​, ​passion fruit​, ​peach​ and ​pear
[120]
wine.​

In 2013, the state assembly unanimously passed a resolution to study

the impact of liquor prohibition.​[121]​ In 2014, the state's narcotics

minister noted that the liquor ban had produced some serious
problems in Mizo society due to the drinking of spurious and unhealthy
(locally made) liquor, known as ​zu.​ The government suggested it would
introduce an amended liquor bill allowing retail shops to operate in
Aizawl and other district headquarters to sell liquor — but not in bars.
Furthermore, they would not consult the powerful church on the

issue.​[118]​ The amended bill was proposed to be tabled for state

legislative assembly discussion after May 2014.

The Mizoram Liquor (Prohibition and Control) Act, 2014 (Act No. 8 of
2014) was enacted on 10 July 2014 which received the assent of the
governor of Mizoram on 11 July 2014 repealed the Mizoram Liquor
Total Prohibition Act, 1995, except the Mizoram Excise and Narcotics
(Wine) Rules, 2008.

The Mizoram Liquor Prohibition and Control bill of 2014 was repealed
[122]​
on 20 March 2019 with the Mizoram Liquor Prohibition Bill 2019,​ it

[123]
was a legislation promised by the ​Mizo National Front​.​
Rat problems​[​edit​]
Every 50 years, the ​Mautam​ bamboo blooms and its high-protein
seeds lead to an explosion in the ​black rat​ population in the jungle,
also referred to as the rat flood, which has historically destroyed entire
villages' food supplies after rats move on to farm fields and devour
crops. The 1958–59 plague provoked a rural uprising during which the
indigenous Mizo people launched a violent 20-year rebellion against
the federal government. The dispute only saw final resolution in

1986.​[124]​ The 48 year rat problem re-occurred in Mizoram over

2006-08.​[125]​ The crops suffered massive damage, with yields at 30

year lows; the crop yields recovered sharply to pre-mautam levels in

[126]
2009 after the mautam passed.​

Media and communication​[​edit​]

​ ewspapers in Mizoram.​
See also N

Mizoram's media is growing quickly. Internet access is average, and

private television cable channels are popular.​[127]​ ​Doordarshan​, the

national television service of ​India​ provides terrestrial broadcasting

services and ​All India Radio​ broadcast programmes related to the
indigenous culture and local news. Broadband access is available. In
addition to these, there are several websites in local dialects. Print
journalism remains a popular news medium in Mizoram; local
newspapers include ​Vanglaini​ and ​The Zozam Times​.

Notable people​[​edit​]
● Lalsangzuali Sailo​ - A singer, songwriter, poet and Radio
'A' Grade artiste recipennt of Padma Shri Award.
● Brig.​ ​T. Sailo​ ​(d.2015)​ - Former Chief Minister of Mizoram.
Former party leader of the Mizoram People's Conference
(MPC)
● Laldenga​ ​(d.1990)​ - Freedom Fighter of Mizoram. Former
Party leader of the Mizo National Front (MNF) and the first
Chief Minister of Mizoram.
 ● Zoramthanga​ - Present Chief Minister of Mizoram and
current party leader of the Mizo National Front (MNF).
● Lal Thanhawla​ - Former Chief Minister of Mizoram and
party leader of the Mizoram Congress Party.
● Lalrindika Ralte​ - Mizo Footballer. Player at the ​Indian
Super League​ (ISL) and Hero I-League. Currently the
captain of ​East Bengal F.C.
● Jeje Lalpekhlua​ - Mizo Footballer. Player at the Indian
Super League (ISL) and Hero I-League. Former Captain of
the Indian National Football Team.
● Shylo Malsawmtluanga​ - Mizo Footballer. Former player at
the Hero I-League. Current player of the Mizoram Premier
League (MPL).
● Robert Lalthlamuana​ - Mizo Footballer. Player at the Indian
Super League (ISL) and Hero I-League.
● Lalduhoma​ - Politician and party president of the Zoram
Nationalist Party (ZNP). Former Member of Parliament ​(Lok
Sabha)​ for Mizoram.
● Ziona​ - The polygamous man with 38 wives and numerous
children and grandchildren.

See also​[​edit​]

●
● Geography portal

●
● Asia portal

●
● India portal
● Tourism in North East India
● Outline of India
● Bibliography of India
● ​India​ – ​Wikipedia book
● Aizawl
● Champhai
● Kolasib
● Lunglei
● Khawbung
● Mizo Hlakungpui Mual
● Mizo language
● Mizo music
● Mizo National Front
● Phawngpui Tlang
● Mautam
● Northeast India
● Seven Sister States
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● ^​ Zama, Margaret (2006), ​Globalization and the Mizo Story
Archived​ 23 April 2015 at the ​Wayback Machine​, Indian
Folklife, No 22, pp 10-11
● ^​ Khanna, Rakesh. "Mizoram with Rakesh Khanna: Wandering
through the busy streets of the capital of Mizoram--its colourful
neighbourhoods leaning jauntily on the steep hillsides, with
hardly a piece of litter in sight--you will realise that there's a lot
going on in the city". Living Media India, Limited. ​ProQuest
1285445467​. ​Missing or empty ​|url=​ (​help​)
● ^
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● ​ ​ENTRY FORMALITIES​ ​Archived​ 18 July 2014 at the
Wayback Machine​Department of Tourism, Govt of Mizoram
● ^​ Choudhury, A.U. (2008) ​A pocket guide to the birds of
Mizoram.​ Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in
North East India, Guwahati, ​IN​. 122pp. [Supported by Oriental
Bird Club, UK]
● ^​ Choudhury, A.U. (2002). ​Survey of Mrs Hume's pheasant in
North East India​. Technical Report No. 5. The Rhino
Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, ​IN​. 30pp. [Final
report to the Oriental Bird Club, UK]
● ^​ Choudhury, AU (1997), "The status of the Sumatran
rhinoceros in north-eastern India", ​Oryx,​ ​31​ (2): 151–52,
doi​:​10.1017/s0030605300022043​.
● ^​ Choudhury, A.U. (2010). ​The vanishing herds: wild water
buffalo.​ Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in
NE India, Guwahati, ​IN​. 184pp. [Supported by CEPF & Taiwan
Forestry Bureau]
● ^​ Choudhury, AU (2001), "The wild elephant ​Elephas maximus
in Mizoram", ​J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.,​ ​98​ (3): 439–41.
● ^​ ​"Mizoram Church no to liquor ban Act amendment Aizawl"​.
webindia123.​ Suni Systems. 6 June 2009. ​Archived​ from the
original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
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● ​ ​Mizoram likely to lift liquor ban​ ​Archived​ 14 February 2014
at the ​Wayback Machine​ The Times of India
● ^​ ​"The Mizoram Excise & Narcotics (Wine) Rules, 2008"
(PDF)​. ​Archived​ (​ PDF)​ from the original on 7 July 2017.
Retrieved 12 October 2017.
● ^​ ​Mizoram amends liquor law​ ​Archived​ 22 May 2014 at the
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 ● ^​ ​Mizoram Assembly clears Liquor Prohibition (Amendment)
Bill​ ​Archived​ 22 October 2014 at the ​Wayback Machine
Business Standard (23 July 2013)
● ^​ ​"Mizoram passes Bill for total prohibition"​. ​indianexpress.​
Archived​ from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21
March 2019.
● ^​ ​"Mizoram goes dry again as Assembly passes Liquor
Prohibition Bill 2019"​. ​nenow.​ ​Archived​ from the original on 21
March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
● ^​ Foster, Peter (3 May 2007), ​"Indian farmers braced for rat
plague"​, ​The daily Telegraph,​ ​UK​, ​archived​ from the original on
3 October 2017, retrieved 5 April 2018.
● ^​ ​PHOTOS: Rat Attack in India Set Off by Bamboo Flowering
Archived​ 24 May 2014 at the ​Wayback Machine​ National
Geographic (March 2009)
● ^​ Aplin, K., & Lalsiamliana, J. (2010), Chronicles and impacts
of the 2005–09 mautam in Mizoram, in ​Rodent outbreaks:
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Machine​, International Rice Research Institute, ​ISBN
978-971-22-0257-5​, pp 13-48
● ^​ ​"note"​. ​Archived​ from the original on 28 March 2019.

Further reading​[​edit​]
1. B. Hamlet, Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Mizoram,
Volume 5, ​ISBN​ ​8170997925
2. C. Nunthara, Mizoram: Society and Polity, ​ISBN
978-8173870590
3. T. Raatan, Encyclopaedia of North-east India:
Arunachal Pradesh Manipur Mizoram, ​ISBN
978-8178350684
4. Zoramdinthara, Mizo Fiction: Emergence and
Development, ​ISBN​ ​978-93-82395-16-4

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