DROP OUT REDUCTION PROGRAM

EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVE SECONDARY EDUCATION (EASE)

PROGRAM
SCHOOL YEAR: 2019-2020

Name: Christopher Ray S. Espelita Section: G-8 Clarity

Ease Term: June 28-July 29, 2019 Class adviser: Ephleda S. Opiana
Subject: Technology and Livelihood Education-T.L.E. Score:

Operation Sheet 1 USE BASIC HAND TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

1. MEASURING TOOLS
Pull-push rule. This flexible rule
when extended will support itself,
but may also be used to measure
curved, irregular surfaces. Steel
tape rule blade is usually ½ inch
wide and 72 inches long. The
graduation is sixteenths, except for
the first 6 inches which are
graduated in thirty-seconds of an
inch.
Steel tape- is similar to a steel
tape rule except for its flexible
number of feet that are marked on
the tape. The tape is 3/8-inch-wide
and available in lengths from 25 to
100 feet.

Steel rule. This is the most

common tool used in tool room. It is
made of tampered steel about 1/8
inch thick and ¾ inch wide and 6 to
12 inches long. The same style
maybe obtained in length from 1 to
48 inches.

Try square- is an instrument used

to measure the square of an object.
 Combination square. It is an
instrument combined with 45°, 90°
and a protractor.

Micrometer caliper. Is a precision

measuring instrument used to
measure dimensions in
thousandths of an inch.

Vernier caliper-is a precision

measuring instrument used to
measure the inside, outside.

Dividers. These are used for

measuring or setting of distances,
and to lay out arcs and
circles.

2. CUTTING TOOLS

1. Hacksaw is a tooth cutting tool usually with a solid and adjustable frame. The main
parts are handles, blade, tightening screw and nuts. The tool is mainly used in cutting
metals like plates, pipes, rods, bars, angular, etc. but of minimal thickness, width and
length. Sometimes this tool is used for cutting plastic pipes and other materials that
suit to its purpose.
 Frame. It is the main body of the hacksaw which holds the blade. The different
types of frames are the following:

a. Fixed or solid frames are intended to hold

only one size of blade at about 10
inches long.
b. Adjustable frame- is frame that
can be adjusted to hold blades of
different sizes such as 10, 12 and 14
inches in length.

 Blade. It is made of thin, high grade steel usually 1.27 mm thick and 30.48cm
long with an inclined row of teeth serving as cutter.

The two types of blades are:

a. All hard. In this type, the entire blade is hardened and tempered, making it very
brittle. Use this type in cutting steel and cast iron.
b. Flexible back. In this type, only the teeth portion is hardened and tempered,
making the blade springy and less likely to break.
The following are the recommended teeth-per-inch of blades for different kinds of
stocks to be cut:
a. 14 teeth-per-inch. It is used for brass, aluminum, cast iron and soft iron.
b. 18 teeth-per-inch. It is used for drill rod, mild steel, tool steel and general work
c. 24 teeth-per-inch. It is recommended for thin tubing and pipe.

 Files are made of high grade steel which are hardened and tempered. Each
file has rows of teeth that form, shape and finish metal by removing small chips
and smoothing rough edges of the metal surface. They differ in length, shape,
cut and coarseness.

Kinds of files:
1. Mill file a single-cut file
used for filing and finishing
brass and bronze.

2. Flat file is usually

rectangular in shape and
tapered slightly in width and
thickness. It is one of the most
commonly used files for general
work.

3. Square file is intended for

filing square or rectangular
holes.
4. Round file is used primarily
for enlarging holes.

5. Half-round file is used for

filing curved or concave surfaces.

6. Triangular file is used for filing

surfaces that meet at least 90º. It is
exclusively used for sharpening wood
saws and for smoothening rectangular
opening. It is also known as three-
square file.

 Cold chisel. A wedge-shaped tool used to shear, cut, and chip metal
Types of cold chisel and their particular functions:

1. Flat chisel is used for chipping flat

surfaces; cutting off rivets or metal
fasteners, thin sheets, and small bars;
and for general purposes. Its cutting edge
ranges from 13 to 25mm.
2. Cape chisel has a narrow edge suited for
cutting narrow grooves or slots.

3. Diamond-point chisel has a

diamond-shaped cutting edge
intended to cut V-grooves.

4. Round-nose chisel has a round nose cutting edge for cutting round and semi-
circulargrooves.

 Scraper is used in removing points,

burrs and sharp edges from metal
surface and similar parts. This tool is
made of hardened steel of various
shapes that fit according to each
purpose. There are bearing scrapes,
flat, sharper, three-connected scraper.
Below are the uses of Scraper:
1. For the removal of the high spots on metal surface.
2. For scraping the surface of cylindrical bearing when fitting shafts into place.
3. For the removal of burrs and sharp internal edges from soft brushing
and similar parts

 Punches - are used for permanent marking on the surface of metal.

KINDS AND USES OF PUNCHES

Prick punch A small center punch which is
also known as a layout puncher. Its point
is placed an angle of 30 degrees.

Center punch has one end guard to a

90 degrees conical point.

3. DRIVING TOOLS

HAMMERS

1. Ball peen hammer is used for

straightening bending and deforming metals. It
has two faces. One is flat in striking cold
chisels and punches. The other side the
“peen” is rounded for bending and shaping
metals.
Ball peen hammer generally has a wood or
fiberglass handle measuring 10-16 inches
long. Head weight ranges from 2-48 oz. A
20oz hammer is good for general purpose.

2. Chipping hammer is used for

removing slag on weld and with two
faces, the tapered from one side and
round pointed on the other side.
 Wrench is used for loosening and tightening
light and heavy nuts and bolts.

There are different kinds and sizes of wrenches designed according to uses and
functions.
1. An adjustable wrench has a movable jaw which makes it adjustable to various
sizes of nuts. A heavy type of adjustable wrench is the monkey/pipe wrench.

PIPE WRENCH
ADJUSTABLE WRENCH
2. Oxy acetylene wrench- A type of wrench used for tightening hose and fitting
connection on oxy-acetylene unit.

3. An open-ended wrench is one that is made to fit one size of nut or bolt. This is
the most inexpensive type of wrench that is quite efficient in ordinary situations.

SINGLE-ENDED
DOUBLE-ENDED

3. A closed-end wrench is similar to a single ended wrench, but as it entirely

encloses a nut, there is a little danger of the wrench slipping off the nut or the jaws
spreading apart.

SINGLE-ENDED DOUBLE-ENDED
4. Socket wrench is a tool with a usually interchangeable socket to fit over a nut or
bolt.

 Screwdriver is hand tool that is designed to turn screws. The blade is made of
steel, attached to one end of a wooden or plastic handle. The other end is flattened
to fit slots in the heads of screws on bolts. The other kinds of screw drivers are
called a Phillips screw driver and helical-ratchet screw driver.

4. HOLDING TOOLS
 Clamps are made of different sizes and appearance that are fitted to its
purpose. These devices have been designed to hold work securely which
performing skills through grinding, bending, fitting and cutting of metals.

 Some types of clamps and metal vises are:

1. Tool maker clamp is used for holding small parts both at the bench and at the
machine. This tool is also known as a parallel clamp.
2. C-Clamp is an all-purpose 3. Drill Vise- is a sturdy steel vise with
clamp that is generally used for all movable jaw that easily goes back
kinds of work. or forth by raising the handle.

4. Machinist vise is a work holding

tool for machining activity.

5. Hand vise V block with clamp is

used to hold metal stocks for
small machining operation.

6. Vise Grip is a tool used to grip the

stock tight enough to hold the object. 7. Tong is used to hold the metal to be
forged and must be held securely while
working.
8. Pliers are used for holding, bending, cutting, twisting and gripping
wires.

TYPES:

1. COMBINATION PLIER -usually used by linemen in doing heavy tasks.

-it is used for gripping, holding, and cutting wires and even small nails.

2.SIDE-CUTTING PLIER -used for cutting fine, medium and big wires or cables.

3. LONGNOSE PLIER- is used for cutting and holding fine wires also used in tight
space or small opening where other pliers cannot reach.

4. SLIP JOINT PLIER/ MECHANICAL PLIERS

-Used to hold objects firmly, possibly developed from tongs and used to handle hot
metal.
 How Much Have You Learned?
SCORE:
SELF CHECK 1

Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct
answer on the box (Click Choose) provided before each number.
PART I.
Column A Column B
 Choose 1. A measuring tool used to measure squareness of an object.
A. Ruler
 Choose 2. Tools used for measuring or setting of distances, and to lay out arcs B. Cold chisel
and circles. C. Divider
 Choose 3. Rectangular in shape and tampered slightly in width and thickness. D. Flat file
It is the most commonly used files for general work. E. Hacksaw
F. Try Square
 Choose 4. It is used for chipping flat surfaces, cutting of rivets or metal
fasteners, thin sheets, small bars; and for general purposes.
 Choose 5. The most common tool used in tool room. It is made of tampered
steel about 1/8 inch thick and ¾ inch wide and 6 to 12 inches long.
PART II.
Column A Column B
 Choose 1. Phillips screw

A.
 Choose 2. Box wrench H.

 Choose 3.Scraper

B. I.
 Choose 4.Flat file

 Choose 5.C-clamp J.

 Choose 6.Pull-push rule

C. K.
 Choose 7.Cold chisel
D. L.
 Choose 8.Drill vise

 Choose 9.Ballpeen
hammer M.
 Choose 10.Hand vise-V E.

 Choose 11.Open-ended
wrench N.
 Choose 12.Hack saw F.

 Choose 13.Steel rule O.

 Choose 14.Helical-ratchet-
screw driver G.
 Choose 15.Chipping
hammer
P.
 What Do You Need To Know?

DEFECTIVE AND NON-DEFECTIVE HAND TOOLS

Operation Sheet 1.1

INTRODUCTION:

There are many ways of identifying hand tools. One of these is to identify them
according to their function. However, awareness of defective and non-defective hand
tools is a primordial concern of workers/welders to be effective in their jobs.

Below are the recommended practices to identify defective and non-defective

hand tools.

1. Visual inspection:
Defective tools can easily be distinguished from the functional ones through
visual inspection. The physical appearance of tools will describe such characteristics
as dullness, sharpness, dismantled parts, and unevenness of the teeth of the cutting
tools.
2. Functionality:
Another way is to check the quality of the manufactured tools. Is it already
susceptible to wear and tear? Has it already exceeded its service life? Has it passed
the manufacturer’s quality control test?
A few pieces of the hand tools issued in the shop can be subjected for
Condemnation they are no longer serviceable.
Some hand tools issued for years in shops and few pieces of these can be
subjected for condemnation.
3. Performance:
Performance of hand tools is determined not only during the actual use but also
after use to find out whether the hand tools are still worth using.
4. Service span:
Hand tools are issued to shop teacher at one time. However, this must be
recorded to determine when it was received and how long the tools have been kept in
the shop. A hand tool which is too old is unsafe for both the students and workers.
Such tool should be marked defective and segregated from the good ones.
 PROCEDURES ON USING DIFFERENT HAND TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

HACKSAW
STEPS IN MOUNTING BLADE TO THE METAL FRAME

1. Select the correct type of blade.

2. Attach the blade to the frame by pointing the teeth away from the handle.
3. Tighten the wing nut of the handle until the blade is tight enough.

 SAFETY MEASURES:
Tighten the wing nut securely enough to
prevent from buckling and breaking.

STEPS IN FIXING STOCK IN METAL VISE AND OPERATION POSITION

1. Fasten the stock in vise with lay-out line as close as possible to the end of the used
vise jaws.
2. Stand with your feet 25 to 30 centimeters apart and one foot forward.
3. Lean the body a little forward as shown in the drawing.

STEPS IN SAWING THE STOCK

1. Start the saw by guiding the blade with the

thumb of your left hand while taking one or
two light strokes with your right hand.
2. Move the saw with a light steady and even
motion of about 40 to 50 strokes per minute.
3. Apply pressure during the forward stroke
and release during the return strokes.
4. Hold the stock with your left hand to avoid
cuts upon sawing with your right hand.
STEPS IN BENDING 90O WITH BALL PEEN HAMMER

1. Force the metal over the vise jaws using

left-hand.

2. Strike it several times near the hand with

flat head of a hammer.

STEPS IN SQUARING OFF A 90 O BEND

3. Place the metal in the bench vise and

tighten strongly.

4. Strike the metal with the flat head of a

hammer in the direction of the arrow
indicated.

COLD CHISEL
 Cold Chisel is used for cutting and
chipping cold metals.
 The illustration presents the Two
Hands Positioning in cold chiseling
which shows the proper grip in using
the tool.
 For heavy work, hand gripping of tool
should be strong and tight; for fine and
small work, hold the tool lightly.

Look at the person work with the ball peen hammer and the chisel, as shown in
the illustration above. A cold chisel will cut metals only if you strike it with the flat
head of a ball peen hammer. The complete safety protection device and the body
position when performing the task (chiseling) are evidently done.
 How Much Have You Learned?

SELF CHECK 1.1

SCORE:
DIRECTION: Write the letter of the correct answer on the box (Click Choose)
provided before each number.
PART I.
 Choose 1. Defective hand tools are kept and ______________________.
an item.
A) marked as defective. B) mixed together with non-defective tools.
C) put anywhere in the shop. D) sold in the junk shop

 Choose
an item.
2. One way of checking whether hand tools are defective or non-
defective is the _____________________.
1. length of service 11. trade mark of the manufacturer 111. physical appearance
A. 1 only B. 11 only C. 111 only D. 1, 11, and 111

 Choose
an item. ?
3. Which is determined after the operation of a hand tool is tested

A. Service span B. Performance

C. Physical appearance D. Repair Maintenance

 Choose
an item.
4. All defective hand tools with major defects are subjected to
________.
1. Repair 11. Condemnation 111. Display/sample
A. 1 only B. 11 only B. 111 only D. 1, 11, and 111

 Choose
an item.
5. Service span of a tool pertains to _________________.

A) maintenance schedule B) determining when the tool is acquired

C) functionality of a tool D) defectiveness of a tool
 Choose
an item.
6. Tools issued for many years in shops can be subjected for
________.
A. Cleaning B. Simple repair C. Lubricating D. Condemnation

 Choose
an item.
7. Tool used for cutting and chipping metals.

A. Screwdriver B. Wrench C. Cold Chisel D. Hammer

 Choose
an item.
8. Stand with your feet___ to___ centimeters apart and one foot
forward.
A. 25 to 30 B. 15 to 20 C. 35 to 40 D. 10 to 15

 Choose
an item.
9. In sawing the stock move the saw about ___ to___strokes per
minute.
A. 20 to 30 B. 10 to 20 C. 30 to 40 D. 40 to 50

 Choose
an item.
10. Defective tools can easily be distinguished through
_____________.
A. Cleaning B. Visual Inspection C. Lubricating D. Condemnation
 PART II. Write True if the statement correct and False if the statement is wrong on
the box (click choose).

 Choose
an item.
1. Tighten the wing nut of the handle until the blade is tight
enough.
 Choose
an item.
2. Attach the blade to the frame by pointing the teeth away from
the frame.
 Choose
an item.
3. Force the metal over the vise jaws using left-hand.

 Choose
an item.
4. Strike it several times far from the hand with flat head of a
hammer.
 Choose
an item.
5. Lean the body a little forward as shown in the drawing.

What Do You Need To Know?

Operation Sheet 1.2

1. ROUTINE MAINTENANCE

Maintenance of hand tools and machines are both primordial concerns of a

repair technician in the welding shops and/or in the welding production. The activities
should be on schedule and with proper coordination with the production people. The
term “repair” and “maintenance” works mean differently. Repair, unusually focuses on
the program of works done in the operation of power plants in machines that are in
trouble of stopping its function. While the term “maintenance” means a scheduled or a
planned visit of tools or equipments for inspection and from there, reports and
recommendation developed and the next tasks to be decided such as cleaning,
application of lubricants, dismantling and etc.
Some of the simple maintenance activities for hand tools, and the maintenance schedule
should be posted in a visible corner of the shop where everybody can read it.
 Lubricating. A task performed in the shop/production. Through the application of
lubricant substance to the identified items in parts like barrels, rollers, springs,
bearing, bolts and nuts, and other automotive parts.
Tightening/Loosening. In an assembly of structures, we have tools for fittings
that need to be tightened and loosened and in as much as they pose high risk to
safety. Tightening bolts and nuts and other fittings requires procedures should
have carried out compliance.
Tool for hand Sharpening. Some tools need to be sharpened such as blades
of knife, cold chisel, punches and many others. To do hand sharpening for hand
tools requires techniques and application. In some multi knives cutter,
manufacturers produce knife sharpening system to hold or clamp the blade for
ensuring strong blade to stone contact during sharpening and also provided with
course to fine honing stones. For cold chisel and punches, the right file-size and
grades are used for repairing the defective anvil curve.
Simple Repair. Repair practices of hand tools are still available anytime. But, to
some extent, tools are checked yearly and many of the hand tools are eligible for
condemnation and the whole items are to be replaced by a new unit. However,
there are instances that minor repair can be performed, like replacement of
wooden handle of a hammer and mushroomed head of a cold chisel.
Cleaning. Simple process applied to hand tools. The cleaning approach may differ
from one another. For example, cleaning of the rack corners of hand tools by using
air vacuum or by a piece of clothes. Similar process may be applied to identical
cleaning situations.

2. PROPER STORAGE OF HAND TOOLS/EQUIPMENT

(5’S IMPLEMENTATION)

 Clearly label machinery, equipment, part, jigs, tools, and their locations, so
that everything is understandable, and visible to everyone at a glance.

 Don’t pile up jigs, tools, and materials without separators (shelves). They
should be picked up easily.

 Rearrange machinery and equipment to make smooth production flow,

when necessary.

 Maintain the space around the fire extinguishers and evacuation passages
free.
 How Much Have You Learned?

SELF CHECK 1.2 SCORE:

DIRECTION: Write the letter of the correct answer on the box
(Click Choose) provided before each number.
 Choose
an item.
1. A tooth cutting tool usually with the solid and adjustable frame.

A. Hacksaw B. Screw driver C. Hammer D. Wrench

 Choose
an item.
2. Tool used for loosening and tightening light and heavy nuts and bolts.

A. Hacksaw B. Screw driver C. Hammer D. Wrench

 Choose
an item.
3. This tool is used to tighten and loosen screws by pushing or pulling
screws in a rotating manner.
A. Hacksaw B. Screw driver C. Hammer D. Wrench

 Choose
an item.
4. Process applied to hand tool to extend its life span

A. Cleaning. B. Simple repair C. Lubricating D. Overhauling

 Choose
an item.
5. Which application to the identified parts like barrels, rollers, springs,
bearing, bolts and nuts, and other automotive parts to lessen friction?
A. Cleaning. B. Simple repair C. Lubricating D. Overhauling

 Choose
an item.
6. A bench vise is rusting. How could this been prevented?

A. Cleaning. B. Simple repair C. Lubricating D. Overhauling

 Choose
an item.
7. A worker handle of a ball peen hammer is broken. What is the remedy?

A. Cleaning. B. Simple repair C. Lubricating D. Overhauling

 Choose
an item.
8. Your handsaw is dull? What maintenance activity should you do?

A. Cleaning. B. Simple repair C. Lubricating D. Sharpening

 Choose
an item.
9. A maintenance process of moving assembled parts and hand tools
through the use of oil and greases.
A. Simple Repair B. Lubricating C. Sharpening D. Tightening

 Choose
an item.
10. What is considered a minor repair?

A. The task not too long to perform B. Whole item to be replaced

C. Motor overhauling D. Cleaning

Prepared by: JAC