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Marginal Costing Theory

Marginal costing, also known as direct costing, is a method of accounting that includes only variable costs when calculating the cost of inventory and cost of goods sold. It excludes fixed costs which are expensed entirely in the period they are incurred. Direct costing is used for decision making purposes like evaluating product profitability and setting sales and production levels. It provides useful information about how costs and profits change with volume, but has limitations as it may underestimate the importance of fixed costs and lead to understated inventory valuations.

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Gabriel Belmonte
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248 views

Marginal Costing Theory

Marginal costing, also known as direct costing, is a method of accounting that includes only variable costs when calculating the cost of inventory and cost of goods sold. It excludes fixed costs which are expensed entirely in the period they are incurred. Direct costing is used for decision making purposes like evaluating product profitability and setting sales and production levels. It provides useful information about how costs and profits change with volume, but has limitations as it may underestimate the importance of fixed costs and lead to understated inventory valuations.

Uploaded by

Gabriel Belmonte
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Using direct (marginal) costing for

decision making
What is Direct Costing?

The Direct Costing method (Marginal costing) is an


inventory valuation / costing model that includes only the
variable manufacturing costs:

-direct materials (those materials that become an integral


part of a finished product and can be conveniently traced
into it)

-direct labor (those factory labor costs that can be easily


traced to individual units of product. Also called touch
labor)

- only variable manufacturing overhead


in the cost of a unit of product. The entire amount of fixed
costs are expenses in the year incurred.
The principles of marginal costing
1. For any given period of time, fixed costs will be the same, for any
volume of sales and production (provided that the level of activity is
within the ‘relevant range’). Therefore, selling an extra item of
product or service:
➔ Revenue will increase by the sales value of the item sold
➔ Costs will increase by the variable cost per unit
➔ Profit will increase by the amount of contribution earned from the
extra item
2. The volume of sales falls by one item ➔ the profit will fall by the
amount of contribution earned from the item.
3. Profit measurement should be based on an analysis of total
contribution. Since fixed costs relate to a period of time, and do not
change with increases or decreases in sales volume, it is misleading
to charge units of sale with a share of fixed costs
4. When a unit of product is made, the extra costs incurred in its
manufacture are the variable production costs. Fixed costs are
unaffected, and no extra fixed costs are incurred when output is
Features of Marginal costing
1.Cost Classification
The marginal costing technique makes a sharp distinction between
variable costs and fixed costs. It is the variable cost on the basis of
which production and sales policies are designed by a firm following the
marginal costing technique

2. Stock/Inventory Valuation
Under marginal costing, inventory/stock for profit measurement is
valued at marginal cost. It is in sharp contrast to the total unit cost
under absorption costing method

3. Marginal Contribution
Marginal costing technique makes use of marginal contribution for
marking various decisions. Marginal contribution is the difference
between sales and marginal cost. It forms the basis for judging the
profitability of different products or departments
Cost-volume-profit analysis

•Systematic method of examining the relationship between changes


in activity and changes in total sales revenue, expenses and net
profit

•CVP analysis is subject to a number of underlying assumptions and


limitations

•The objective of CVP analysis is to establish what will happen to the


financial results if a specified level of activity or volume fluctuates
CVP analysis assumptions

• All other variables remain constant


• A single product or constant sales mix
• Total costs and total revenue are linear functions of output
• The analysis applies to the relevant range only
• Costs can be accurately divided into their fixed and
variable elements
• The analysis applies only to a short-time horizon
• Complexity-related fixed costs do not change
CVP diagram
A mathematical approach to CVP analysis

NP=Px-(a+bx),
NP – net profit
x – units sold
P – selling price
b – unit variable cost
a – total fixed costs
Break-even and related formulas

• TR –Profit = FC + VC
• Contribution = TR – VC
• Profit = Contribution – FC
• Break-even (units) = FC/Contribution per unit
• Break-even (sales revenue) =FC/PV ratio, where
PV (profit - volume) ratio = Contribution/Selling
price
Margin of safety

Indicates by how much sales may decrease before a


loss occurs

Margin of safety (units)= Profit/Contribution per


unit
Margin of safety (sales revenue) = Profit/PV ratio
Advantages
• Direct costing is simple to understand
• It provides more useful information for decision-making
• Direct costing removes from profit the effect of inventory
changes
• Is effective in internal reporting for frequent profit
statements and measurement of managerial performance
• Direct costing avoids fixed overheads being capitalized in
unsaleable stocks
• The effects of alternative sales or production policies can
be easier assessed thus the decisions yield the maximum
return to business
• By concentration on maintaining a uniform and consistent
marginal cost practical cost control is greatly facilitated
Disadvantages
• The separation of costs into fixed and variable is difficult
and sometimes gives misleading results
• Direct costing underestimates the importance of fixed costs
• Full costing systems also apply overhead under normal
operating volume and this shows that no advantage is
gained by direct costing
• Under direct costing, stocks and work in progress are
understated. The exclusion of fixed costs from inventories
affect profit, and true and fair view of financial affairs of an
organization may not be clearly transparent
• Volume variance in standard costing also discloses the effect
of fluctuating output on fixed overhead. Marginal cost data
becomes unrealistic in case of highly fluctuating levels of
production, e.g., in case of seasonal factories.
Disadvantages (2)
• Application of fixed overhead depends on estimates and
there may be under or over absorption of the same
• Control affected by means of budgetary control is also
accepted by many. In order to know the net profit, we
should not be satisfied with contribution and hence, fixed
overhead is also a valuable item. A system which ignores
fixed costs is less effective since a major portion of fixed
cost is not taken care of under marginal costing
• In practice, sales price, fixed cost and variable cost per unit
may vary. Thus, the assumptions underlying the theory of
marginal costing sometimes becomes unrealistic. For long
term profit planning, absorption costing is the only answer
Direct vs. Absorption (full) costing
Direct costing Absorption costing

Fixed manufactured overheads

are regarded as period costs(written are allocated to the products


as a lump sum to the profit and loss (included in inventory valuation)
account)
Variable manufacturing costs

are assigned to the products are assigned to the products


Non-manufacturing overheads

are period costs are period costs


Fixed manufacturing costs

are added to the variable are assigned to the products


manufacturing cost of sales to
determine total manufacturing costs
Direct vs. Absorption (full) costing
Direct costing Absorption costing
• Profit is a function of sales • Profit is a function of both sales
and production
• Are recommended where • Assigns indirect costs to cost
indirect costs are a low objects
proportion of an organization’s
total costs
• is widely used for cost control
• is used for managerial decision- purpose esp. in the long run
making and control
• consistent for external
• used mainly for internal reporting
purposes
Thank you for attention!!

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