University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate

Biomedical Admissions Test

Wednesday 5 November 2003 Morning One hour

SECTION 1 Aptitude and Skills

Instructions to Candidates

Please read this page carefully, but do not open the question paper until
you are told that you may do so.

A separate answer sheet is provided for this section. Please check you have one.
You also require a soft pencil and an eraser.

Please first write your name, date of birth, Biomedical Admissions Test candidate
number and UCAS number (if known) in the spaces provided on the answer
sheet. Please write very clearly.

Please also write your BMAT candidate number in the space below.
BMAT Candidate Number

Speed as well as accuracy is important in this section. Work quickly, or you

may not finish the paper. There are no penalties for incorrect responses, only
points for correct answers, so you should attempt all 40 questions.
Unless otherwise stated, all questions are worth one mark.

Answer on the sheet provided. Many questions ask you to show your choice
between options by shading a circle (or circles, if specified in the question).
If questions ask you to write in words or numbers, be sure to write clearly in the
spaces provided. If you make a mistake, erase thoroughly and try again.

Any rough work should be done on this question paper.

Calculators are NOT permitted.

Please wait to be told you may begin before turning this page.

This paper consists of 18 printed pages and 2 blank pages.

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BLANK PAGE

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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1 A farmer has an underground water tank which he decided to calibrate by adding known
volumes of water and measuring the depth using a dip-stick. His calibration graph is shown
below. The horizontal cross section of the tank is circular at all points.

Depth

Volume

Which one of the following shows a possible vertical cross sectional shape of the tank?

A B C D E
Top

Bottom

2 “Ready meals” should be labelled with health warnings in the same way as cigarettes are.
There has been a big rise in the number of ready meals being sold by the supermarkets.
These meals are quick and easy to use, but they tend to have high levels of salt, fat and
preservatives in them, which are not good for our long term health.

Which one of the following, if true, would strengthen the above argument?

A People buy ready meals because they do not know how to cook.
B People who buy ready meals do not have time to cook for themselves.
C People who buy ready meals are unaware of their unhealthy properties.
D People who buy ready meals tend also to take little exercise.
E People who buy ready meals would not respond to a health warning.

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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3 A survey has been carried out of the methods of transport to school used by pupils. The
results, broken down by year group, are shown below.

Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Total

Car 30 33 16 18 10 102
Bus 14 16 13 15 18 76
Bicycle 5 12 23 25 30 95
Walk 101 89 100 92 108 490
Total 150 145 152 150 166 763

One of the individual entries in the above table has been typed incorrectly, although the
marginal totals are correct. Which value is wrong?

A 14
B 33
C 23
D 92
E 18

4 The UK government wishes to increase the number of young people from poorer families
entering university education. However, it has recently changed the way in which it
provides financial support for students. Whereas it used to provide grants that the student did
not need to repay, it now provides loans that the student must repay when he or she enters
employment. Research shows that students from poorer families are more likely to be
deterred from going to university by the prospect of debt.

Which one of the following is an inference that can be drawn from the passage above?

A Students from poorer families are less interested in entering university.

B Universities will not be willing to help meet the government’s target.
C The government’s action is likely to deter poorer students from going to university
more than richer.
D The prospect of debt is a deterrent to all students, not just the poorer ones.
E Maintenance grants were too expensive for the government to fund.

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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5 A gardener decides to lay out his cabbage patch as a square grid. He has a lot of cabbages
so cannot be bothered to count them, but lays them out on the ground. On completing his
square, he finds he has 9 left over. He then lays them out again with one extra cabbage on
each side of the grid. He then finds that he is 12 cabbages short.

How many cabbages has he?

6 A proposal to counteract low turnout by voters in elections is to introduce the option of

voting via the Internet. There are a number of practical issues (such as loss of secrecy, fear
of abuse of the system) which mean the proposal would have to be carefully controlled. It
may be undemocratic by favouring some political parties more than others. Those parties
whose voters tend to be young and better educated would be likely to gain more votes than
others.

Which of one the following best expresses the main conclusion of the argument?

A Low turnout by voters is endangering our democracy.

B Voting via the Internet risks loss of secrecy in voting.
C Some political parties object to the Internet voting proposal.
D Internet voting would unfairly discriminate against some sections of society.
E Internet voting would have to be carefully controlled.

PLEASE TURN OVER

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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Questions 7 to 12 refer to the following information:

The table below shows statistics for consultations by family doctors in the country of Santesia for
the years 1995 and 2000. Santesia has a population of approximately 10 million and there are
5000 family doctors (these figures have not changed significantly over the five years between the
two surveys).

1995 2000
Average number of surgery sessions a week 8.5 8.4
Average length of a surgery session (min) 140 165
Average length of a consultation (min:sec) 9:59 10:00
Average time spent on home visits a week (min) 408 412
Average length of a home visit (min) 25.5 25.0
Average number of patients seen per week 135 155

7 A doctor’s consultation appointments are made 10 minutes apart and all patients attend.
How many patients would been seen in an average surgery session in 1995?

A 14
B 16
C 17
D 30

8 To the nearest hour, how many hours a week did the average family doctor spend on surgery
and home visits in 1995?

9 If the doctors work for 50 weeks per year, approximately how many times did the average
patient see their family doctor in 2000?

A 2
B 3
C 4
D 8
E 13

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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10 If the number of family doctors was cut to 4500 but the total number of consultations and
surgery sessions remained the same, approximately how long would an average surgery
session have to be to ensure that all patients were seen?

A 126 mins
B 148 mins
C 154 mins
D 183 mins
E 198 mins

11 Which one of the following contributed most to the rise in numbers of patients seen per
week between 1995 and 2000?

A average length of a surgery session

B average length of a consultation
C average time spent on home visits per week
D average length of a home visit

12 Which one of the following bar charts best represents the average numbers of patients seen
per week in home and surgery consultations during the two years?

A B

200 200
150 150
surgery surgery
100 100
home home
50 50
0 0
1995 2000 1995 2000

C D

200 200
150 150
surgery surgery
100 100
home home
50 50
0 0
1995 2000 1995 2000

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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13 A commuter bus taking people home from work loads up in town and then stops at various
places on its way to the edge of town. Nobody gets on the bus after the place where it loads
up, but 1/3 of the people on the bus get off at the first stop and at each subsequent stop up to
the fourth, where the last 8 people get off.

How many people boarded the bus originally?

A 18
B 27
C 36
D 54

14 While the Internet brings undoubted advantages to young people, the effects of excessive
use are serious. Some teenagers are spending as much as 8 hours per day using the Internet.
Isolation and obesity are increasing amongst children. Parents must enforce stricter controls
over their children, to make sure that the Internet is not causing their children to have long
term physical and emotional ill health.

Which one of the following best expresses the flaw in the above argument?

A It understates the benefits of Internet usage.

B It focuses only on teenagers who spend 8 hours per day using the Internet.
C It assumes that parents can enforce stricter controls.
D It says nothing about the effects of watching TV and using computer games.
E It assumes that excessive Internet use causes isolation and obesity.

15 Twelve teams will take part in the Pitchball World Cup next month. They will compete in
two pools of six. Every team will play two matches against each of the other teams in the
same pool and one match against each team in the other pool. The winners of each pool will
then contest the final.

How many matches will be played altogether during the tournament?

A 67
B 91
C 97
D 109
E 193

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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16 In the graphs below, the x and y scales are identical, and the same for each graph. On which
one does the shaded area correctly represent the conditions:

y>2x and 0<y<5 ?

A B C

y y y

x x x

D E

y y

x x

17 On a particular experimental farm, it is found that the number of nematode worms per cubic
metre in the soil tends to be greater when there is a lower concentration of fertiliser residues
in the soil.

Which one of the following claims does this finding justify?

A Nematode worms help break down fertiliser residues in the soil.

B The number of nematode worms per cubic metre of soil is negatively correlated
with the concentration of fertiliser residues.
C Removing fertiliser residues from the soil would encourage the growth of nematode
worm populations.
D Fertiliser residues interfere with the reproduction of nematode worms.

18 There are 15 entries for the BMAT from a sixth-form college. Three of the candidates are
taking biology, chemistry, mathematics and physics; the remainder are taking three out of
these four subjects. All 15 candidates are taking chemistry and 13 of them are taking
biology. There are 9 girls. What is the largest number of boys that could be taking both
mathematics and physics?

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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19 At the end of daylight saving time, when clocks should be put back one hour, Julie puts hers
forward one hour by mistake. Her friend Clare completely forgets about it and leaves hers
unchanged. They had arranged to meet at 11 am the following day.

If neither realises her mistake before going to keep the appointment, what will happen?

A Julie arrives 2 hours after Clare

B Julie arrives 1 hour after Clare
C They arrive at the same time
D Julie arrives 1 hour before Clare
E Julie arrives 2 hours before Clare

20 It has been shown that men are much less likely to use preventive medical care than women:
men tend to wait for a crisis before seeking help, whereas women are quick to consult a
doctor when they have only minor symptoms. The effect of this is that doctors are seeing
men with advanced conditions which are more difficult – and expensive – to treat. Time and
money spent on persuading men to seek advice at an earlier stage would easily be offset by
savings on treating advanced conditions.

Which one of the following, if true, weakens the above argument?

A Men are more reluctant to discuss health problems with their doctor.
B Early consultation for minor symptoms incurs high costs in doctors’ time.
C Women are advised by magazines to consult their doctor whenever they are worried.
D It would be difficult to persuade men to change their behaviour.
E Treating advanced conditions usually involves other health professionals.

21 A cheetah’s top speed is 110 km/h and that of a zebra is 60 km/h. If both are running at top
speed in a straight line and the cheetah is 100 m behind, how many seconds will it take the
cheetah to catch the zebra?

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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22 On a Roman archaeological site, three coins were found with dates corresponding to 88, 123
and 157 AD. The coins were mixed with other Roman debris so must have entered the site
during Roman occupation.

Which one of the following can definitely be said about the dates of occupation of the site?

A It was abandoned not later than 157 AD.

B It was first occupied before 88 AD.
C It was not in use before 88 AD.
D It was occupied only from 88 to 157 AD.
E It was abandoned in or later than 157 AD.

23 Gardeners are being encouraged to use alternatives to peat, as peat harvesting endangers the
wetland habitats of wading birds. But gardening has become the most popular hobby in the
UK, with thousands of people visiting garden centres to buy – among other things – peat-
based compost. The habitats of wading birds will therefore inevitably decline if gardening
continues to be so popular.

Which one of the following is an underlying assumption of the above argument?

A Gardening will remain the UK’s most popular hobby.

B Gardeners will ignore encouragement to use alternatives to peat.
C The declining habitats of wading birds are being ignored by environmentalists.
D Garden centres cannot provide cheap alternatives to peat.
E The habitats of wading birds are under greater threat than those of other wildlife.

PLEASE TURN OVER

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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Questions 24 to 27 refer to the following information:

The Ruritanian Institute for Economic Studies has totalled up the effects of the Ruritanian Finance
Minister’s six budgets prior to April 2003. Its calculations suggest that tax and benefit measures
introduced by the Finance Minister have resulted in the redistribution of income from the better
off to less well off. A lone parent, for example, is on average $24 better off in today’s money as a
result of the Finance Minister’s measures – an 11% gain.

Chart 1
% change in household income from
tax and benefit measures since 1997
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-4
-6
Poorest Richest
Income decile

Chart 2 shows trends in the ‘Fair-E coefficient’ since 1982.

Chart 2
‘Fair-E’ coefficient - Ruritania 1982 - 2002
0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

1982 86 90 94 98 2002

Present Government
and Finance Minister
take office

The Fair-E coefficient is a number between zero and one that measures the degree of inequality in
the distribution of income in a given society. The coefficient would register zero inequality for a
society in which each member received exactly the same income and it would register a
coefficient of 1.0 if one member got all the income and the rest got nothing. In practice,
coefficient values range from around 0.2 for, e.g., the Slovak and Czech republics and Poland, to
BMAT 2003: Section 1
 13
around 0.6 for places like Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Panama where powerful elites
dominate the economy. The coefficient is particularly useful to show trends. It reveals the change
towards greater equality in Cuba from 1953 to 1986 (0.55 to 0.22) and the growth of inequality in
the USA in the last three decades when the Fair-E went from 0.35 in the 1970s to 0.40 in the
1990s (and still rising).

Assuming that the information and coefficient above are valid:

24 Which one of the following can be reliably concluded from the information given above?

A The top 40% of earners in Ruritania are less well off than they were in 1997.
B Low earners in Ruritania are no better off than they were in 1997.
C Despite the Finance Minister’s tax and benefit measures, income inequality in
Ruritania has not been reduced.
D The Finance Minister’s tax and benefit measures have resulted in a rise in the overall
standard of living in Ruritania.
E People in the top income decile have seen their real wealth fall by over 4%.

25 Which one of the following can be reliably concluded from the information given above?

A The government’s fiscal policy since 1997 has caused inequality to rise in Ruritania to
its highest level in 20 years.
B Raising taxes on wealth, and increasing benefits for the low-paid, are not effective
ways to reduce income differentials.
C Lower income groups were better off, in real terms, under the previous government.
D Even after tax, above average incomes in Ruritania have continued to rise more
rapidly than those that are below the average.
E If reducing poverty was the present government’s objective, figures show that they
have failed so far.

26 Which of the following claims are compatible with the figures and trends given above?

1 Many of the new benefits are means-tested and complicated, with the result that
$4.5 billion-worth are going unclaimed.
2 According to the Ruritanian Ministry of Finance, the number of people paying
top-rate income tax rose from 2.1 million to 3.2 million.
3 Since 1996-97 there has been a surge in the number of high earners.

A 1 only
B 2 only
C 1 and 2 only
D 2 and 3 only
E 1, 2 and 3

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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27 If countries were listed in order of the degree of inequality between their rich and poor, with
the lowest first, which one of the following listings would be consistent with the information
given above?

A Poland, Ruritania, Panama, USA

B Panama, USA, Ruritania, Poland
C Poland, Ruritania, USA, Panama
D Poland, Panama, Ruritania, USA

_____________________

28 At 11 years old, the children of parents who smoke are shorter on average than the children
of parents who do not smoke. Therefore, parental smoking tends to reduce the growth rate
of children up to 11 years old.

Which one of the following explains what is wrong with this argument?

A By 18 years old the children of parents who smoke might be the same size, on average,
as the children of parents who do not smoke.
B Lower average heights in 11 year olds may be associated with parental smoking, but
not caused by it.
C Children of smokers may be shorter on average at 11 years old, but this does not mean
that all children of smokers are shorter than all children of non-smokers at this age.
D Even though they are shorter, the children of parents who smoke might be better
developed in other ways than the children of non-smokers.

29 Julie has a bag of sweets which are red, blue and yellow. She invites Amanda to choose
one. The probability of Amanda choosing a red sweet is 30%, and the probability of her
choosing a blue one is twice the probability of her choosing a yellow one. What is the
minimum number of sweets in the bag.

A 7
B 10
C 14
D 21
E 30

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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30 Doctors in Great Britain can work for the public health service, a commercial service, or
both. 30% of doctors in Great Britain work, at least some of the time, for the commercial
sector. On the basis of this information alone, deduce which of the following statements are
true of doctors in Great Britain.

1 Some doctors work only in the public health service.

2 More doctors work in the public health service than the commercial sector.
3 Some doctors spend more time on commercial work than in the public health
service.

A 1 only
B 2 only
C 1 and 2 only
D 2 and 3 only
E 1, 2 and 3

31 Which two of these statements are equivalent?

A Anne is not older than Susan.

B Susan is younger than Anne.
C Susan is at least as old as Anne.
D Anne is not younger than Susan.

32 Recent threats of terrorism in the UK have resulted in fear of air travel, and consequently
more people are taking holidays in domestic resorts than abroad. The consequences for road
planning, car parking and the rail network are immense, and travel agents risk going out of
business. The government must act quickly to plan for these changes in holiday patterns.

Which one of the following is an underlying assumption of the above argument?

A People may be tempted by bargain offers of holidays abroad.

B The government is not willing to respond to these changes in holiday patterns.
C People will prefer to use private cars rather than public transport to reach their
destination.
D There has been an over-reaction to threats of terrorism.
E The change in holiday patterns will be more than a short term phenomenon.

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33 Just four horses start in the 3:15 race, a short sprint. They are: Arctic Ape, Bistro,
Crackdown and Drumbeat. At the first turn Bistro is ahead of Drumbeat and Crackdown is
ahead of Arctic Ape, but nothing more specific is known. By the half way mark the only
change is that Drumbeat has dropped back one place. Then, in the last furlong, Bistro
moves up one place and that is how they finish.

On the basis of this information, which one of the following gives the correct result of the
race?

A 1st Crackdown, 2nd Drumbeat, 3rd Arctic Ape

B 1st Bistro, 2nd Crackdown, 3rd Drumbeat
C 1st Bistro, 2nd Drumbeat, 3rd Arctic Ape
D 1st Bistro, 2nd Crackdown, 3rd Arctic Ape
E 1st Drumbeat, 2nd Arctic Ape, 3rd Crackdown

34 A food supplement is diluted from concentrate by adding 8 parts water to 1 part concentrate.
By mistake, Jean added 400 cm3 water to 40 cm3 concentrate.

What must she add to the resulting mix to obtain the correct concentration?

A 80 cm3 water
B 320 cm3 water
C 10 cm3 concentrate
D 15 cm3 concentrate
E 50 cm3 concentrate

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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35 Figure 1 shows the number of births and deaths recorded during each year, over a ten-year
period on an island. The total population at the start of the ten-year period was 100 000
people.

Figure 1
1000

number of births/deaths
800

600 births
deaths
400

200

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
year

Assuming there is not any immigration or emigration on the island, which of the following
shows the total population over the ten-year period?

A B C
102000 101000 100000

101000 100000 99000

population

population
population

100000 99000 98000

99000 98000 97000

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
year year year

102000 D 101000 E 100000 F

101000 100000 99000

population
population
population

100000 99000 98000

99000 98000 97000

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
year year year

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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Questions 36 to 40 refer to the following information:

The dates of two of the battles supposedly fought by the semi-legendary King Arthur have caused
confusion because there are inconsistencies in the early manuscripts.

The Welsh Annals give the Battle of Badon as “year 72” and the Battle of Camlann as “year 93”.
They also record the death of King Maelgwn of Gwynedd as “year 103”. There is definite
evidence from the calculation of the dates of Easter that “year 9” in the Welsh Annals coincides
with 455 AD in our modern dating system.

The dark age historian, Gildas, records these battles without any mention of Arthur. Records
indicate that Gildas was born in the year of the battle of Badon and wrote his book “On the Ruin
and Conquest of Britain” when he was 43.

However, Maelgwn was still alive when Gildas wrote his book, which is inconsistent with the
other dates given by Gildas and the Welsh Annals.

36 If the dates given in the Welsh Annals are correct, when was the Battle of Badon?

A 455 AD
B 518 AD
C 527 AD
D 539 AD
E 549 AD

37 Which one of the following further pieces of information would confirm the date of the
battle of Badon?

A The birth date of King Arthur

B The death date of King Maelgwn
C The birth date of Gildas
D The age of King Arthur at the Battle of Badon

38 The most likely explanation for the inconsistency in dates is that the dates in the Welsh
Annals, which exist only in a copied form from the 9th century, were too late by 28 years
(the length of one of the cycles used in the calculation of the date of Easter). If this is so,
when was the battle of Camlann?

A 490 AD
B 511 AD
C 521 AD
D 539 AD
E 567 AD

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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39 The Welsh Annals’ date for the death of King Maelgwn is confirmed from other sources. If
this, and Gildas, are correct but the Welsh Annals are wrong on the dates of Badon and
Camlann, what is the latest possible date for the Battle of Badon?

40 Which one of the following time lines best represents the data given by Gildas and the
Welsh Annals?

Maelgwn death
Camlann
Gildas birth Badon

Gildas book written

450 AD

500 AD

550 AD

600 AD
B
Maelgwn death
Camlann
Badon

Gildas book written

Gildas birth
450 AD

500 AD

550 AD

600 AD
C
Maelgwn death
Camlann
Badon
Gildas birth

Gildas book written

450 AD

500 AD

550 AD

600 AD

D
Maelgwn death
Camlann
Badon

Gildas book written

Gildas birth
450 AD

500 AD

550 AD

600 AD

END OF SECTION 1

BMAT 2003: Section 1

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BLANK PAGE

Disclaimer
The opinions expressed in this paper are not to be taken as the opinions of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES) or any of its subsidiaries.

Sources adapted for text preceding questions 24 – 27:

Par. 1 and graphs: The Economist 5-11 April 2003;
Par.3 from the website of Bernard Cloutier (http://berclo.net/page01/01en-gini-coef.html).

BMAT 2003: Section 1