1.

Illumination
1.1. Introduction

1.2. Lighting terminology

1.3. Electric lighting sources

1.4. Luminaires Mounting

1.5. Lighting distributions

1.6. Lighting Design

1.7. Lighting Control

1.8. Lighting symbols in Technical drawings

1.1. Introduction
What is light?
Light is as electromagnetic radiation that is capable of
affecting the sense of sight.
The wavelength range is between 380 and 780 nm.
Properties of light
Rectilinear propagation: Light travels in straight lines.
Reflection: Light striking a smooth surface turns back
into the original medium.
Refraction: Light bends when entering a transparent
medium.
1.2. Lighting terminology
The following are some of the Lighting terminology
which we come across in the design of electric lighting
scheme.
1. Luminous Flux ():
 The luminous flux describes the quantity of light
emitted by a light source.
 It is measured in lumens (lm)
2. Illumination or illuminance (E)
 Describes the quantity of luminous flux falling on a
surface. It decreases by the square of the distance
(inverse square law).
 E(lux) = luminous flux (lm)/area (m2)
 Lighting terminology Cont…

3. Luminous efficiency or specific out put (h)

 Is the ratio of the luminous flux to the electrical
power consumed (lm/W).
 It is a measure of a light source’s economic efficiency.
 It’s unit is lumen/watt (lm/W)
4. Brightness or luminance (L)
 Is the density of visible radiation in a given direction.
 measured in lm/m2/sr.
5. Luminous Intensity (I)
 The luminous intensity is the luminous flux per unit
solid angle.
I= /w .
 It’s unit is candela (cd)
 Lighting terminology Cont…

6. Solid angle (W)

 Is the angle seen from the center of sphere
corresponding to given area on the surface of that
sphere.
 W=A/R2 = 2πR2/R2 =2π steradians
7. Utilization Factor or Co-efficient of utilization
 The ratio of total lumens received on the working
plane to the total lumens emitted by the light source.
 Factors affecting the utilization factor
 Type of light fitting
 Colour of surface of walls and ceiling
 Mounting height of lamps
 Area to be illuminated
 Lighting terminology Cont…
8. Depreciation or Maintenance factor
 The ratio of illumination under normal working
condition to the illumination when every thing is clean
or new.
 The light obtained from a light source may be affected by
variables due to dust, ageing of the lamp.
9. Space height ratio
 The ratio of the horizontal distance between the lamps
to the mounting height of the lamps above working
plane.
10. Specific energy consumption
 The ratio power input to the light source to its luminous
intensity. It is measured in Watt/candela
1.2. Electric light sources
There are three basic types of electric light sources:
1. Incandescent
2. Discharge and
3. Solid-state
1. Incandescent Light
Consist of;
 Glass globe completely evacuated (prevent oxidation) or
gas filled( enables the filament to operate at high temp.)
 Fine wire called filament (tungsten)
Working principle;
 When current pass through this wire its temp.
increases and finally radiates heat as well as light
energy.
Types of Incandescent light source;
 Standard incandescent light source
• The glass envelope contains a mixture of nitrogen and
a small amount of other inert gases.
 Tungsten halogen light source
• Use a halogen gas to produce a “halogen cycle”
• In the halogen cycle, halogen gas combines with the
tungsten that evaporates from the lamp filament,
eventually re-depositing the tungsten on the filament.
• Differences from incandescent lamps
• The lamps have a longer life
• Maintain lumen output throughout its life.
• The higher operating temperature
• Better energy efficiency
 Incandescent Light cont…

 Advantage of Incandescent light source

• Less cost; does not need a ballast
• Can be dimmed; Dimming by reducing the supply
voltage to the lamp
• Run-up and re-ignition; give their full light output
immediately after switch-on and after being switched
off they re-ignite again immediately.
 Disadvantage of Incandescent light source
• Shortest lives; the evaporated tungsten is constantly
deposited on the bulb
• Lamp-lumen depreciation; tungsten evaporates from
the filament and settles on the bulb wall, blackening it.
• Inefficient; uses large electric current to heat a coiled
tungsten filament
2. Discharge Lamp
 Produce light by passing an electric current through a
gas that emits light when ionized by the current.
 Different color of light can be obtained depending up on
the nature of gas or vapour used
Gas or vapour Colour of Light
Neon Red
Hydrogen pink
Mercury (low pressure) buff
Mercury (high pressure) Blue together with strong ultra-violet emission
Sodium Bluish white with less ultra-violet emission
Yellow

 Two general categories of discharge lamps are;

 High-intensity discharge and fluorescent lamps.
 HID Lamps cont…
Fluorescent lamp
Consist of;
 Glass tube; made of glass that is doped with a special
material that blocks UV radiation.
 Fill gas; consists of a mixture of mercury vapour and an
inert gas.The inert gas has three functions :
• to facilitate ignition
• to control the speed of free electrons
• to prolong the life of electrodes
 Electrodes; used to provide free-running electrons,
which are necessary to start and maintain the
discharge.
 Fluorescent powder; absorb the UV mercury radiation
and convert it into visible light
 fluorescent Lamps cont…
Working principle;
 When the lamp is switched on, the electrodes begin
emitting electrons, and through collision of these electrons
with the gas atoms the ionization process starts.
 The inert gas is then heated up and the mercury inside the
lamp is completely evaporated to give a mercury vapour
 The emitted electrons collide with and excite the mercury
atoms, resulting in the emission of ultraviolet radiation.
 The ultraviolet radiation is converted to visible light when
it passes through the fluorescent powder coating.
 fluorescent Lamps cont…
Types of Fluorescent Lamps
 Compact fluorescent
 Compact fluorescent lamps
working principle is the same
with linear fluorescent
fluorescent lamps, but they
do have a more compact
shape.

 Linear Fluorescent
 fluorescent Lamps cont…
Advantage of fluorescent lamps
 Fluorescent lamps last about 10 times longer than
incandescent lamps
 Re-ignition is instantaneous.
 Produced in a wide variety of types with different
properties.
 3 to 4 times as efficient as incandescent lighting
Disadvantage of fluorescent lamps
 Fluorescent lights need ballasts (i.e., devices that control
the electricity used by the unit) for starting and circuit
protection
 Cost from 10 to 20 times more than comparable
incandescent bulbs
 Dependent on ambient temperature.
High-intensity discharge (HID) Lamps
 Is by far the most important lamp group used in
modern exterior and industrial lighting.
 Highly regarded for their long life and high efficacy.
 The compactness of HID lamps also increases optical
control and allows for a great deal of flexibility in the
area of luminaire design.
The following are some of high-intensity discharge (HID)
lamps which are most widely available:
A. High-pressure mercury vapor lamps
B. High-pressure sodium lamps
C. Metal-halide lamps
 HID Lamps cont…
A. High-pressure mercury vapor lamps
Lamp construction
The main parts of a high-pressure mercury lamp are :
Discharge tube; made of quartz to withstand high
temperature and pressure
Fill gas; contain mercury at high pressure and a little argon
gas to assist starting
Electrodes; two main operating electrodes located at
opposite ends of the arc tube, starting electrode connected
in series with a starting resistor.
Outer bulb with fluorescent coating;
Lamp cap;
 high pressure mercury vapor lamps cont…
Working principle
 Initially, the voltage applied accelerates electron between
the starting electrode and the nearest main electrode
 The main electrodes accelerates electrons between the
electrodes and this electrodes collides with mercury and
ionizes it.
 Ionized mercury emits light energy and radiant energy
in the UV range in the electromagnetic spectrum.
 The lamp without fluorescent powder lacks red in its
spectrum and has a bluish-white colour appearance
 In most high-pressure mercury lamps, fluorescent
powders are used to improve the colour quality by
converting a large part of the (small) UV component
into visible radiation,
 High pressure mercury vapor lamps cont…

Advantage of high pressure mercury vapor lamps

 Compact
 Provide longer service life than fluorescent lamp
 More energy efficient than fluorescent lamp
 Available in different wattage range compared with
fluorescent lamp
Disadvantage of high pressure mercury vapor lamps
 Cannot be dimmed.
 Over-voltage decreases lamp life and increases lamp
depreciation
 Run-up and re-ignition time is higher than fluorescent
lamp
 More expensive than fluorescent lamp
 HID Lamps cont…
B. Metal halide lamps
Lamp construction
 Discharge tube; made of either quartz or a ceramic
material.
 Metal-halide additives;
 Fill gas; contain metal halides, mercury and an inert gas
 Outer bulb; use a hard-glass quartz outer bulb for
protection and for heat insulation of the discharge tube
 Electrodes; consist of a tungsten rod, and they are of
heavier construction because of the higher operating
temperature.
 Lamp cap;
 Metal halide Lamps cont…
Working principle
 The solid metal halides start evaporating after switching
on the lamp, once the mercury discharge has increased
the temperature in the discharge tube sufficiently.
 When this vapour enters the area of the mercury
discharge in the center of the tube with its very high
temperature, it dissociates into its separate elements:
metals and halogen.
 The metals in their pure, vaporized state, take part in
the discharge process
 This process is similar with the halogen cycle process
that is used in normal halogen incandescent lamps
 Metal halide Lamps cont…
Advantage of Metal halide lamps
 Compact
 Provide longer service life than fluorescent lamp
 More energy efficient than high pressure mercury vapor
lamps
 Available in different wattage range compared with
fluorescent lamp
Disadvantage of Metal halide lamps
 Cannot be dimmed.
 Over-voltage decreases lamp life and increases lamp
depreciation
 Run-up and re-ignition time is higher than high pressure
mercury vapor lamps
 More expensive than high pressure mercury vapor
lamps
 HID Lamps cont…
C. High-pressure sodium lamps
Lamp construction
The main parts of a high-pressure sodium lamp are:
 Discharge tube; have tubular-shaped, ceramic discharge
tubes.
 Fill gas; contain a sodium-mercury amalgam composition,
and xenon gas
 Outer bulb; hard glass used for the outer bulb .
 Electrodes; the same as those found in high-pressure
mercury lamps
 Lamp cap;
 Getter; is usually in the form of a small piece of solid
material and used to remove particles evaporate from
the glass and metals in the tube
 high-pressure sodium Lamps cont…
Working principle
 Light is produced by an electric discharge through
combined vapors of mercury and sodium, with the
sodium radiation dominating the spectral emission.
 By increasing the vapour pressure in a sodium lamp, the
spectrum around the typical yellow sodium line
broadens. and the colour appearance changes from
yellow to yellow-white
 By further increasing the sodium pressure, the colour
quality of the light improves to white light.
 With further increase in operating pressure the same
process continues, at the cost of efficacy.
Advantage of high-pressure sodium Lamps
 Compact
 Have a much smaller lumen depreciation
 Can be dimmed to a certain extent
 Provide longest service life from all HID lamps
 Most energy efficient from all HID lamps
 Available in different wattage range compared with
,
fluorescent lamp
Disadvantage of high-pressure sodium Lamps
 Over-voltage decreases lamp life and increases lamp
depreciation
 Run-up and re-ignition time is higher than Metal halide
lamps
 Available wattage range is small compared with Metal
halide lamps
3. Solid-state HID Lamps cont…
Lamp construction
LEDs are solid-state radiators. The main parts of a LED are:
 Semiconductor chip; the p-n semiconductor sandwich
forms the heart of the LED and is called the LED chip
 Reflector cup; the chip is placed in a reflector cup which,
helps to direct the light in an upwards direction.
 Electrodes and bond wires; In order to be able to apply
power to the chip, the p and n parts of the chip have
metal contacts called electrodes. Bond wires connect the
electrodes with the electrical connections.
 Heat sink; All high-power high-brightness LEDs have a
heat sink of high-thermal-conductivity material
 Primary and secondary optics; The silicon lens on top of
the LED chip serves as protection for the chip.
 Phosphors; used for white LEDs
Working principle Solid-state cont…
LED consists of layers of p-type and n-type of
semiconductor material.
Applying a voltage across the p-n semiconductor layer
pushes the n and p-type atoms towards the junction of
the two materials.
In doing so, the electrons move from a high level of
energy to a lower one, the energy difference being
emitted as light.
The wavelength of the light is dependent on the energy-
level difference between the p and n materials, which in
turn is depends on the semiconductor material used
Different semiconductor materials emit different
wavelengths, and thus different colours of light.
 Solid-state cont…
Advantage of LEDs Lamps
 Can be dimmed
 Radiate only visible radiation
 Lower lamp-replacement costs compared with
conventional light sources .
 More expensive than the conventional light sources
 Does not affected by mains-voltage variations
 Produces little heat compared with conventional light
sources .
 LEDs give their full light output immediately after switch-
on and after re-ignition.
Disadvantage of LEDs Lamps
 More expensive than the conventional light sources
 lumen depreciation because of heat generated by
electric current passing through the chip’s junction.
 1.4. Luminaires
refers to the complete lighting unit such as;
 Lamp or lamps
 Parts for connection of power to the unit,
 Parts connecting or fitting the unit to the room
 Light processing parts (reflectors, diffusers, ets)
 Protection of the lamps.
Functions of luminaire;
 Shielding view of lamps
 Redirecting light from lamps
 Securing lamps in place
 Decoration
 Luminaires cont…
Types of Luminaires
 Surface mounting; can be defused type or down light
type and are usually mounted on ceilings.
 Column mounted fittings: used for streets, car
parking, cycle tracks and pedestrian areas
 Wall mounted lanterns: used most commonly for
security
 Architectural lighting mountings; are hidden in
niches, coves, ceilings, or wall slots or on top of or under
cabinets.
 Lighting bollards: used for pathway and area lighting
 Recessed fittings: used for pathways, or where buried
in the ground for up lighting structures, trees and other
incidents.
 1. 5. Light distributions
Lighting distributions can be categorized in different groups
based on the percentage of light directed towards the area
to be illuminated and can be classified as: -
 Direct light; Light falls from the luminaires on the
ceiling directly onto the workplace.
 Semi- direct lighting; only 60-90% of the light
reaches the working plan directly while the rest is
reflected to illuminate the ceiling and walls.
 Semi-indirect lighting; only 10-40% of the light
reaches the working plan directly .
 Indirect lighting; Light is directed to the ceiling and
walls so that it illuminates the workplaces indirectly
 General lighting; only 50% of the light reaches the
working plan directly .
 Light distributions cont..
Percentage of light directed upward and downward for
each lighting system

Distributions Downward Upward

Direct light 90-100% 0-10%
Semi- direct 60-90% 10-40%
Semi-indirect lighting 10-40% 60-90%
Indirect lighting 0-90% 90-100%
General lighting 50% 50%
 1.6. Lighting Design
A well designed lighting schemes is one which
 Provide adequate illumination
 Is safe
 Provide light of suitable colour.
 Avoid glare and hard shadows as far as possible
 Is energy efficiency
For the end user; use efficient lamps and
luminaires to reduce the amount of equipment
and initial cost.
For the installer; reduce the number of lighting
points, and make the installation system easily
maintainable.
For society; reduces the amount of pollutants
that are emitted to the atmosphere.
 Lighting Design Cont…
Data required in lighting design
The following data are required in order to design efficient
lighting scheme
1. Information about the room; which includes its size,
described by its room index (RI), the room surface
reflectances and the height of the working plane
2. Information about environmental cleanliness
and maintenance factors; which includes the cleanliness
of the room/environment and the regularity of the cleaning,
which are both encompassed in the maintenance factor.
3. Information about the lamp and luminaire; which
includes the lamp light output, the luminaire UF and its
maximum allowable spacing.
 Lighting Design Cont…
1. Information about the room;
Room index; for the purpose of the calculation the room
size is described by its room index.
Room index = L x W/H(L+W)
Where:
L = room length (m)
W = room width (m)
H = height of luminaires above the horizontal working
plane (m)
Room surface reflectance; to determine the UF from
the luminaire data sheet it is necessary to know the average
room surface reflectances, 0.7, 0.2 and variable (depending
on the wall surface colours) UF is used for ceiling, floor and
walls respectively.
 Lighting Design Cont…
2. Information about environmental cleanliness
and maintenance factors
 The performance of lamps and luminaires deteriorate
with age and expressed by MF.
 MF takes into account lamp light output reduction
through life and the cleanliness of the environment.
 It is affected by the regularity of re-lamping, as well as
the regularity of cleaning the lamps, luminaires and room
surfaces.
 Lighting Design Cont…
3. Information about the lamp and luminaire
 To determine the number of lamps and luminaires
required to produce an illuminance
A. The Illumination levels(E) and
B. Luminaire type must be determined.
The illuminance level can be determined by using Illumination
Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) or the
Ethiopian Building Code Standards (EBCS) .
Determining the Illumination levels for tasks
according to IESNA
• According to IESNA illumination spaces are categorized
into nine levels which are denoted A through I.
• For each category a range of illumination levels are
defined.
 Determining the Illumination levels for tasks according to IESNA cont..

In order to determine the illumination level for a space to be

illuminated, we can go through three stages;
 Task definition; The task or the purpose of the space to be
illuminated(bedroom, kitchens, laundries) is determined
from the given design problem.
 Selection of luminance category; space to be illuminated
should belong to one of the categories from A to I.
selection of luminance value for the task out of the three
alternatives for the category; there are three illumination
levels for each category; the lowest, the medium and the
highest. Three factors determine the selection of one from
the three; occupant’s age, room surface reflectance, speed and
accuracy required (criticalness) on the task performed.
 Determining the Illumination levels for tasks n according to IESNA cont..

 The weighting factors are determined using the

weighting factor table.
For Illuminance category A through C
Room and occupant characteristics -1 0 +1
Occupants age Under 40 40 to 55 Over 55
Room surface reflectance >70% 30 to 70% <30%
For illuminance categories D through I
Task and worker characteristics -1 0 +1
Workers age Less than 40 40 to 55 >55
Speed and or accuracy Not important Important Critical
Reflectance of task background >70% 30 to 70% <30%
 When the algebraic sum of the weighting factor is -3 to -
2 the lowest value of illumination level is used, when the
algebraic sum of the weighting factor is -1 to +1 the
middle value is used. If the algebraic sum is 2 to 3, the
highest value is used.
 Lighting Design Cont…
Determining the Illumination levels for tasks
according to EBCS
 In EBCS-10 illumination levels and light qualities for
applications have been indicated on tables.
 Tables 3-5 to 3-8 specify the illumination levels, color
appearance, color rendition and glare restrictions for
different applications.
B. Selection of Luminaire Type
The important factors for selection of luminaire for a
particular application are;
cost, light quality and safety standards desired for the
application.
Cost refers to the operating cost and initial cost while the
light quality refers to color, glare, and color rendition.
 Lighting Design Cont…
Cost (Cost of lumen-hour)
The cost of electric light sources should incorporate the
initial and operating cost over long period of time. The
following costs have to be considered for decision:-
 The operating electricity cost in Birr per kilo-watt-hour
 The lamp replacement cost in Birr per lamp
 Initial luminaire cost with associated switchgear in birr
 Cleaning and maintenance cost in birr per year
 The frequency of usage of the light per day in hours
Simplified version of the lumen-hour cost of lighting can be
calculated using the following equation. Only the first two;
the operating electric energy cost and lamp replacement
costs are considered in this equation.
 Lighting Design Cont…
C = 10^6/F[Cl/h +(Cc*P)/1000]
Where: C is total running cost per lumen-hours in Birr,
Cl is cost of all lamps in the luminaire in Birr,
Cc is cost of electric energy in Birr per kWH;
F total lumen output of all lamps in the luminaire,
h is lamp life in hours;
P is total lighting wattage of all lamps in the luminaire.
Quality of light
 The recommended allowable glare level, color rendering
and the color of the light sources are usually given on
standards and data books for the application required.
 For example according to EBCS-10 the color
appearance of general teaching room is to be WW or
NW, its glare level is 1 while its color rendering index is
to be 2.
 Lighting Design Cont…
Industrial safety standards
 In some industrial premises luminaires are chosen based
on the required safety level, the building architecture, and
structure, etc.
 For example in chemical industries because of explosion
possibilities explosion proof luminaries have to be used.
 In manufacturing plants where mechanical damage to the
luminaries is possible mechanically strong luminaries are
to be chosen.
Once the luminaire is selected the number of luminaries
required to get the illumination level desired is determined
by using;
A. point by point method and
B. lumens method.
 Lighting Design Cont…
A. Point by point method
 Illumination design for exterior lighting and localized
lightings are generally done using point by point method.
 In the point by point method selected points’
illumination is calculated from the total illuminated area.

I∗d I
Ex = , Ey=
h3 d2
 After determining E to choose the right luminaire for
the quality and efficiency initial cost, etc. Typical
commercially available luminaries can be checked on
standard luminaire text and reference books.
B. Lumens method Lighting Design Cont…
 The lumens method is generally used for uniform
general lighting design.
 The following simple steps can be followed to use
lumens method of illumination design.
Step One: Determine the utilization factor (UF). It is
usually obtained from tables corresponding to the Room
Index (RI) of the room.
 The room index is related to room ratio (RR) which can
be calculated from the following equations.
For direct, semi-direct, direct-indirect and general
diffuse luminaries
W∗L
RR = Where W and L are width and
H(L+W)
lengths of the room to be illuminated and H is mounting
height of the luminaire above the working plane.
 Lighting Design Cont…
 For semi-indirect and indirect luminaries
3W∗L
RR =
2CH(L+W)
Where CH is ceiling height above the working plane.
Step Two: Determine Maintenance Factor (MF)
 Recommended MF values for particular application can
be obtained on standard tables and luminaire
manufacturer datasheets.
Step Three: Determine the number of luminaries required
for the space from the following equation.
N = E x A/(L x UF x MF)
Where: N = the total number of luminaires required
E = the required illuminance in lux A = the area of the
working plane L = the initial total lamp light output for each
luminaire UF = luminaire utilization factor, MF = the
maintenance factor
 Lighting Design Cont…
Step four: Planning the luminaire layout
 Having found the number of luminaires required to
provide the illuminance needed for the task, the next
stage is to work out a regular layout of luminaires to
provide it with an acceptable uniformity.
 Acceptable spacing (S), centre to centre, depends on the
height of the luminaire above the working plane (H)
 Luminaire manufacturers provide this information in the
form of spacing/height ratios.
 Maximum spacing S is given by
S= SR *H
Where SR is spacing ratio and H is mounting height.
1.5. Lighting control and lighting symbols in
technical drawings
A. Lighting control
 Lighting control is required for the convenience of the
occupant, the economy of operation, and coordinated
utilization of natural skylight.
 The control can be manual switch controls from one
two or more points or automatic controls fitted with
sensors.
 The manual switches can be single-pole one way, single
pole two-way or four way switches.
 Automatic sensors can sense illumination levels and
switch off the electric lighting when the natural light is
sufficient or dim the electric light to keep the
illumination level from nature and the electric source
constant.
 B. Lighting symbols in technical drawings
The followings are symbols of the some components of
lighting system in buildings.
End of lecture