GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

EXPERIMENT NO: 1
MOTORISED GYROSCOPE APPARATUS

AIM: To compare experimentally the gyroscopic couple on Motorized Gyroscope with applied
couple.

DESCRIPTION:
Gyroscope is an interesting instrument, used for control of airplanes, guided missiles etc. It
basically consists of a spinning rotor, rotating around a horizontal axis. The rotor is mounted in
such a way that the axis of rotor can remove around vertical axis and another horizontal axis,
perpendicular to it. When torque is applied to spinning rotor, perpendicular to the axis, the rotor
axis rotates about vertical axis. This is caused by a couple generated due to spinning of the rotor,
called Gyroscope couple.

THE APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of a rotor disc, mounted in bearings. The disc is driven by a variable
speed FHP motor, so that disc can be rotated at required speed. The disc bracket rests over knife
edges. The knife edge rest blocks are clamped to a yoke, which can rotate in the bearings, fitted
in the base, about vertical axis. Thus, motion about three axis is possible. On the opposite side of
the motor, weight of motor is balanced by an initial balance weight. A stud is provided over the
balance weight, onto which the required weights can be placed to apply the required torque. An
angular scale with pointer is provided which enables rotation to be measured.

THEORY: -
1) Velocity of Spin - The angular velocity of rotor is called velocity of spin. It is denoted by ‘ω
‘. It is measured in rad/sec.
2) Velocity of precession - Angular velocity of rotation of the rotor axis is called velocity of
precession. This rotation is about the vertical axis. It is denoted by ωP. It is also measured in
rad/sec.
3) Gyroscopic couple - The couple generated due to change of direction of angular velocity of
rotor, is called gyroscopic couple.

4) Applied Torque - The torque applied to change the direction of angular velocity of rotor is
applied torque. Numerically, it is the product of weight placed in the weight stud and its distance
from center of the disc.
5) Moment of Inertia of rotor -
I = mk2
where,
I = Moment of inertia, kg. m2
m = Mass of disc = 6.30 kg.

𝑟
k = Radius of gyration =
√2
r = Radius of rotor = 0.150 m
k = 0.10
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

6) Angular Momentum: - The product of angular velocity of rotor and moment of inertia of the
disc is called angular momentum.
Angular momentum = I . ω
As the torque is applied, direction of angular velocity is changed and hence angular momentum
is also changed. Thus, Couple applied = Rate of change of momentum

If ( I. ω. ) is change of momentum in the time interval

𝑑(𝐼𝜔)
T=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑜
𝐼𝜔). 𝑑𝑡
If do is angle of precession turned during the time at, then T =(
But do/dt is velocity of precession,

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: -

1. Check the rotor for vertical position. Adjust the balance weight slightly, if required.
2. Keep the dimmer at zero position & put ‘ON’ the supply.
3. Start the motor by applying the voltage of around 170 volts & then reduce.
4. Adjust the rotor speed as required.
5. Note down the rotor speed with the help of tachometer.
(Not supplied with the unit) Speed is to be noted when it becomes steady; it takes around 5
minutes to stabilize.
6. Put the required weight in the weight stud & at the same instant, start the stop clock. Note
down the time required for 900 precession.
7. Repeat the procedure for different weights and rotor speeds.

OBSERVATION: -

S.No Rotor Speed N in rpm Weight, W Time for 900 precession

T sec.

CALCULATION:

S.No. I (Kg –m-sec 2) ω (rad/sec) ωp (rad/sec) Tact (Kg.m) Tth (Kg.m)

GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

Velocity of spin:
𝟐𝝅𝑵
ω= rad / sec.
𝟔𝟎
Where N = Rotor speed in rpm.

Velocity of precession:
Time for 900 precession be t sec.
𝜋
900 = rad.
2
𝜋 1
ωp= × rad/sec.
2 𝑡
Moment of inertia:
Mass of the disc = 6.3 kg.
Moment of inertia I = mk2.
K = 0.10
I =0.063 Kg – m2.

Applied Torque:
Applied Torque Tact = WL
Where L = distance from the centre of disc to weight stud.
Theoretical torque or couple

Tth = I. ω.ωp

NOMENCLATURE:
I = Mass Moment of inertia of disc, Kg.-m.-sec2
ω = Angular velocity of disc
W = Weight of rotor disc, in kg
R = Radius of disc, in meter
G = Acceleration due to gravity, in m/sec2
N = RPM of disc spin
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

ωp = Angular velocity of precession of yoke about vertical axis.

dθ = Angle of precession
dt = Time required for this precessions.
T = Gyroscopic couple, Kg. M
W = Weight of pan
L = Distance of weight
PRECAUTIONS: -

1. Check all the fastenings to be tight before start.

2. Check balance of the rotor before start.
3. Lubricate the bearings periodically.
4. Keep the base over a leveled platform.

RESULT: Compared experimentally the gyroscopic couple on Motorized Gyroscope with

applied couple.

INFERENCE:
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

VIVA QUESTIONS
1) What is gyroscope?
2) What is gyroscopic couple?
3) What is precession and spinning?
4) What is the effect of gyroscopic couple on aero plane and ships?
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

EXPERIMENT NO: 2
STATIC BALANCING

AIM: - To perform the experiment for static balancing on static balancing machine.
APPARATUS USED:- Static Balancing m/c.
THEORY: - A system of rotating masses is said to be in static balance if the combined mass
centre of the system lies on the axis of rotation. Whenever a certain mass is attached to a rotating
shaft, it exerts some centrifugal force, whose effect is to bend the shaft and to produce vibrations
in it. In order to prevent the effect of centrifugal force, another mass is attached to the opposite
side of the shaft. The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of
the centrifugal force of the first mass is called balancing of rotating masses.

The following cases are important from the subject point of view:
1. Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane.
2. Balancing of a single rotating mass by two masses rotating in different planes.
3. Balancing of different masses rotating in the same plane.
4. Balancing of different masses rotating in different planes.
PROCEDURE: - Remove the belt, the value of weight for each block is determined by
Clamping each block in turn on the shaft and with the cord and container system suspended over
the protractor disc, the number of steel balls, which are of equal weight are placed into one of the
containers to exactly balance the blocks on the shaft. When the block becomes horizontal, the
number of balls N will give the value of wt. for the block.

For finding out Wr during static balancing proceed as follow:

1. Remove the belt.
2. Screw the combined hook to the pulley with groove. This pulley is diff. than the belt pulley.
3. Attached the cord end of the pans to above combined hook.
4. Attached the block no.-1 to the shaft at any convenient position and in vertical downward
direction.
5. Put steel balls in one of the pans till the blocks starts moving up. (upto horizontal position).
6. Number of balls give the Wr value of block-1. repeat this for 2-3 times and find the average
no. of balls.
7. Repeat the procedure for other blocks.
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

OBSERVATION
S.No. Plane Mass (m) kg. Mass of Angle (θ)
steel balls

CALCULATION
S.No. Plane Mass (m) kg. Radius * m Cent. Force ÷ω2 Distance Couple÷ ω2
(m.r) kg-m from plane (m.r.l ) kg-m
X(l) m

Weight of balls = 1.4g

Diameter of steel ball = 6.54mm
Mass of steel balls = No. of steel balls × Diameter of balls.
Mass 1 = 158.8g
Mass 2 = 160.2g
Mass 3 = 161g
Mass 4 = 161.4g

CALCULATION: - The balancing masses and angular positions may be determined graphically
as given below :-
1. First of all, draw the couple polygon from the data which are calculated in table to some
suitable scale. The vector distance represents the balanced couple. The angular position of the
balancing mass is obtained by drawing, parallel to vector distance. By measurement will be find
the angle.
2. Then draw the force polygon from the data, which are calculated in table to some suitable
scale. The vector distance represents the balanced force. The angular position of the mass is
obtained by drawing, parallel to vector distance. By measurement will be find the angle in the
clockwise direction from mass.
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

FIGURE:

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Couple should be represented by a vector drawn perpendicular to the plane of the couple.
2. Angular position measure carefully in clockwise direction.
3. Vector diagram should be represented with suitable scale.

RESULT:
Static balancing of masses is done successfully.

INFERENCE:
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

VIVA QUESTIONS?
1) What is static balancing?
2) What is centrifugal force?
3) What do you mean by couple?
4) What do you mean by balancing of rotating masses?
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

EXPERIMENT NO: 3
DETERMINATION OF FREQUENCY OF VIBRATING SYSTEM WITH DIFFERENT
VISCOUS OILS.

TITLE : To determine the damped natural frequency, damping Co-efficient Ct and

study the damped Torsional oscillations.

DESCRIPTION:

It consists of a long elastic shaft gripped at the upper end by the chuck in the bracket.
The bracket is clamped to the upper beam of the main frame. A heavy steel flywheel
clamped at the lower end of the shaft suspends from the bracket. Damping drum is
fixed to the lower face of the flywheel. This drum is immersed in the oil which
provides damping. Rotor can be taken up and down for varying the depth of
immersion of damping drum. Depth of immersion can be read from the scale.

Recording drum is mounted to the upper face of the flywheel. Paper is to be wrapped
around the recording drum. Oscillations are recorded on the paper with the help of
specially designed piston of dash pot. The piston carries the attachment for fixing the
sketching pen.

SPECIFICATIONS:

01. Basic channel frame and stand.

02. Supports with drill chuck for fixing the shaft vertically.

03. Damper with pen holder arrangement fixed to main frame.

04. Flywheel assembly with recording drum and cone assembly.

05. Oil Drum with Piezometric tube. (PS: Lube Oil SAE 30/40 to be provided by
college as per requirement)

06. Stop watch and measuring tape.

PROCEDURE:

1. With no oil in the container allow the flywheel to oscillate and measure the time
for some (say 10) oscillations.
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

2. Put thin lube oil (no. 30 or 40) in the drum upto 11 cms and note the depth of
immersion.
3. Put the sketching pen in its bracket.

4. Allow the flywheel to oscillate.

5. Allow the pen to descend. See that the pen always makes contact with the paper,
and record oscillations.

6. Measure the time for some oscillations by means of stop clock.

7. Determine Xn i.e. amplitude at any position and X ntr amplitude after ‘n’ cycles.

OBSERVATION:

S.No Length. of Depth of Time ‘t’ No.of Periodic Xn Xntr

shaft (cms) Immersion for ‘n’ osc. time (cm) (cm)
( mm.) oscillation ( n ) ‘Texpt.’
(sec.) sec ‘t/n’

CALCULATIONS:

S.No Moment of inertia , I Torsional Ctc δ

frequency Tth
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

01. Calculate Torsional Stiffness ‘Kt’ by using equation:

G IP
Kt =
L

Where , G = modulus of rigidity of shaft = 0.8 x 106 Kg/cm2

 d4
IP = Polar M.I. of shaft =
32

Let,

d = shaft dia. = 0.003m.

L = Length of the shaft = 1.29 mtr.

02. Calculate M.I. of flywheel by using equation

𝑊𝐷2
I=
8𝑔

W = Weight of disc = 9.5 kg

D = Dia. Of disc = 250mm = 0.25mts.

𝐼
03. Tth = 2π √
𝐾𝑡

t = periodic time of oscillations in still air.

04. Critical damping factor.

Ctc = √4𝐼𝐾𝑡

05. Logarithmic decrement δ

1 𝑋𝑛
δ= log ( )
𝑟 𝑋𝑛𝑡𝑟
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

Xn = Amplitude of vibration at the beginning of measurement to be recorded.

Xntr = Amplitude of vibration after n cycles.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Use thin lube oil of grade no. 30 or 40.

2. Fill the oil in the container before starting the experiment.

RESULT

Amplitude and Torsional frequency are achieved for number of oscillations.

INFERENCE:
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

VIVA QUESTIONS?

1) What do you mean by natural frequency?

2) Define damping?
3) Define critical damping factor?
4) Define Torsional frequency?
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

EXPERIMENT: 4

STEADY STATE AMPLITUDE OF FORCED VIBRATION SYSTEM

Aim: To study the damped and undamped forced vibration of spring mass system.

DESCRIPTION

It is designed to study free and forced damped and un-damped vibrations. It consists of m. s.
rectangular beam supported at one end by a trunion pivoted in ball bearing. The bearing housing
is fixed to the side member of the frame. The other end of the beam is supported by the lower
end of helical spring. Upper end of spring is attached to the screw. The exciter unit can be
mounted at any position along the beam. Additional known weights may be added to the weight
platform underside the exciter.

PROCEDURE
1. Support one end of the beam in the slot of trunion and clamp it by means of screw.

2. Attach the other end of beam to the lower end of spring..

3. Adjust the screw to which the spring is attached such that beam is horizontal in the above
position.

4. Weigh the exciter assembly along with discs and bearing and weight platform..

5. Clamp the assembly at any convenient position.

6. Measure the distance L1 of the assembly from pivot. Allow the system to vibrate freely.

7. Measure the time for any 10 oscillations and find the periodic time and natural frequency of
vibrations.

8. Repeat the experiment by varying L1 and by putting different weights on the platform.
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

OBSERVATION TABLE

No. of osc. Periodic Natural

Time required
Wt L1 time & T freq. In fn
‘n’ for ‘n’ osc.
Expt. = t/n (expt.).Tth

CALCULATION
𝑚𝑒
Tth = 2π √
𝑘
me= Equivalent mass of the spring.
𝐿
me= m ( 1 )2.
𝐿
Spring stiffness k =2 kg /cms.
𝑊+𝑤
m=
𝑔
Where
w= Weight attached on exciter assembly.

g = 981 cm/sec2

W = Weight of exciter assembly along with weight platform in Kg:2.7kg.

L1 = Distance of W from pivot in cms.

L = Distance of spring from pivot.

m = Mass of exciter assembly along with wt. Platform.

GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

PRECAUTIONS

1. Ensure power connection before switching on the set up.

2. Mount the set up on basement to avoid unnecessary vibrations.

RESULT

Damped and undamped natural frequency of a spring mass system is studied under forced
vibration system.

INFERENCE:
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

VIVA QUESTIONS?
1) Define forced vibrations?
2) What do you mean by natural frequency?
3) Define amplitude?
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

EXPERIMENT -5
DYNAMIC BALANCING

AIM: - To perform the experiment for dynamic balancing on dynamic balancing machine.
APPARATUS USED: - Dynamic balancing m/c.
THEORY: - When several messes rotate in different planes, the centrifugal force, in addition to
being out of balance, also forms couples. A system of rotating masses is in dynamic balance
when there does not exit any resultant centrifugal force as well as resultant couple.

PIVOTED-CRADLE BALANCING M/C:-

In this type of m/c., the rotor to be balanced is mounted on half-bearing in a rigid carriage and is
rotated by a drive motor through a universal joint. Two balancing planes A and B are chosen on
the rotor. The cradle is provided with pivots on left and right sides of the rotor which are
purposely adjusted to coincide with the two correction planes. Also the pivots can be put in the
locked or unlocked position. Thus, if the left pivot is released, the cradle and the specimen are
free to oscillate about the locked (right) pivot. At each end of the cradle, adjustable springs and
dashpots are provided to have a single degree of freedom system. Usually, their natural
frequency is tuned to the motor speed.

PROCEDURE:-
1. First either of the two pivots say left is locked so that the readings of the amount and the angle
of location of the correction in the right hand plane can be taken. These readings will be
independent of any unbalance in the locked plane as it will have no moment about the fixed
pivot.
2. A trial mass at a known radius is then attached to the right hand plane and the amplitude of
oscillation of the cradle is noted.
3. The procedure is repeated at various angular positions with the same trial mass.
4. A graph is then plotted of amplitude Vs angular positions of the trial mass to know the
optimum angular position for which amplitude is minimum. Then at this position, the magnitude
of the trial mass is varied and the exact amount is found by trial and error which reduces the
unbalance to almost zero.
5. After obtaining the unbalance in one plane, the cradle is locked in the right hand pivot and
released in the left hand pivot. The above procedure is repeated to obtain the exact balancing
mass required in that plane.
6. Usually, a large number of test runs are required to determine the exact balance masses in this
type of machine. However, by adopting the following procedure, the balance masses can be
obtained by making only four test runs.
First make a test run without attaching any trial mass and note down the amplitude of the cradle
vibrations. Then attach a trial mass m at some angular position and note down the amplitude of
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

the cradle vibrations by moving the rotor at the same speed. Next detach the trial mass and again
attach it at 90° angular position relative to the first position at the same radial distance. Note
down the amplitude by rotating the rotor at the same speed. Take the last reading in the same
manner by fixing the trial mass 180°. Let the four reading be

FIGURE:
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

OBSERVATION:-

CALCULATION & CONSTRUCTION:-

Draw a triangle OBE by taking OE = 2 X1, OB = X2 and BE = X4. Mark the mid point
A on OE. Join AB.
Now, OB = OA + AB
Where, OB = Effect of unbalance mass + Effect of the trial mass at 0° OA = Effect of
unbalanced mass Thus, AB represents the effect of the attached mass at 0°. The proof is as
follows:
Extend BA to D such that AD = AB. Join OD and DE. Now when the mass m is attached at 180°
at the same radial distance and speed, the effect must be equal and opposite to the effect at 0° i.e.
if AB represents the effect of the attached mass at 0°, AD represents the effect of the attached
mass at180°.
Since, OD = OA +AD
OD must represent the combined effect of unbalance mass and the effect of the trial mass at 180°
(X4). Now, as the diagonals of the quadrilateral OBED bisect each other at A, it is a
parallelogram which means BE is parallel and equal to OD. Thus, BE also represents the
combined effect of unbalance mass and the effect of the trial mass at 180° or X4 which is true as
it is made in the construction. Now as OA represents the unbalance, the correction has to be
equal and opposite of it or AO. Thus, the correction mass is given by
mc = m.OA/AB at an angle θ from the second reading at 0°. For the correction of the unbalance,
the mass mc has to be put in the proper direction relative to AB which may be found by
considering the reading X3. Draw a circle with A as centre and AB as the radius. As the trial
mass as well as the speed of the test run at 90° is the same, the magnitude must equal to AB or
AD and AC or AC´ must represent the effect of the trial mass. If OC represents X3, then angle is
opposite to the direction of angle measurement. If OC´ represents X3, then angle measurement is
in taken in the same direction.
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

PRECAUTIONS:-

1. Measure the amplitude carefully.

2. Draw the triangle and parallelogram in correct scale.
3. Vector diagram should be represented with suitable scale.

RESULT:
Dynamic balancing of masses is done successfully.

INFERENCE:
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

VIVA QUESTION

1) What is dynamic balancing?

2) What is centrifugal force?
3) What do you mean by couple?
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

EXPERIMENT - 6
FIELD BALANCING OF THIN ROTORS USING VIBRATION PICK UPS
Aim: To balance the thin rotors (plates).

DESCRIPTION:

This Balancing of Thin Rotors apparatus consists of a Circular Plates assembly fitted to
bearing blocks and the whole assembly mounted on a thick MS flat frame. A FHP DC Motor
is fitted to the main shaft of the plate assembly. These plates are having circular slots in 4
quadrants so that one can fix additional masses to un-balance the system. With the help of
speed controller we can adjust the speed and observe the balance and unbalance.

SPECIFICATIONS:

1. Aluminum Circular Plates assembly fitted to bearing blocks. Circular Plates Dia. - 160
mm (approx.)

2. AC / DC Motor, variable speed of FHP capacity, 1500 rpm, 230 V AC.

3. Main vertical frame No.1 made from thick MS Flat – for fixing Plate assembly.

4. Control panel consisting of On/Off switch, Pilot Lamp, Glass Fuse holder and Open type
Dimmer stat – 2 Amp capacity. Dimmer is provided to vary the speed as required.

5. RPM Indicator with non tachometer.

PROCEDURE:

Adjust the weight on the thin plates mounted on the shaft to a suitable angle on the angular
measurement tape attached on the pulley.

Switch on the power supply and run the motor .Note the RPM of shaft using tachometer by
sudden stop.

Likewise repeat the procedure by adding and removing the weights on the thin plates. Make
few trails until the initial RPM is achieved.

The trial which gives the approximate initial RPM is the stage where the balancing of thin
rotors is achieved.

By using Vibrometer measure the velocity, acceleration of the rotor.

EXPERIMENTATION:
1. To study & observe the effect of field balancing by adding various masses.
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

2. To draw Couple Polygon and Force Polygon to get the angles for balancing the unit after
adding weights to the discs (plates).
3. To measure the Velocity and Acceleration by using Vibrometer.

S.No Thin Weights Angular RPM

Plates Measurement
Initial Final
1 T1
2 T2
3 T3
4 T4

PRECAUTIONS:
1. While measuring the speed with tachometer do not exert pressure on rotor shaft. Use of Non-
contact type tachometer for measurement of motor speed will give better results.
2. Maintain to the normal speed to get accurate values.
RESULT: Balancing of thin rotors is made successfully.
INFERENCE:

VIVA QUESTION
1) What do you mean by field balancing?
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

EXPERIMENT - 7
DIAGNOSIS OF MACHINE USING FFT ANALYZER
Aim: Machine diagnosis using FFT analyzer.
Theory:
Mechanical Vibration in something which usually people like to avoid if they can expect in
some places where artificial vibrations are purposely generated to speed up pressure . This
mechanical vibration , if not within limits may caused damage to the materials, components
or structure associated with it. Under some circumstances such as in transport, on machine
floors , where the vibration is inevitable, the components associated have to withstand these
vibration. If such vibrations can be artificially generated on the components, their stability
reliability etc., at the end of the test can be studied. One such device to generate artificial
vibration is called ‘VIBRATION EXCITER’.

Description:

Vibration exciter is an electro dynamic type of device. It consists of a powerful magnet

placed central surrounding which is suspended the exciter coil. This assembly is enclosed
by a high permeability magnetic circuit for optimum performance and enough design care has
been observed to the leakage magnetic flux at the top of the Vibration table. When an
electrical current is passed through the Exciter coil a magnetic field is created around the
coil, these field interacts with the field due to the central permanent magnet and this results in
the upward or downward movement of the suspended coil depending upon the direction of
current flow in the coil. If an alternating current is injected in the coil, it moves up and down
continuously. Thus controlling the frequency of the coil current, the frequency of vibration is
controlled. By controlling the amount of current, the amplitude of vibration is controlled.

POWER AMPLIFIER is the control unit for the Exciter. This unit consists of a tunable sine
wave oscillator, a power amplifier to inject current in to exciter coil and protection circuits. A
tunable sine wave oscillator is designed around a voltage controlled oscillator using an integrated
circuit which produced triangle wave oscillations basically. A special circuit converts the
triangular wave into sine wave. Suitable buffer amplifiers are incorporated to produce distortion
less sine wave output with good amplitude stability and frequency response. The Power
amplifier uses all silicon transistors for stable and trouble free operation. Adequate heat
sinking is provided for the power transistor to operate at a comfortable temperature even
when the amplifier is delivering full power for an extend period of operation. Elaborate, fast
acting protection circuits are employed to render the amplifier almost foolproof . The output
voltage is continuously mentioned and when the level exceeds a present limit, OVER
VOLTAGE protection circuits operates cutting off the input to the amplifier, simultaneously
lighting over voltage indication LED on the front panel. Thus the power oscillator is designed
with up most care to render better and trouble free service to user.
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

Piezoelectric Transducer:

Piezo- electric crystals produce an emf when they are deformed. The force or displacement or
pressure to be measured is applied to the crystal. The pressure is applied to the crystal. The
pressure is applied to the crystal through a force summing member . This causes a
deformation which produces an emf that is function of the deformation. This output emf may
be measured to know the valve of applied force and hence the pressure. A Piezo-electric
material is one in which an electric potential appears across certain surfaces of a crystal if
the dimensions of the crystal are changed by the application of mechanical force. This
potential is produced by the displacement of changer. The effect is reversible, is conversely,
if a varying potential is applied to the proper axis of the crystal, it will change the
dimensions of the crystal thereby informing it. This effect is known as Piezo- electric
material include Rochelle salts, ammonium dihydrogen, phosphate quarts and ceramic A and
B , except for quarts and ceramics A and B, the core are manmade crystals are
polycrystalline in nature. They are, basically, made of the ceramic materials are polycrystalline
in nature. They are, basically, made of sodium titanate. They do not have piezo- electric
properties in their original state but these properties are produced by special polarizing
treatment. The materials that exhibit a significant and useful piezo-electric effect are divided
into two categories :

i) Natural group
ii) Synthetic group.

Quarts and Rochelle salt belong to natural group while materials like lithium sulphate,
ethylene diamante tar ate belong to the Synthetic group. The Piezo-electric effect can be made
to respond to (or cause ) mechanical deformations of the material in many different nodes.
The modes can be :-

Thickness expansions, Thickness shear and face shear, the mode effected depends on the
shape of the body relative to the crystal exist and location of the electrodes. A piezo-
electric element used for converting mechanical motion to electrical signals may be thought as
change generator and a capacitor , mechanical deformation generates a change and discharge
appears as a voltage across the electrodes. The voltage is E = Q / C.

Controls for solid state power amplifier & oscillator

POWER ON : DPDT Switch supplies 230 V AC Mains to instruments.

COURSE : 2 way switch is to select the different range of Frequency .

FREQUENCY : Single turn potentiometer is to fine adjust the Frequency.

GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

C /S : Analog meter is to observed frequency.

POWER CHORD : 5 Amps 3 pin 3 core cable is to interconnect the 230 V A.C Mains &
Instrument.

FUSE : 2 Amps fuse protect the instrument from any short circuit or Over load.

CAUTION : Do not remove the fuse cap while power chord is connected to 230 v a.c.
mains.

VIBRATION SET UP :-

AIM: Measurement of vibration Para meters.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Oscillator power amplifier, vibration exciter.

PROCEDURE

1) Connect power amplifies o/p to the vibration exciter.

2) Place the vibration pick up on the vibration exciter spindle .
3) Connect vibration pick up cable to the vibration analyser sensor socket.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VIBRATION SET UP

Vibration pick up

Power Amplifier Vibration Exciter Vibration Analyzer

S.No Frequency(Hz) Displacement Velocity Acceleration

Precautions:

1) Check the power supply before switch on the machine.

2) Supply only required amount of current, excess supply may lead to failure.
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

3) Connect the probes properly to the power amplifier box

Result: Machine structure has been diagnosed using FFT analyzer.

Inference:

Viva Questions
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

EXPERIMENT – 8
DETERMINATION OF NATURAL FREQUENCY USING FFT ANALYZER

Aim: To determine natural frequency using FFT analyzer.

Theory:
Mechanical Vibration in something which usually people like to avoid if they can expect in
some places where artificial vibrations are purposely generated to speed up pressure . This
mechanical vibration , if not within limits may caused damage to the materials, components
or structure associated with it. Under some circumstances such as in transport, on machine
floors , where the vibration is inevitable, the components associated have to withstand these
vibration. If such vibrations can be artificially generated on the components, their stability
reliability etc., at the end of the test can be studied. One such device to generate artificial
vibration is called ‘VIBRATION EXCITER’.

Description:

Vibration exciter is an electro dynamic type of device. It consists of a powerful magnet placed
central surrounding which is suspended the exciter coil. This assembly is enclosed by a high
permeability magnetic circuit for optimum performance and enough design care has been
observed to the leakage magnetic flux at the top of the Vibration table. When an electrical
current is passed through the Exciter coil a magnetic field is created around the coil, these
field interacts with the field due to the central permanent magnet and this results in the
upward or downward movement of the suspended coil depending upon the direction of
current flow in the coil. If an alternating current is injected in the coil, it moves up and down
continuously. Thus controlling the frequency of the coil current, the frequency of vibration is
controlled. By controlling the amount of current, the amplitude of vibration is controlled.

POWER AMPLIFIER is the control unit for the Exciter. This unit consists of a tunable sine
wave oscillator, a power amplifier to inject current in to exciter coil and protection circuits. A
tunable sine wave oscillator is designed around a voltage controlled oscillator using an integrated
circuit which produced triangle wave oscillations basically. A special circuit converts the
triangular wave into sine wave. Suitable buffer amplifiers are incorporated to produce distortion
less sine wave output with good amplitude stability and frequency response. The Power
amplifier uses all silicon transistors for stable and trouble free operation. Adequate heat
sinking is provided for the power transistor to operate at a comfortable temperature even
when the amplifier is delivering full power for an extend period of operation. Elaborate, fast
acting protection circuits are employed to render the amplifier almost foolproof . The output
voltage is continuously mentioned and when the level exceeds a present limit, OVER
VOLTAGE protection circuits operates cutting off the input to the amplifier, simultaneously
GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

lighting over voltage indication LED on the front panel. Thus the power oscillator is designed
with up most care to render better and trouble free service to user.

Controls for solid state power amplifier & oscillator

POWER ON : DPDT Switch supplies 230 V AC Mains to instruments.

COURSE : 2 way switch is to select the different range of Frequency.

FREQUENCY : Single turn potentiometer is to fine adjust the Frequency.

C /S : Analog meter is to observed frequency.

POWER CHORD : 5 Amps 3 pin 3 core cable is to interconnect the 230 V A.C Mains &
Instrument.

FUSE : 2 Amps fuse protect the instrument from any short circuit or over load.

CAUTION : Do not remove the fuse cap while power chord is connected to 230 V a.c.
mains.

VIBRATION SET UP:-

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Oscillator power amplifier, vibration exciter.

PROCEDURE

1) Connect power amplifies o/p to the vibration exciter.

2) Place the vibration pick up on the vibration exciter spindle .
3) Connect vibration pick up cable to the vibration analyser sensor socket.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VIBRATION SET UP

S.No Frequency(Hz) Displacement Velocity Acceleration

GNITC/SET/DME KINEMATICS&DYNAMICS LAB

Precautions:

1) Check the power supply before switch on the machine.

2) Supply only required amount of current, excess supply may lead to failure.
3) Connect the probes properly to the power amplifier box.
4) Ensure proper connections to the computer.

Result: Natural frequency of vibrating system is found using FFT analyzer.

Inference:

Viva Questions