QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH:

1. Describe six (6) factors that affect solubility.

A. Temperature- The solubility of most solvents increases with temperature. For gases as the
temperature increases, they become less soluble in each other and in water, but more soluble in organic
solvents.

B. Polarity- If the solvent contains polar molecules (e.g., water), polar solutes will be more
attracted to the solvent than will nonpolar solutes. Nonpolar solutes will have some attraction to polar
molecules, via dipole–induced dipole actions, but the magnitudes of these attractions will be much
smaller. Therefore, polar solutes will generally be more soluble in polar solvents.

C. Pressure- Solid and liquid solutes. For majority of solid and liquid solutes, pressure does not
affect solubility.

D. Gas solutes- As for gasses the Henry's law states that solubility of gas is directly proportional
to the pressure of this gas. A good example of this is what we observed when opening a bottle of
carbonated drink, the decrease of pressure in a bottle causes the gas that was dissolved in the drink
bubbles out of it.

E. Molecular size- The larger the molecules of the solute are, the larger is their molecular weight
and their size. The bigger the molecule the harder it is for the solvent to surround or dissolve it. Larger
particles are generally less soluble. If the pressure, and temperature are the same than out of two solutes
of the same polarity, the one with smaller particles is usually more soluble.

F. Stirring increases the speed of dissolving -Stirring only increases the speed of the process -
it increases movement of the solvent which result to the exposure of solute to fresh portions of the
solvent, thus enabling solubility. Molecules in liquid substances are in constant move, the dissolution will
take place but it would take more time than stirring it.

G. Ionization of solute and solvent, and pH of the solvent- The pH of the solvent can greatly
impact the solubility of ionizable sol-utes. Acidic drugs are less soluble in acid solutions because more of
the drug tends to be in the unionized form, which is less able to interact with the solvent (water) than the
ionized form.

2. What are the advantages of water as a solvent?

Water is known to be the universal solvent. It has the capability to dissolve variety of different
substances. Water molecules have a polar arrangement of the oxygen (-) and hydrogen (+) atoms. This
allows the water molecule to become attracted to many other different types of molecules. Water can
become so heavily attracted to a different molecule, like salt (NaCl), that it can disrupt the attractive
forces that hold the sodium and chloride in the salt molecule together and, thus, dissolve it. Aside from
solvent, water is essential for kidneys and other bodily functions. It prevents the vulnerability to skin
disorders and wrinkling.

3. Give the synonym, and enumerate and define the pharmacologic uses of the solutions that you have
prepared.

A. Calcium Hydroxide Solution

Synonyms: Liquor Calcii Hydroxidi, Liquor Calcis, Aqua Calcariae

Pharmacologic use: Astringent- causing a tightening of soft organic tissues

B. Strong Iodine Solution

Synonyms: Liquor Iodi Fortis, Lugol Solution, Solutio Iodi Aquosa, Compound Iodine Solution

Pharmacologic uses:(a) Germicide- destroys germs or microbes; (b) Fungicide- destroys fungus; (c)
Antiseptic- stops or slows down the growth of microorganisms; (d) Disinfectant- destroys bacteria; (e)
Dermatological- medicinal agent for application to the skin
 C. Anticoagulant Sodium Citrate Solution

Synonyms: Liquor Sodii Citratis Anticoagulans

Pharmacologic uses: Anticoagulant- prevents blood from clotting

4. Rationalize the following:

A. Cooled purified water is the solvent used in the preparation of calcium hydroxide
solution.

Lime water is kept in undissolved calcium hydroxide to insure a saturated solution. Calcium
hydroxide is sparingly soluble in water and less soluble in hot water than in cold. A deposition of calcium
hydroxide takes place when heated which redissolves on cooling.

B. Potassium iodide is added in the preparation of Strong iodine solution

The reason why Potassium Iodine is added in the preparation of strong iodine solution is that
Iodine is only slightly soluble in water, therefore adding potassium iodine in the preparation will rapidly
converts the iodine to the much more soluble triiodine ion. In short, it is used to be able to attain much
higher concentrations of iodine in aqueous solution.

C. Water for injection is used as a solvent in the preparation of anticoagulant sodium

The reason while sterile water for injection was used as a solvent for the preparation of
anticoagulant sodium citrate solution is because of its nature and quality without significant
contamination. This water for injection is known to be sterile, non-pyrogenic and contains no bacteriostatic
or antimicrobial agents. It is also a diluent or solvent suitable for intravascular injection after first having
been made approximately isotonic by the addition of suitable solute.

5. Describe the proper packaging and storage of the solutions that you have prepared.

A. Calcium Hydroxide Solution

Proper packaging: Since Calcium hydroxide solution is used externally, the color of its paper label
must be in red.

Storage: It must be stored in an airtight container because calcium hydroxide is air sensitive. It
should be stored at room temperature. Also, Calcium hydroxide should be stored in a designated
corrosives cabinet inside a secondary container and labeled as “corrosive”. Store in a cool, dry, well-
ventilated area away from incompatible substances.

B. Strong Iodine Solution

Proper packaging: Since Strong Iodine solution is used externally, the color of its paper label must
be in red.

Storage: Keep tightly closed. Protect from light. Store at controlled room temperature 15°-30°C
(59°-86°F).

C. Anticoagulant Sodium Citrate Solution USP

Proper packaging: Preserve in single –dose containers. Its paper label must be in white since it is
used internally.

Storage: Store at up to 25 °C
6. Tabulate the advantages and disadvantages of strong iodine solution, tincture of iodine, and povidone
iodine solution.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Strong Iodine  It is used along with anti-thyroid  The indigestion of large quantities
Solution medicines to prepare of iodine may cause abdominal
the thyroid gland for surgical pain, nausea, vomiting, and even
removal and to treat diarrhea.
certain overactive  This may contain inactive
thyroid conditions. ingredients, which can cause
 It works by shrinking the size of allergic reactions or other problems.
the thyroid gland and by  Repeated dosing increases the risk
decreasing the amount of thyroid of blocking thyroid function,
hormones the body makes. possibly affecting
 It protects the thyroid gland after the newborn's brain development.
radioactive iodine treatment or in  This drug passes into breast milk
a radiation exposure emergency, and may have undesirable effects
protecting it from damage and on a nursing infant.
reducing the risk of thyroid
cancer.
Tincture of  Iodine reduces thyroid hormone  Iodine tincture is not a
Iodine and can kill fungus, bacteria, and recommended source of solely-
other microorganisms such as nutritional iodine. Nutritional
amoebas. iodine is better supplied in the
 The iodide in tincture of iodine form of the less
used as a water disinfectant does toxic iodide or iodate salts, which
supply more than adequate the body can easily convert to
nutritional iodine, perhaps 30 or thyroid hormone.
more times the recommended  In both children and adults, there is
daily allowance per liter or quart. concern that higher intake can
Application of tincture or Lugol's increase the risk of side effects such
to the skin also results in as thyroid problems.
absorption and bioavailability of  People with autoimmune thyroid
some moderate fraction of the disease may be especially sensitive
iodine. to the harmful side effects of iodine.
Povidone Iodine  Povidone iodine is an effective  Topical use of povidone-iodine
Solution antiseptic that does not impede immediately prior to delivery has
wound healing. resulted in iodine overload in
 No acquired bacterial resistance breast-feeding infants in the
or cross-resistance has been postpartum period, and may lead
reported for iodine. to transient hypothyroidism.
 Povidone iodine has traditionally  Safety and efficacy of the non-
been used by surgeons as a prescription use of povidone-
preoperative antiseptic. Cheaper iodine products have not been
than topical antibiotics, it is established in infants or children.
recognized as a staple solution
for preparing the eye for
surgery.
 Povidone iodine has many
potential advantages over some
current popular medications,
including broader antibacterial
spectrum, lack of identifiable
bacterial resistances and
significantly lower price.
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