Guidelines on Environment al Management of C&D Wast e Management in India (Draft 2017)

Name of report:
Guidelines on Environmental Management of C&D Waste Management in India
(CPCB’s Draft February 2017)

INDEX OF CONTENTS
1. C&D Waste Management Rules, 2016 - Notification
2. Definition of C&D w aste & Applicability of the Rules
3. Bulk C&D w aste generators
4. Guidelines on Environmental Management of C&D Waste Management in India
5. Objectives and scope of the Guidelines
6. Uncertainty in quantum of generation of C & D waste
7. Thumb rules for estimation of C&D waste generation for India
8. Composition of C & D w aste is project specific
9. Environmental degradation in cities due to indiscriminate disposal of C&D w astes
10. Effective C&D Waste Management is an approach to conservation of natural resources and creating
employment opportunities
11. Thrust areas in C&D waste management – National Building Code (NBC)
12. ‘Sustainable Model’ on C&D waste management
13. The Rules promotes C&D waste utilization
14. Type of C&D wastes products suggested under Rules
15. Initiatives to promote recycling of C&D w aste in India
16. Roadmap for C&D waste management - Targets & timelines
17. Hierarchy in w aste management
18. Options in C&D waste processing / recycling facilities
19. Guidelines w.r.t. Building Sector - Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC)
20. Guidelines w.r.t. Building Sector - Central Public Works Department (CPWD)
21. Necessary guidance for setting up C&D w aste management operations
22. Separation distances ( or buffer area )
23. Common environmental impacts from C&D operations
24. Environmental pollutants highlighted under C&D Waste Management Rules
25. Overview of environmental impacts from C&D operations
26. P ublic complaints – mainly on NOISE generation
27. NOISE mitigation strategies in C&D operations

28. DUST –environmental pollutant in C&D waste operations

29. DUST mitigation strategies in C&D operations
30. Other pollution abatement measures and safety issues
31. C&D w aste processing facility – ‘ORANGE’ category activity
32. Some GOOD PRACTICEs in C&D waste management
33. Initiatives by some civic bodies (ULBs) in C&D waste management

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C&D Waste Management Rules, 2016 - Notification

The Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management Rules, 2016 was notified
vide G.S.R. 317(E) 29th March, 2016 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change (MoEF&CC).

Definition of C&D waste & Applicability of the Rules

As per Rule 3 (c) "construction and demolition waste" means waste comprising of
building materials, debris and rubble resulting from construction, re-modeling, repair
and demolition of any civil structure.
The rules shall apply to every waste resulting from construction, re-modeling, repair
and demolition of any civil structure of individual or organization or authority who
generates construction and demolition waste such as building materials, debris,
rubble.
Note in many countries also include surplus and damaged products and materials
arising in the course of construction work or used temporarily during the course of on-
site activities.

Bulk C&D waste generators

a. Under Rule 3 under Definitions – sub-rule (1)(j) “waste generator” means any
person or association of persons or institution, residential and commercial
establishments including Indian Railways, Airport, Port and Harbour and Defence
establishments who undertakes construction of or demolition of any civil structure
which generate construction and demolition waste.
b. Under Rule 4 sub-rule (3) :
Waste generators who generate more than 20 tons or more in one day or 300 tons
per project in a month are bulk C&D waste generators. As per the Rules, the
segregation by bulk C&D waste generators shall be done into four streams such as:
i. concrete
ii. soil
iii. steel, wood and plastics, bricks and mortar

Guidelines on Environmental Management of C&D Waste Management in India

The draft “Guidelines on Environmental Management of C&D Waste Management in
India (2017)” has been prepared by CPCB in compliance of under Duties of the
Central Pollution Control Board under Rule 10 sub-rule 1(a) of Construction and

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Demolition (C&D) Waste Management Rules, 2016 states ‘-prepare operational

GUIDELINES related to environmental management of construction and demolition
waste management’. Part II is in compliance of the above-mentioned rule.
CPCB has constituted an expert Committee to advise it on matters pertaining to
Implementation of C&D Waste Management Rules, 2016 that includes the above
Guidelines.

Objectives and scope of the Guidelines

The key objectives of the Guidelines are intended to:
a. promote an integrated approach , whereby environmental management of
construction and demolition waste is given due consideration throughout
the duration of the project ;
b. approach has been towards reduction of environmental impacts
c. provide both general and specific guidance in relation to the preparation of
satisfactory construction and demolition waste management plans for
projects which exceed a specified threshold size
These Guidelines - ‘Guidelines on Environmental Management of C&D Waste
Management in India ‘have been prepared with the primary objective to encourage an
integrated approach to construction and demolition (C&D) waste management
(includes C&D waste processing facilities) and provide both general and specific
guidance in relation to the preparation of satisfactory environmental construction and
demolition waste management practices in cities with varying population.
The scope of the guidelines is to serve as a guiding tool :
a) In preparation of project specific C&D Waste Management Plans for those
generating more than 20 tons or more in one day or 300 tons per project in a
month of installed capacity (bulk generators) in cities with more than million
plus population.
The applicability of such Plans shall cover public and private sector developmental
projects to assist all stakeholders to provide a platform for determining the
adequacy of a project specific C&D Waste Management Plan w.r.t. reduction of
environmental impacts.
b) To provide general guidance in relation to the preparation of satisfactory
environmental construction and demolition waste management practices in cities
with less than one million population

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The guidelines recommends pollution mitigation measures in operation of C&D dump

sites/waste processing facilities. The reference to ‘operators; in these Guidelines
imply operators of bulk C&D waste management/waste recycling facilities (henceforth
referred to as ‘operator(s).

Uncertainty in quantum of generation of C & D waste

There is an uncertainty of the quantum of generation of C&D wastes in India either
per month or annually. There are several factors contributing the to the uncertainty
they are level of urbanization, rate of growth of cities and the development plans
w.r.t. landuse. The quantum of C&D waste generation figures vary however on an
average C&D waste accounts for about 30 percent of all solid waste produced in a
city.

The quantum of generation of C&D waste estimates available are given below:
a. 10 MT -15 MT (MT – million tonnes) per year by MoUD (2000);
b. 12 MT - 15 MT by TIFAC (2001);
c. 10 MT -12 MT by MoEF (2010) and
d. 12 MT by CPCB
e. 165-175 MT per annum during 2005-2013 (BMTC)
Forecast: Presently, C & D waste generation in India accounts upto 23.75 million
tons annually and these figures are likely to double fold upto 2016. (Source
International Society of Waste Management, India)

Thumb rules for estimation of C&D waste generation for India

Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council's ( TIFAC) thumb rules
for estimation of C&D waste recognises that the generation is project specific, TIFAC’s
C&D waste estimation are as follows :
i. Range 40-60 kg per sq.m of new construction,
ii. Range 40-50 kg per sq.m of building repair
iii. Range 300-500 kg per sq.m for demolition of buildings.
From the above it may be noted that the highest waste generation comes from
demolition of buildings. C&D waste generation figures for any region fluctuate as it
depends largely on the type & nature of construction/demolition activities.

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Composition of C & D waste is project specific

1. The composition of C & D waste can vary depending on age of building being
demolished / renovated or the type of buildings being constructed. As mentioned
earlier, C&D waste generation figures for any region fluctuate as it depends largely
on the type and nature of construction / demolition activities.
2. Demolition waste characteristics : In India, when old buildings are demolished,
the major demolition waste is soil, sand and gravel (26%), bricks & masonry (32%),
Concretes (28%), metal (6%), wood (3%) others (5%). Bricks, tiles, woods and iron
metal are sold for reuse / recycling.(BMTPC)
3. The typical composition of Indian C & D waste: The major constituents are
concrete, soil, bricks, wood, asphalt and metal. Brick & masonary, soil, sand &
gravel account for over 60% of total waste. ( Source- Municipal Corporation of
Delhi , Burari facility )
4. Excavations, concrete, masonry and wood together constitute over 90% of all C&D
waste

Environmental degradation in cities due to indiscriminate disposal of C&D

wastes
As per C&D Waste Rules (Rule 4 sub-rule (4)) there should be no littering or deposition
of construction and demolition waste so as to prevent obstruction to the traffic or the
public or drains
Instances of environmental degradation caused in cities due to indiscriminate disposal
of C&D waste are listed below:
i. Due to lack of options for dumping in designated sites, low lying areas or
abandoned quarries, vacant plots or sometimes even the outskirts of the
city often become targets for dumping debris from the construction and
demolition (C&D) of a city.
ii. Often C&D is dumped on roadsides quietly by C&D waste generators.
iii. Private contractors remove waste to privately owned, low-lying land for a
price, or more commonly, dump it in an un-authorized manner along roads
or other public land.
iv. C&D debris is being indiscriminately dumped in drains (nallahs) which clogs
drains and encourages growth of mosquitos and other disease causing
environment.

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v. There are cases reported cases C&D wastes are used to illegally fill up water
bodies and wetlands around urban centres for real estate development.
vi. As C&D waste forms a part of solid waste it gets disposed in landfills, as this
is the cheapest option of disposal of C&D waste.
vii. C&D waste from individual households finds its way into nearby municipal
bins and waste storage depots making the municipal waste heavy, and
degrading its quality for treatments such as composting or energy recovery.

Effective C&D Waste Management is an approach to conservation of natural

resources and creating employment opportunities
Some key benefits of efficient recycling and reusing of C&D waste are listed below :
i. Reduces the pressure for utilisation of new construction materials / need for
further mining operations. Mining activity if not properly monitored degrades
the environment
ii. Reduction of demand for energy and water in manufacture of building
materials from mined / naturals resources (thereby reducing GHGs and
environmental impacts arising from mining , manufacturing and
transportation)
iii. Reduces quantum of transportation and disposal of C&D wastes to be
handled
iv. Proper segregation of C & D waste avoids mixing with bio-degradable waste
destined for MSW treatment facilities/landfills
v. Promotes options for use of products from C&D waste
vi. Roads sides and vacant plots could be freed from debris dumps thereby giving
cities a better facelift
vii. Creates employment generation:
a. C&D waste management activities (segregation , reuse & recycling)
being labour intensive activities, generate employment opportunities
b. The manufacturing & sale of recycled products creates a market this
further opens further job opportunities.

Thrust areas in C&D waste management – National Building Code (NBC)

Some key thrust areas (NBC 2005) regarding C&D waste reuse/recycling :

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1. Establish utilization of C&D wastes in concrete and concrete based products by

preparing standards
2. Quality control and certification
3. Need for popularizing products from C&D waste
4. R&D activities on continuous basis in tandem with manufacturing industry and
users
5. Achieving environment protection through C&D waste utilization
6. Optimizing utilization pattern of traditional materials by interfacing the same
with supplementary materials.

‘Sustainable Model’ on C&D waste management

The key components of a ‘Sustainable Model’ on Construction and Demolition (C&D)
Waste Management Rules 2016 can include the following:
i. Proper estimation of C&D waste generation
ii. Initiatives from the local administration / civic bodies
iii. Identified sites and approval of land for development of integrated C&D
processing facilities
iv. Specifications / standards for recycled C&D waste products
v. Landfill levy
vi. Awareness campaign
vii. List out and mandate use of recycled products from C&D wastes
viii. Research on economically viable C&D recycling options
ix. Map all water bodies in a city / region

The Rules promotes C&D waste utilization

The Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management Rules, 2016 promotes
C&D waste utilization.
Under Rule (6) under Duties of Local Authority , the following sub-rules states :
i. sub-rule (9) ‘shall device appropriate measures in consultation with expert
institutions for management of construction and demolition waste generated
including processing facility and for using the recycled products in the best
possible manner’;
ii. sub-rule (10) ‘shall create a sustained system of information, education and
communication (IEC) for construction and demolition waste through

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collaboration with expert institutions and civil societies and also

disseminate through their own website’;
iii. sub-rule (11) ‘shall make provision for giving incentives for use of material
made out of construction and demolition waste in the construction activity
including in non-structural concrete, paving blocks, lower layers of road
pavements, colony and rural roads’.
Under Rule (7) mentions the ‘Criteria for storage, processing or recycling facilities for
construction and demolition (C&D) waste and application of construction and
demolition waste and its products.’
Under Schedule I (Rule (7) (1)): Construction and demolition waste shall be utilized in
sanitary landfill for municipal solid waste of the city or region as mentioned under
Schedule I’.
a) The Rule (7) sub-rule (3) gives Application of materials made from construction
and demolition waste in operation of sanitary landfill shall be as per the criteria
given in Schedule II.
b) The Rule (9) sub-rule (4) mentions that the ‘Procurement of materials made
from construction and demolition waste shall be made mandatory to a certain
percentage (say 10-20%) in municipal and Government contracts subject to strict
quality control.’
c) Rule (11) under Duties of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and Indian Roads
Congress (IRC) ‘The Bureau of Indian Standards and Indian Roads Congress shall
be responsible for preparation of code of practices and standards for use of
recycled materials and products of construction and demolition waste in respect of
construction activities and the role of Indian Road Congress shall be specific to the
standards and practices pertaining to construction of roads.’

Type of C&D wastes products suggested under Rules

The C&D wastes products suggested under the Construction and Demolition (C&D)
Waste Management Rules, 2016 are as follows :
i. Under Rule (6) under Duties of Local Authority : sub-rule (11) ‘shall make
provision for giving incentives for use of material made out of construction
and demolition waste in the construction activity including in non-structural
concrete, paving blocks, lower layers of road pavements, colony and rural
roads’.

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ii. Under Schedule I (Rule (7) (1)): Construction and demolition waste shall be
utilized in sanitary landfill for municipal solid waste of the city or region as
mentioned under Schedule I’. The Rule (7) sub-rule (3) gives Application of
materials made from construction and demolition waste in operation of
sanitary landfill shall be as per the criteria given in Schedule II.
iii. The Rule (9) sub-rule (4) mentions that the ‘Procurement of materials
made from construction and demolition waste shall be made mandatory to a
certain percentage (say 10-20%) in municipal and Government contracts
subject to strict quality control.’

Initiatives to promote recycling of C&D waste in India

“The demand for aggregates in 2007 has seen an increase by five percent, to over 21
billion tones, the largest being in developing countries like example India”. (Study by
Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand for some Asian countries included India ,
report released in May 2008). Construction accounts for nearly 65 per cent of the total
investment in infrastructure and the trend is increasing, it hence all the more
important how to effectively manage C&D waste w.r.t. reuse & recycle. Some key
initiatives on C&D C&D waste management in India is given below :
1. Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) : Ministry of Urban Development vide
circular dated June 28, 2012, directed States to set-up such facilities in all cities
with a population of over 10 lakh. ( one million plus cities ) to establish
environment friendly C&D recycling facilities ( eference base being the first C&D
waste processing facility commissioned in Delhi in Burari model ). The MoUD
report ‘Technical Aspects of Processing and Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste’,
Swach Bharat Mission (MoUD 2016) also recognises the need for C&D waste
management Page 227)
2. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC): India has
provisions for the protection and improvement of the environment in its
constitution. Environmental considerations have been integrated into all levels
and the National Environment Policy of 2006, incorporation of the concept of 3Rs,
is reflected in all the notified waste management rules (MSW, plastic, BMW, HW ,
e-wastes). A Report of the Committee to ‘Evolve Road Map on Management of
Wastes in India (2010)’ highlights C&D problems, it recognised the utility of the

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waste and also acknowledged lack of data on the waste generation. The C&D
Waste Management Rules, 2016 were notified by MoEF&CC vide notification no.
G.S.R. 317(E) dated 29th March, 2016.
3. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS ):
Under the Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management Rules, 2016
Rule (11) under Duties of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and Indian Roads
Congress (IRC) ‘The Bureau of Indian Standards and Indian Roads Congress shall
be responsible for preparation of code of practices and standards for use of
recycled materials and products of construction and demolition waste in respect of
construction activities .’ Earlier there were no specifications or codes for C&D
waste processing / products / recycling however BIS IS: 383 was the principal
driver , the standard for coarse and fine aggregates for use in concrete was revised
in January, 2016, permitting use of recycled aggregates up to 25% in plain
concrete, 20% in reinforced concrete of M-25 or lower grade and up to 100% in
lean concretes of grade less than M-15.
National Building Code (NBC) of India 2005 : Part 11 of NBC 2005 on ‘Approach to
Sustainability’, states that :
a. Recycled Coarse Aggregate may be used in concrete for bulk fills, bank
protection, base/fill of drainage structures, pavements, sidewalks, kerbs
and gutters etc.
b. Up to 30 percent of natural crushed coarse aggregate can be replaced by the
recycled concrete aggregate
c. This percentage can be increased up to 50 percent for pavements and other
areas which are under pure compression
4. Building Material & Technology Promoting Council (BMTPC): BMTPC in 2016
released “Guidelines for utilization of C&D waste in construction of dwelling units
and related infrastructure in housing schemes of the Government”. The guidelines
on Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste addressed the building industry
5. Central Pubic Works Division (CPWD) : : The guidelines “Guidelines for Sustainable
Habitat (March 2014 )” are based on reports of National Mission on ‘Sustainable
Habitat’ by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) and draft code on
"Approach to Sustainability" as part of National Building Code (NBC 2005). The
PART IV of the Guidelines for ‘Sustainable Habitat’ discusses ‘Guidelines on reuse

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and recycling of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste’. The guidelines on

Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste addressed the building industry activity.

Roadmap for C&D waste management - Targets & timelines

In MOEF Performance Audit was conducted during July 2007 to December 2007
through document analysis, collection of responses to questionnaires, physical
collection and testing of samples. Records and documents relating to the issue in the
Performance Audit were examined and a key observation was:
‘MoEF, in consultation with the states, should prepare an action plan for the
reduction, reuse and recycling of waste with clearly defined numerical targets as well
as timelines for the achievement of targets.’

Roadmap w.r.t. Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste’ has addressed the above
issues as discussed below :
1. The NUMERICAL TARGETS :
a. The numerical targets for commissioning processing facilities utilisation of
C&D waste is Cities are based on population
i. Cities with population of 01 million and above
ii. Cities with population of 0.5-01 million
iii. Cities with population of less than 0.5 million
b. The numerical targets for based on quantum of C&D waste generation
Waste generators who generate more than 20 tons or more in one day or 300
tons per project in a month are bulk C&D waste generators.
c. The numerical targets for Utilisation of C&D waste products :
The Rule (9) sub-rule (4) mentions that the ‘Procurement of materials
made from construction and demolition waste shall be made mandatory to a
certain percentage (say 10-20%) in municipal and Government contracts
subject to strict quality control.’
d. The numerical targets for setting recycling targets for C&D wastes facilities :
Landfill has been the traditional disposal destination for C&D waste or low
lying areas or roadsides. However w.r.t. the waste management hierarchy ,
priority is given to resource value of the discarded materials vis-à-vis
constraint on landfill areas. Thus, recycling gets the highest attention in
waste management programs. To begin with setting a target of 80%

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recycling of C&D waste with a timeline specified by civic authority depending

on the type of construction / demolition activity may be explored.
Under the C&D waste Rules 2016 ‘Exemption from the compliance of norms
(Schedule I (14)) , The following are exempted from the norms of pollution from
dust and noise as mentioned above:
i. For construction work, where at least 80 percent construction and
demolition waste is recycled or
ii. reused in-situ and sufficient buffer area is available to protect the
surrounding habitation from any adverse impact.
2. The TIMELINES for achievement of targets :
The roadmap for implementation of Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste
Rules 2016 : Under Schedule III Timeframe for Planning and Implementation off
the C&D Waste Rules [See Rule 13] (see below)

Schedule III [See Rule 13]

Timeframe for Planning and Implementation
Compliance Criteria Cities with Cities with Cities with
population of population of population of
>=one million 0.5-01 million < 0.5 million
1. Formulation of policy by 12 months 12 months 12 months
State Government
2. Identification of sites for
collection & processing 18 months 18 months 18 months
facility
3. Commissioning and 18 months 24 months 36 months
implementation of the
facility
4. Monitoring by SPCBs 3 times a year / 2 times a year / 2 times a year /
in 4 months once in 6 months Once in 6 months

Hierarchy in waste management

According to United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), waste management
includes both the components of prevention and disposal of waste. The waste
management hierarchy can be traced back to the 1970s, when the environment
movement started to criticize the practice of disposal-based waste management. It
regarded ‘waste’ argued that as it was made up of different materials it should be
treated differently :

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• Reduce its production

• Explore its reuse and recycle potential
• Final disposal
According to this hierarchy, the priority of any country should be to extract the
maximum practical benefits from products and prevent and minimize the waste that is
generated. Thus, strategies for waste disposal should focus on waste prevention and
minimization through the ‘3 Rs’ - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
to this hierarchy, waste disposal strategies are ‘end of the pipe’ solutions and should
be the least favoured option. Emphasis on waste prevention and waste minimization
would ensure that less waste is being produced which needs to be disposed. Waste
prevention means measures aiming at the reduction of the quantity and harmfulness
for the environment of diverse waste streams. Prevention is the most desirable waste
management option as it eliminates the need for handling, transporting, recycling or
disposal of waste. It provides the highest level of environmental protection by
optimizing the use of resources and by removing a potential source of pollution.
Reducing waste includes any process or activity that avoids, reduces or eliminates
waste at its source or results in reuse or recycling.
Regarding MSW , waste disposal typically involves the collection, transportation and
finally, disposal of waste. Disposing waste in a landfill is the most traditional method
of waste disposal and a properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic
and relatively inexpensive method of disposing waste materials in a way that
minimizes their impact on the local environment. However the same cannot be applied
to C&D waste , prevention at source ( encourage on – site management ) is the
preferable approach in waste management, since this removes the need for its
subsequent handling, transportation and treatment.

Options in C&D waste processing / recycling facilities

As major components of Construction and Demolition (C&D) Wastes have the
potential to be reused or recycled most of the city ULBs are gearing to set up
integrated facilities of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste collection and
recycling facilities. Profitable use of recycled C&D waste minimises the cost of
managing such waste and requirement for valuable landfill space, besides giving

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employment opportunities to unemployed youth. It will also save on mining of natural

resources and reduce transportation costs.
Three general ways to reuse C&D waste material in a building :
a) reuse the structure (corresponding to renovation and design for adaptability)
b) reuse the elements (corresponding to re-development) and
c) recycle the material (corresponding to re-processing or re-cycling )

The three possible options that can be explored in C&D waste recycling (AIT study -
2008 )
a) Mobile C&D waste recycling
b) Semi-Mobile C&D waste recycling
c) Stationary plant C&D waste recycling
A brief of the three options are given below :
a. In the Mobile C&D waste recycling plant , the material is crushed and screened
and ferrous impurities are separated through magnetic separation. The plant is
transported to the demolition site itself and is suited to process only non-
contaminated concrete or masonry waste.
b. In the semi-mobile C&D waste recycling plant, removal of contaminants is
carried out manually and the end product is also screened. Magnetic
separation for removal of ferrous material is carried out. End product quality is
better than that of a Mobile unit. These plants are not capable to process a of
mixed demolition waste containing matter like metal, wood, plastic, etc.
c. Stationary C&D waste recycling plant plants are equipped for carrying out
crushing, screening as well as purification to separate the contaminants. (ex.
the 1st C&D waste processing facility commissioned in Delhi in Burari and
operated by IL&FS )
Options a & b options are often fund to be practical for on-site operations as LAND
availability and transportation in cities are MAJOR constraints besides public
resistance to set up C&D facilities (Stationary plant C&D waste recycling).

Guidelines w.r.t. Building Sector - Building Materials and Technology Promotion

Council (BMTPC)

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The demand of building materials for 2021-22 has been reckoned by Building
Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) as cement 380 million tonne,
steel 50 million tonne, bricks 600 billion numbers, aggregate 400 million cubic meters
and timber 40 million cubic meters. Data show that there is a considerable amount of
shortage of conventional and traditional building materials in India. BMTPC in year
2016 (ANNEXURE) released “Guidelines for utilization of C&D waste in
construction of dwelling units and related infrastructure in housing schemes of
the Government”. The construction and demolition (C&D) waste discussed in this
report pertains to building industry. Salient features are given below :
i. The BMTPC Guidelines recognizes the importance given in Schedule III on time -
frame for planning and Implementation [See Rule 13] in the C&D Waste Man-
agement Rules 2016 notified by MoEF&CC vide G.S.R. no. 317(E) dated 29th March,
2016
ii. Cities with population > one million : MoUD vide its circular dated 28th June,
2012 all states to set up C&D waste recycling facilities in all cities with population
of over 1 million.
a) Bulk generators : The agencies that generate C&D waste in bulk quantity to
deliver the C&D debris at the recycling plant
b) Fee on bulk generators : The terms and conditions with the concessionaire
and the fee levied on bulk producer of C&D waste are made available at a
price at least 20% lower than corresponding materials from natural
resources.
c) Criteria for setting up C&D waste processing facilities : The Civic bodies
wherein current waste generation > than 2000 tpd, to set up more than one
plant for recycling of C&D waste.
iii. Cities of population < one million : Sensitization and facilitation for re-use and
recycling of C&D waste may also be taken up in cities of population less than 1
million to encourage such initiative. This is because mega cities and cities with
million plus population account for only 23 per cent of urban population (Census
2011).
a) Non-bulk generators : Collection points be provided so that small quantity
generator of C&D waste is not required to transport the debris to a distance
more than 2.5 to 3.0 km

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b) C&D Collection centers : to be notified wherein small quantity generators of

C&D waste can deliver the C&D debris. The system and arrangements for
collection and supply of C&D waste to recycling plants may be worked out
and defined in an unambiguous manner.
iv. Mandate use of C&D waste products :
a) Mandate use of C&D waste products : As and when C&D waste recycling
plant is commissioned at a city, it may be made mandatory for all
construction activities to use a specified percentage of building construction
materials manufactured from recycled debris.
b) Incentivize utilization of recycled C&D waste products : (i) All Government
constructions may be mandated to use at least 20 per cent of recycled C&D
waste products. (ii) All renovation projects involving demolition, even in
private sector, may be mandated to use at least 20 per cent of recycled C&D
waste products.(iii) The tipping fee for delivery of C&D waste to the recycling
plant, terms & conditions of civic body with the concessionaire may be
designed to keep the price of C&D waste recycled products about 20 per
cent lower than the corresponding conventional products.
v. Guidelines also proposes MANAGEMENT PLAN and MARKETING PLAN.
Annexure-I in the BMTPC Guidelines contains the: Construction and Demolition
Waste Management Rules, 2016, Gazette of India, Part-II, Section-3, Sub-section (ii)],
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

Guidelines w.r.t. Building Sector - – Central Public Works Department (CPWD)

CPWD’s Guidelines for Sustainable Habitat (March 2014 ) : The guidelines are based
on reports of National Mission on Sustainable Habitat by Ministry of Urban
Development and draft code on "Approach to Sustainability" as part of National
Building Code (NBC 2005).
The above Guidelines has FOUR parts :
1. Guidelines on Architectural Design and Layout.
2. CPWD Sustainability index and Guidelines for materials.
3. Guidelines for selection of equipment for Electrical and Mechanical
Services for sustainable buildings.

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4. PART IV : Guidelines on reuse and recycling of construction and

demolition (C&D) waste (ANNEXURE )
(Ref. http://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/Guideleines_Sustainable_Habitat.pdf

Necessary guidance for setting up C&D waste management operations

i. Provisions include appropriate plant location, road infrastructure, availability of

land space, provision of weigh-bridge, provision for storage area etc.
ii. Equipment : Different types of sorting devices and screens are used for separating
contaminants from end-product and grading the recycled product in various grain
sizes. Vibrating screens, star screens or disc-separators are used for removal of
impurities. Other existing equipment include jaw crushers and impact crushers are
used in India to suit the requirements of recycling and processing of C&D waste.
building materials.
iii. A fixed recycling plant requires higher volumes of demolition waste to justify high
investment in complex, screening and separation systems, which are necessary to
process mixed demolition waste. It has to be located in a place, where large volume
of waste is easily transported and there is a market for recycled products.
iv. The capital investments involved in equipment and facilities required for recycling
the materials is significant, unless the market for recycled aggregate is developed,
economic viability of such a units would be a challenge.
v. The capital investments involved in equipment and facilities required for recycling
the materials, R & D shall be done on modifications of
A number of civic bodies in various cities have initiated the process of establishing
C&D waste processing facilities in cities. India’s first plant (stationary) for recycling
of C&D waste was commissioned during 2009 at 10 acre site at Burari,
Jahangirpuri in North Delhi by Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services (IL&FS)
under an agreement with North Delhi Municipal Corporation.
vi. Guidelines on C&D W aste M anagement in India – BM TPC, CPW D, IRC
In continuation to the initiatives to promote utilization of C&D waste products
The construction and demolition (C&D) waste addressing building sector :
a. The Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) in
2016 released “Guidelines for utilization of C&D waste in

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construction of dwelling units and related infrastructure in

housing schemes of the Government”. The construction and
demolition (C&D) waste discussed in this report pertains to building
industry.
b. The Central Public Works Department (CPWD) , the PART IV: Guidelines
on reuse and recycling of construction and demolition (C&D) waste
is available in CPWD’s Guidelines for Sustainable Habitat (March 2014).
vii. Need for ‘Guidelines on Environmental Management of C&D Waste
Management in India’ – the present guidelines addresses this aspect

Separation distances ( or buffer area )

The purpose of a buffer zone is to minimize the potential environmental impacts from
the operation of a construction and demolition debris management & disposal
activities. The Table below summarizes conditions regarding ’buffer zone’ under the :
a. The C & D Waste Management Rules, 2016
b. Solid Waste (MSW matter) Management Rules, 2016
Table : Buffer area provisions under TWO waste management Rules

Under C & D Waste Under Solid Waste (MSW matter)

Management Rules, 2016 Management Rules, 2016
(a) Under Schedule I Criteria for Site (a) Rule 3 Definitions , Sub-rule 7 : “buffer zone” means
Selection for Storage and Processing zone of no development to be maintained around solid
or Recycling Facilities for waste processing and disposal facility, exceeding 5 TPD of
construction and demolition Waste installed capacity. This will be maintained within total
[See Rule 7(1)] and area allotted for the solid waste processing and
• Sl(6) A buffer zone of no disposal facility.
development shall be maintained
around solid waste processing and (b) Rule 11. Duties of the Secretary–in-charge, Urban
disposal facility, exceeding five Development in the States and Union territories.-
Tonnes per day 20 tons or more in • Sub rule (j) facilitate establishment of common regional
one day or 300 tons per project in sanitary land fill for a group of cities and towns falling
a month of installed capacity. within a distance of 50 km (or more) from the regional
This will be maintained within the facility on a cost sharing basis and ensure professional
total area of the solid waste C&D management of such sanitary landfills;
waste processing and disposal a. Sub rule (l) notify buffer zone for the solid waste
facility. The buffer zone shall be processing and disposal facilities of more than five tons
prescribed on case to case basis by per day in consultation with the State Pollution Control

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the local authority in consultation Board; and

with concerned State Pollution (c) Rule 14. Duties of Central Pollution Control Board.-The
Control Board. Central Pollution Control Board shall sub-rule (h) publish
• Sl (14) The following projects shall guidelines for maintaining buffer zone restricting any
be exempted from the norms of residential, commercial or any other construction activity from
pollution from dust and noise as the outer boundary of the waste processing and disposal
mentioned above: (a) For facilities for different sizes of facilities handling more than five
construction work, where at least tons per day of solid waste;
80 percent construction and (d) Under SCHEDULE I [see rule 15 (w),(zi), 16 (1) (b) (e), 16
demolition waste is recycled or (4)] Specifications for Sanitary Landfills (A) Criteria for site
reused in-situ and (b) sufficient selection.-
buffer area is available to protect Sl (ix) A buffer zone of no development shall be maintained
the surrounding habitation from around solid waste processing and disposal facility, exceeding
any adverse impact. five Tonnes per day of installed capacity. This will be
• (15) A vegetative boundary shall be maintained within the total area of the solid waste processing
made around Processing or and disposal facility. The buffer zone shall be prescribed on
Recycling plant or site to strengthen case to case basis by the local body in consultation with
the buffer zone. concerned State Pollution Control Board.

Comments on buffer area around C&D waste processing facility :

1. The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) has guidance which recommends

separation distances between industrial activities and sensitive land uses. These
buffers aim to protect sensitive land uses from unacceptable impacts on health and
amenity that may result from industrial activities, emissions and infrastructure.
The document, titled Guidance for the Assessment of Environmental Factors,
Separation Distances between Industrial and Sensitive Land Uses, No. 3, EPA,
June 2005 (web link http://www.epa.wa.gov.au/docs/1840_GS3.pdf). This
guidance document recommends a separation distance of 1000m between
premises that crush or screen C&D waste. It is important to note that the
separation distance is not intended to represent an absolute separation distance
and does not replace the need to demonstrate best practice in the prevention and
minimisation of emissions at prescribed premises. It is however, a useful tool to
factor into impact assessments.
2. CPCB recognises that in some urban areas it may be difficult to achieve this
separation distance due to mixed land-uses ( non-compatible landuse). It is

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suggested that the operator of the facility should demonstrate to the concerned
authority through a site specific impact assessment that there will not be any
unacceptable impacts on nearby receptors as a result of the recycling activities,
taking into account pollution abatement measures that will be adopted.
3. Separation distances are necessary in order to minimize potential environmental
conflicts between non-compatible land uses. Any or combination of the following
restrictions can be considered regarding separation distances / buffer area from
the boundary of the such C&D facilities / activities for example , shall not be
located within the following receptor setback distances:
a. 300 metres from institutional land use property / any residential area /
designated protected area
b. 150 metres from any Industrial/Commercial land use property / bank or
high water mark of any watercourse or wetland /
c. 150 metres of the right-of-way boundary of a public highway;
d. 50 metres from any other adjacent property;

The above setback distances may be revised by the concerned authority - Under
the C&D waste management rules the threshold processing facility has been
defined as ‘exceeding 20 tons or more in one day or 300 tons per project in a
Month of installed capacity’ – (bulk C&D waste generator)

4. Other environmental factors that may be considered are :

i. Site within compatible land uses
ii. provide all weather access roads
iii. providing access to a year round suitable cover to the C&D waste material
iv. no water collection within premises during rains / washings
v. providing controlled access to the site
vi. providing a visible fence and placards (do’s / donts) at the waste disposal
face

Common environmental impacts from C&D operations

C&D operations generate noise : Major operations in a recycling plant are sorting,
crushing, classification/sieving and washing. Sorting can either be done manually or
using advanced devices. Before feeding the material into the crusher, a grizzly can be

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used to ensure the maximum feeding size of debris for the respective
crusher. Generally, jaw crushers or horizontal impact crushers are used to crush the
debris. Size classification is performed using appropriate screens of required sizes.
Washing is done to separate fine particles (silt and clay particles) and this operation
can be done combined with size classification. Sorted aggregates of specific sizes are
stored separately.(study by IIT Madras on C&D waste Chennai)

C&D debris management activities are dusty. Depending on the level of

urbanization , growth of city , development plan w.r.t. landuse the quantum of
C&D waste generation vary , there are varying amounts being quoted however on
an average C&D waste accounts for 30 percent of all solid waste produced in a city.

Environmental pollutants highlighted under C&D Waste Management Rules

In the Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016 under Schedule I
Criteria for Site Selection for Storage and Processing or Recycling Facilities for
construction and demolition waste [See Rule 7(1)] in the table below the following
environmental conditions have been listed.
Table : Environmental conditions for C&D waste processing facility
Sl. as per Recommendation on environmental issues
Schedule I
Processing or recycling site shall be fenced or hedged and provided with
(7) proper gate to monitor incoming vehicles or other modes of
transportation.
The approach and or internal roads shall be concreted or paved so as to
avoid generation of dust particles due to vehicular movement and shall
(8)
be so designed to ensure free movement of vehicles and other
machinery.
Provisions of weigh bridge to measure quantity of waste brought at
(9) landfill site, fire protection equipment and other facilities as may be
required shall be provided.
Utilities such as drinking water and sanitary facilities (preferably
(10) washing/bathing facilities for workers) and lighting arrangements for
easy landfill operations during night hours shall be provided and Safety

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provisions including health inspections of workers at landfill sites shall

be carried out made.
In order to prevent pollution from processing or recycling operations,
the following provisions shall be made, namely:
(a) Provision of storm water drains to prevent stagnation of surface
water;
(b) Provision of paved or concreted surface in selected areas in the
(11) processing or recycling facility for minimizing dust and damage
to the site.
(c) Prevention of noise pollution from processing and recycling
plant:
(d) provision for treatment of effluent if any, to meet the discharge
norms as per Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.
Work Zone air quality at the Processing or Recycling site and ambient
(12)
air quality at the vicinity shall be monitored.
The measurement of ambient noise shall be done at the interface of the
(13)
facility with the surrounding area, i.e., at plant boundary.

As per C&D Waste Rules (Rule 4 sub-rule (4) ) there should be no littering or
deposition of construction and demolition waste so as to prevent obstruction to the
traffic or the public or drains
Under the C&D waste Rules 2016 ‘Exemption from the compliance of norms (Schedule I
(14)) , there are exemptions from the norms of pollution from dust and noise:

From the above it can be noted that C&D waste management / activities are dusty.
The key pollutants that impact environment are DUST & NOISE besides other
issues.

Overview of environmental impacts from C&D operations

The common four environmental impacts from an activity that may affect its
surroundings are :
(a) Dust
(b) Noise
(c) Smoke

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(d) odour (fugitive emission)

In case of C&D waste management the key parameters impact environment are
DUST & NOISE

Public complaints – mainly on NOISE generation

1. Construction & demolition activities often generate noise / vibration which lead to
complaints from the public despite the limited time frame over which it takes place.
Complaints typically arise when the community has no clear understanding of the
extent or duration of the activities. The above underscores the need for
identification and assessment of noise generating activities. A timely assessment
can aid operators / contractors to change the schedule of activities to reduce
noise before the construction / demolition activities and during the process.
2. Unacceptable noise is a nuisance and activities associated in C&D waste
processing activity are associated with perceptible noise increases.
3. Noise from a C&D waste management facility is considered an environmental
nuisance if the construction / demolition activity is conducted outside the
stipulated hours of operation or on holidays.
4. Some health problems caused due to excessive exposure to undesirable noise levels
include :
a. Sleep problems, insomnia & fatigue
b. Fall in speech communication, disturbance and diminished concentration
thus adversely affecting job performance efficiency
c. psychological disturbance including impaired hearing.

NOISE mitigation strategies in C&D operations

Key noise generating source in C&D waste management activities

d. Machinery deployed in construction/demolition activities

e. Operation of Gensets ( noisy )
f. Vehicle movement
1. Noise abatement - Machinery deployed in construction/demolition activities

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The following strategies can assist addressing noise complaints & reduce noise
levels:

c) Define Construction / demolition periods / time / duration:

Construction / demolition activities be restricted as per Noise (Regulation
& Control ) Rules 2000 : Daytime : 6 am to 10 pm ;
Days of the week propose - Monday to Saturday
d) Days operations are permissible : exclude Sundays and public holidays (as
per each State)
e) Night ban :No C&D activity shall be undertaken within the premise.
Rule 5A under Noise (Regulation & Control ) Rules 2000 : Restrictions on
the use of horns, sound emitting construction equipments and bursting of
fire crackers:- subrule(3) Sound emitting construction equipments shall not
be used or operated during night time in residential areas and silence zones.
f) Define permissible noise levels under Noise (Regulation & Control ) Rules
2000 : The ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different
areas / zones are specified in the Schedule to the rules. The State
Government shall categorize the areas into industrial, commercial,
residential or silence areas / zones for the purpose of implementation of
noise standards for different areas. All development authorities, local bodies
and other concerned authorities while planning developmental activity or
carrying out functions relating to town and country planning shall take into
consideration all aspects of noise pollution as a parameter of quality of life to
avoid noise menace and to achieve the objective of maintaining the ambient
air quality standards in respect of noise. The noise levels in any area / zone
shall not exceed the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise as
specified in the Schedule

The ambient the noise levels as per CPCB’s noise monitoring in many cities
have exceeded the area zone norms due to ‘mixed’ land-use (non-compatible
landuse) , rapid urbanisation , increased vehicular movement due to which
there is significant background noise. As C&D waste management requires
deployment of heavy machinery there will be significant noise generation.
As C&D waste management ( includes recycling ) demonstrates nature of
‘industrial’ activity , the concerned authority may stipulate noise limits

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between the range applicable between commercial and industry area zone
under the Noise (Regulation & Control ) Rules 2000.

SCHEDULE
(see rule 3(1) and 4(1))
Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise
Noise (Regulation & Control ) Rules 2000
Area Code and Day Time

Category of Area / Zone Limits in dB(A) Leq*

(A) Industrial area 75

(B) Commercial area 65

(C ) Residential area 55

The above measurements are measured as LAeq which is

the equivalent continuous (energy average) level (A-
weighted).

2. Noise abatement - Genset noise

Refer CPCB weblink on Genset standards: http://cpcb.nic.in/Generator.php

3. Noise abatement - due to vehicle movement

Due to vehicular traffic and material transportation within applied area. Abatement
due to transport activities arising due to vehicles movement (operation of vehicles
within, entering or leaving the site ) :
a) Regular checking and maintenance of vehicles should be ensured
b) For long distance transportation overhaul routes to be judiciously
selected
a. No parking outside the plant premise
b. Earmarked areas for parking vehicles
c. Smooth movement of incoming & out going vehicles / trucks
d. Roads within premise tarred
e. Minimum use of horns within premise
f. Weigh bridge ( to be operational)
4. Noise abatement measures - Other areas

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There will be noise due to heavy earth moving machinery / crushing etc. – depends
on extent of mechanization & machinery Deployed. Machinery deployed in
construction / demolition activities: The dominant source of noise from most
construction equipment is the engine, usually a diesel, without sufficient muffling
(acoustic provision).
a) Noise control: To control the noise regular preventative maintenance of
equipment to be carried out. regular and proper maintenance of noise
generating machineries to avoid noise increase
b) Periodical monitoring of noise will be done to adopt corrective actions
wherever needed
c) Ear plugs to be made available to workers during the operational hours

d) Besides the above it is preferable Operators prepare : Noise Mitigation Plan

(NMP) which addresses : management and mitigation strategies to prevent
an environmental nuisance caused by construction / demolition / recycling
activities impacting ambient noise levels. Other initiatives include

i. Maintain records of equipment / machinery maintenance

ii. Maintain records of monitored noise levels
iii. maintain records of complaints on noise
iv. Comply with Consent conditions issued by State Pollution Control
Boards / PCCs and concerned authority
e) Plantation activities: Plantation in applied area helps to reduce propagation
of noise outside the core zone.

DUST –environmental pollutant in C&D waste operations

The importance of controlling dust / fine particles from construction and demolition
activities are :
a. Dust emissions arising from C&D activities are an environmental nuisance
both within the site and beyond the plant site / boundary
b. Dusts from various C&D activities release wide range of particle sizes and
material types and can cause both serious health problems ranging from eye
irritation, nose, mouth and respiratory system.

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The larger heavier particles settle out of the air quickly and are hazard to the
operators of plant and equipment and those in the immediate vicinity. The smaller
particles (usually invisible) can be transported further in the air and can cause
health hazards beyond plant premise ( several km away )

DUST mitigation strategies in C&D operations

C&D debris management activities are dusty. Major dust generating sources in C&D
management sites are :
a. Loading & unloading activities : waste & C&D products
b. Incoming / out going vehicles
c. due to machinery used in C&D operations
1. Dust Noise abatement - Dust from loading / unloading operations
a. Areas to be earmarked for delivery / deposition of C&D wastes
b. a sheet cover over the debris : over designated transport vehicles at waste
processing sites
c. Sign boards to be displayed indicating do’s & donts
d. dust (fugitive emissions suppression systems in place ) : Water sprinklers to
be sprayed at all unloading points.
e. For containing fugitive emissions (dust) also refer CPCB’s report :
Inventorization of Railway Sidings and Guidelines for their Environment
Management
weblink :
http://cpcb.nic.in/upload/NewItems/NewItem_216_Report_Invent_Railway
Sidings.pdf

2. Noise abatement - due to vehicle movement

Transport movement : Dust abatement due to transport activities arising due to
vehicles movement (operation of vehicles within, entering or leaving the site ) can
also include the following :
i. Monitor movement of vehicles ( incoming / out going ) carrying C&D
wastes or processed C&D waste products
ii. Transportation of C&D wastes should be done in covered vehicles to
prevent fugitive dust emission.

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iii. Regular checking and maintenance of vehicles should be ensured

iv. For long distance , transportation routes of C&D wastes to be selected
after discussion with local authorities
v. Earmark areas for parking vehicles
vi. Smooth movement of incoming & out going vehicles / trucks
vii. Roads within premise tarred
viii. Weigh bridge ( to be operational)
ix. dust suppression systems in place (fugitive emissions) : Dust from roads
, regular water sprinkling on haul road will suppress the dust.

3. Noise abatement – due to machinery used in C&D operations

The C&D operations include: crushing / hammering etc. from machineries
deployed at site causing dust emissions from machineries / equipment
Water sprinklers is a good practice to suppress dust emission.

Other pollution abatement measures and safety issues

i. Inspect C&D waste load
a. C&D waste processing facility shall inspect each waste load before
unloading debris
b. shall accept only C&D Debris - no industrial waste shall be accepted at
the C&D facility unless otherwise approved received from concerned
authority. No industrial effluent / wastes are to be accepted at the
facility
ii. Water requirement
a. water will be required for dust suppression , for plantation and for
drinking & domestic purpose.
b. No fresh water requirement for dust suppression
iii. Use of treated waste water in sprinklers for dust suppression
a. As ambient air quality standards need to be complied, any manmade
intervention (like dust generating activities in C&D waste management )
need adopt necessary dust suppression measures ex. Water sprinklers
using treated waste water (controlling the dust particles in the air is as

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important as minimizing water usage) . Site operators need to

demonstrate both (a) control of ‘visible’ dust in particular besides (b)
fine dust from activities within their premises.
b. Treated waste water (sprinklers) to be used for washings / unloading
areas / roads to suppress dust
c. Import treated waste water from other STPs for dust suppression/
sprinklers
iv. Waste water management
a. Adopt ZERO effluent discharge system
b. All wash down of vehicles and equipment will take place in designated
areas and wash water will be treated for reuse within plant for
suppression of dust
v. Drainage
A drainage plan ensures planned disposal of water during rains

vi. Residual waste disposal

Solid waste generation / management in C&D waste operations- residues (C&D
waste processing facility ) to be sent to landfill in consultation with concerned
authorities
vii. Diesel use
Diesel use in equipment / gensets / vehicle movement generate emissions :
Necessary pollution control measures to be adopted to reduce emissions
viii. Plantation / greenery (use of local species / low water uptake )
a. Grow trees at the periphery - The plantation minimizes propagation of
noise and also arrests dust
b. To add to aesthetics : maintain water fountains , water bodies ,
landscaped areas wherever possible
c. plantation helps to reduce fugitive of emission and noise control
ix. Emergency facilities : Equipment & Facilities: • Mobiles • Fire fighting
equipment’s • Emergency medical assistance
x. Protective gear i.e. for dust and noise , goggles, helmet, face shield, hand
gloves. First aid facilities to be in place
xi. Training : Training at all levels to staff on the following:

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a. Knowledge of machineries being used • Procedure for reporting emergencies

• location and use of fire fighting equipment • knowledge of alarm system •
Training in first aid
b. Environmental head to be aware of need for proper maintenance and
operation of equipment / machineries etc. and conduct environmental
awareness / safety program to the workers, supervisory staff and contract
workers periodically

C&D waste processing facility – ‘ORANGE’ category activity

Consent to establish under section 21 of Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act
1981 and under section 25/26 of Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution ) 1974 has
been treated as an ORANGE category project by Delhi Pollution Control Committee
(DPCC) under the Product/activity: Processing/recycling of construction & demolition
waste debris (malba) to IL&FS, the operator that established the 1st C&D waste
processing facility in Delhi. The categorisation as ORANGE to be considered by all
SPCBs/PCCs to maintain homogeneity when dealing with the activity. Note in Office
Memorandum (OM) vide letter dated June 10, 2014 MoEF&CC on - Applicability of
EIA 2006 Notification as amended from time to time for stand alone Construction &
Demolition Waste processing facility – MoEF&CC mentions that this activity does not
attract the provisions of the EIA 2006 Notification however the said activity will be
governed by the consent mechanism under Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act
1981 and under Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution ) 1974.

Some GOOD PRACTICEs in C&D waste management

A number of civic bodies in various cities have initiated the process of establishing
C&D waste processing facilities in cities. India’s first plant for recycling of C&D waste
was commissioned during 2009 at 10 acre site at Burari, Jahangirpuri in North Delhi
by Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services (IL&FS) under an agreement with North
Delhi Municipal Corporation. Some GOOD PRACTICEs in C&D waste management
are mentioned below :
i. Roads sides and vacant plots could be freed from debris dumps and clogging of
sewage carrying drains if C&D waste if C&D waste is properly managed.

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Though stringent laws are being formulated by the civic bodies their
enforcement however needs to be further strengthened
ii. Options to overcome land availability a major constraint:
a. The existing landfills are nearing their shelf lives and land is not
easily available to create new landfill areas that includes the
increased costs of building landfills and public resistance to in
creating environmental treatment infrastructure (ex. landfills ) , thus
opening avenues in major cities for municipalities/ administrators
to adopt reuse and recycling of C&D waste and explore setting up
facilities in existing landfills that have been capped / closed.
b. Encouraging setting up C&D waste recycling facilities on-site ex.
Operate mobile or semi mobile C&D waste processing operational
plants
iii. It is imperative that C&D waste are recycled to the greatest practicable extent.
iv. Utilization of C&D waste products:
The building construction products manufactured from C&D wastes have been
reported to satisfactorily meet necessary requirements of compressive strength
and water absorption. The end products such as kerb stones, paving blocks of
different shape, size and colour, hollow and solid blocks, manufactured sand
etc. have been tested in the laboratory and found to be satisfactory. They are
also being used and found to be suitable for load bearing structures. Use of fine
aggregates and coarse aggregates manufactured by recycling of C&D waste has
also been validated scientifically for part replacement of natural aggregates

v. Full advantage should be taken of all opportunities for the reuse of construction
materials. Material that is generated should be reused on site or salvaged for
subsequent reuse to the greatest extent possible and disposal should only be
considered as a last resort. Initiatives should be put in place to maximise the
efficient use/reuse of materials.
vi. Management of C&D waste should reflect the waste management hierarchy, with
waste prevention and minimisation being the first priority succeeded by reuse and
recycling. Waste prevention to be noted at all stages of a project , need to consider
opportunities for the prevention of waste, since reduces the work load associated

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with respect to the recovery and disposal of C&D waste. Prevention is financially
advantageous as it reduces the purchase of construction materials and obviates
the need to remove wastes from site.
vii. Excavated spoil/topsoil can be carefully set aside and also be used creatively in
the landscaping of developments and for the construction of embankments and
screening / noise abatement berms in civil engineering projects.

viii. Sorting and restoring the C&D waste at the source is a GOOD PRACTICE. The
C&D waste may be segregated into following categories:
• for structures for buildings
• for use in in road works
• building parts that could be salvaged
• wastes from site clearances.
ix. Another level of segregation can be done among materials such as plastic, cables,
glass, wood and plaster board.
x. Regarding generation / management of C & D waste a good practice in
management of Hazardous C&D wastes streams : Hazardous wastes / toxic
wastes streams should be kept separately from other wastes to avoid further
contamination ex. lead, tars, adhesives, sealants , containing asbestos are
classified as hazardous
Where the waste originates from a building constructed ex. before 1900 (generally
there is uncertainty over this issue), the risks associated with hazardous ex
asbestos in the waste must be established

xi. Wastes that have been recycled from demolished masonry and concrete may be
used in within the construction activity itself. The wastes could be used as fillers
in the same site post-completion of work or in other sites.
xii. Some recommendations for use of recycled C&D wastes include (a) to source the
recycled concrete aggregates from sites being re-developed for use in the same site.
(b) for a given structure, only one type of manufactured coarse aggregate and one
type of manufactured fine aggregate to be used
xiii. Besides cost savings, use of on-site crushers to produce such aggregates can
reduce the transportation impacts of a project associated with the removal of
C&D waste from site and the transportation of quarried aggregates.

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xiv. During site clearance / re-modelling / renovation / re-development works, there

are opportunities for beneficial re-use and re-cycling of the demolition materials.
The subsequent use of recycled materials in reconstruction works also reduces
the quantities of waste which would be destined for landfill sites.
xv. Road projects : There are a number of established markets available for the
beneficial use of C&D waste: Waste concrete can be utilised as fill material for
roads or in the manufacture of new concrete when arising at source; In addition,
the technology for the segregation and recovery of stone, for example, is well
established, readily accessible and there is a large reuse market for aggregates as
fill for roads and other construction projects. Bitumen and Asphalt can also be
recycled in roads projects.
xvi. Marketability of C&D waste products : A Committee at city level can be
constituted to co-ordinate with other on-going developmental projects for
management of C&D wastes

Initiatives by some civic bodies (ULBs) in C&D waste management

1. Urban Local Body (ULB) : Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP)
a. Generation of C&D wastes : A study estimated that the city
produces around 2500 tonnes of C&D waste each day.
b. Proposed C&D recycling facilities by ULB in major cities : BBMPM
proposes to set up three construction waste and debris recycling
plants on the outskirts of the city at the following proposed locations
of total capacity 2250 tonnes/day :
• Kannur, off Bande Hosuru Road to the north-east of the city
• Mallasandra off Jalahalli West to the north of the city
• Anjanapura to the west of the city
Each plant to be of 750 tonnes/day capacity ,
c. LAND provision - BBMP, which will provide land for the plants, the
private firms operating the facility will be given a twenty-year lease of the
land, with a profit-sharing agreement with the civic agency. As per
proposals, those who run the plants should also run transport services
to collect construction waste from doorstep, within 48 hours of you
booking a slot, either online or over the phone

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d. Proposed activities at the C&D recycling C&D wastes :

• At the plant, the concrete part of the waste shall be separated both
manually and using mechanised segregators
• Magnetic separators shall be used to pick the metal, metal shall be
sold as scrap
• The concrete part of the waste will be crushed, washed to make
cement kerbs, hollow bricks or manufactured sand
• The plastic and wood waste will be sent for waste-to-energy plants
The above steps ensures almost all C&D waste is recycled and
reused.
e. C&D waste management Policy : Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagar Palike
Municipal Solid Waste (Prohibition of Littering and Regulation of
Segregation, Collection, Processing & Disposal) Rules 2012 ( N O T I F I
C A T I O N w.e.f. 1st Oct 2012 )

Ref. :
http://greenfootprint.in/downloads/back%20end/b)%20BBMP%20waste%20m
anagement%20rules,%202012.pdf
BBMP C & D Guidelines : Refer
http://bbmp.gov.in/documents/10180/452630/Guidelines+For+Construction+
And+Demolition+%20Waste+Management.pdf/5c9699ff-0f2e-45ce-b17f-
413aca3b0b8e

2. Urban Local Body (ULB) : Greater Chennai Corporation , TN

i. Generation of C&D wastes: Some 30 per cent of the waste collected and
dumped in Chennai is categorised as inert, a major part of it being
construction debris. Every week, the city generates more than 8000
tonnes of construction and demolition debris. IIT Madras study estimates
- 1.25 million tonnes of C&D waste generated annually in the city
ii. Collection of C&D wastes: The Chennai Corporation collects 1,143 tonnes
of construction and demolition (C&D) waste a day and charges Rs. 532 a
tonne for its removal from the site.
iii. Penalty : . “The Corporation imposes a fine of Rs. 2000, but this does not
prove to be much of a deterrent,” a Corporation official said.

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iv. C&D dumpsites : Taking the first step towards putting a comprehensive
plan in place to deal with the huge volume of C&D waste in the city, the
Greater Chennai Corporation has earmarked designated spots in each of the
15 zones where the debris can be dumped. The 15 designated areas are
Sathangadu (Tiruvottiyur), CPCL junction (Manali), GNT Road Sembiam
Sengundram Road (Madhavaram), Kodungaiyur (Tondiarpet),
Moolakothalam crematorium (Royapuram), Otteri disposal yard (Thiru Vi Ka
Nagar), Devi Karumariamman Nagar crematorium (Ambattur), 1st Avenue of
Gajalakshmi Colony (Anna Nagar), Karaneeswarar Pagoda Street Recycling
Plant (Teynampet), Anna Avenue (Kodambakkam), Ramavaram Bharathi
Road (Valasaravakkam), MGR Nagar recycling plant (Alandur), Near
Kotturpuram Railway Station (Adyar), Perungudi dumpyard (Perungudi) and
Gangai Amman Koil Street Extension in Karapakkam (Sholinganallur).
v. IIT Madras study : Greater Chennai Corporation had sanctioned a detailed
project report to IIT Madras to study the problem of C&D waste. The
recommends PPP (public private partnership), since the set-up works like a
factory. The private agency can undertake running of the plant while the
Corporation has to ensure a proper supply of material to recycle. Two
recycling plants expected to come up near Perungudi and Kodungaiyur.
Ref:

a) http://www.dtnext.in/news/city/2016/02/21201929/closing-the-loop-on-
campd-waste.vpf
B) http://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/new-life-to-
rubble/article7039678.ece

3. Urban Local Body (ULB) : Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD)

A) C&D waste generation Delhi estimates generation of about 3000 to 4000
tons per day (TPD) of C&D waste.
b) Country’s 1st C&D processing facility: located in Delhi, Burari,
Jahangirpuri in North Delhi. In collaboration with MCD, a pilot project was
been developed by IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Ltd
(IEISL) to demonstrate the potential of a scientifically managed process in
relation to the collection and recycling of C&D waste in Delhi. Plant
commissioned during 2009 at 10 acre site at Burari, Jahangirpuri in North

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Delhi by IL&FS under an agreement with North Delhi Municipal

Corporation. The project has approved 10 yrs operation period. NDMC has
earmarked Rs. 23 crore for the expenditure on transporting the material to
the plant during 2014-15. The plant was initially set up to process 500 tpd
C&D waste. Processing of 1200 tpd was achieved during 2014 and Delhi
Pollution Control Committee has awarded the permission to expand the
capacity to 2000 tpd. The IL & FS facility gets C&D waste from 28
designated points in three zones of NDMC and transportation charges are
borne by NDMC. C&D waste from other major locations is also collected and
transported by the civic body. The products being manufactured at this
facility are sand, coarse aggregate, RMC, bricks, blocks, curbstones,
pavement blocks, hollow bricks etc. Treated effluent is being used for
washing of the aggregates, dust control and maintenance of green belt. The
plant is working with zero discharge facility. The bulk generators of C&D
waste pay Rs. 205/- per ton as transportation cost.

c) Delhi East Kidwai Nagar, New Delhi: 2nd C&D facility set up by M/S Enzyme
India Pvt. Ltd. in year 2014 on PPP model with 100% by back by NBCC with
a capacity of 150 tpd at the project site of “RE-development of East Kidwai
Nagar, New Delhi”. The construction project involves demolition of 2444
existing houses and allied structures for construction of 4747 houses
covering 60 lakh sq. ft. area and commercial area of 12 lakh sq. ft. on a plot
area of 86 acres. Proposed plan: 30000 bricks/ kerbstone per day for use at
the same construction site. The whole process is dust free and eco-friendly.
d) Delhi -Shashtri Park, New Delhi: 3rd C&D plant in Delhi at Shashtri Park in
East Delhi at 2.5 acre site with a total cost of Rs. 20 crore to process 500
tonne C&D waste per day. The plant has been built in partnership with IL &
FS, which would run it for 15 years before transferring it to EDMC. The
facility will get mixed C&D waste from 15 designated sites of East Delhi.

4. Urban Local Body : Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC)

a. C&D waste generation: PMC generates approximately 250 MT per day of
C&D waste from various sources.

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b. Ban on C&D waste dumping: The PMC has placed a ban on dumping
debris at open spaces, the riverbed, nullahs and quarries, charging a fine
of Rs 25,000 for violations.
c. C&D waste impacts river : CD waste management problem
d. Dumping of construction debris on both sides of the Mula river resulted
in flash floods in year of 2010. On both the Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad
side of the bridge, dumping of debris has reduced the width of the river.
(Ref DNA)
e. C&D waste processing facility: A two-acre plot of barren land at Wagholi
has been identified by the civic body to set up a debris processing plant.

5. Urban Local Body : Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC)

Ahmedabad Enviro Projects Pvt. Ltd. (AEPL) has commenced a 100 tonne per
hour capacity plant located at Pirana, Ahmedabad for recycling of C&D waste in
phase wise from December, 2013, fully operational since June, 2014. AMC has
designated 16 spots around the city where citizen will have to bring the C&D
waste at their own cost

6. Urban Local Body : CIDCO Maharashtra

Experience at Mumbai CIDCO-YUVA : Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action
(YUVA), a non profit, non Govt. organization has recycled 1500 tonne of C&D
waste during 2002-06 at CIDCO-YUVA Building Centre (CYBC), Kharghar.
CYBC is a joint venture of City and Industrial Development Corporation of
Maharashra Ltd. (CIDCO) and YUVA. The C&D recycling demonstration plant
has manufactured building materials like bricks, blocks, paving blocks,
concrete, sand substitute and coarse aggregates. The CYBC project of C&D
waste recycling was shut down due to no support from the policy makers as
well as the market.

*****

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Annexure
Criteria for site selection of C&D waste processing facility (SCHEDULE I )
(Note: numerals in brackets as per Notification of C&D waste Rules 2016)

i. (4) The processing or recycling shall be large enough to last for 20-25 years
(project based on-site recycling facilities).
ii. (5) The processing or recycling site shall be away from habitation clusters,
forest areas, water bodies, monuments, National Parks, Wetlands and places of
important cultural, historical or religious interest.
iii. (6) A buffer zone of no development shall be maintained around solid waste
processing and disposal facility, 20 tons or more in one day or 300 tons per
project in a month of installed capacity exceeding five Tonnes per day of
installed capacity (copied from SWM Rules 2016 ) . This will be maintained
within the total area of the solid waste processing and disposal facility. The
buffer zone shall be prescribed on case to case basis by the local authority in
consultation with concerned State Pollution Control Board.
iv. (7) Processing or recycling site shall be fenced or hedged and provided with
proper gate to monitor incoming vehicles or other modes of transportation.
v. (8) The approach and or internal roads shall be concreted or paved so as to
avoid generation of dust particles due to vehicular movement and shall be so
designed to ensure free movement of vehicles and other machinery.
vi. (9) Provisions of weigh bridge to measure quantity of waste brought at landfill
site, fire protection equipment and other facilities as may be required shall be
provided.
vii. (10) Utilities such as drinking water and sanitary facilities (preferably
washing/bathing facilities for workers) and lighting arrangements for easy
landfill operations during night hours shall be provided and Safety provisions
including health inspections of workers at landfill sites shall be carried out
made.
viii. (11) In order to prevent pollution from processing or recycling operations, the
following provisions shall be made, namely:
a. Provision of storm water drains to prevent stagnation of surface water;
b. Provision of paved or concreted surface in selected areas in the
processing or recycling facility for minimizing dust and damage to the
site.
c. Prevention of noise pollution from processing and recycling plant:
d. provision for treatment of effluent if any, to meet the discharge norms as
per Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.

ix. (15) A vegetative boundary shall be made around Processing or Recycling plant
or site

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References:
1. http://iced.cag.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/1.-Audit-Report-on-Waste-
Management-in-India.pdf
2. https://ntepa.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/284684/noise_guidelines_for_
development_sites.pdf
3. BIS :
http://www.igep.in/live/hrdpmp/hrdpmaster/igep/content/e48745/e49028/e63437/e63
438/e63444/StandardizationofCDRecycledproducts_Yajjala.pdf
4. CSE 2014: http://www.cseindia.org/userfiles/Construction-and%20-demolition-waste.pdf

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