CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 a. Continuous, Transient

b. Input – Output = Accumulation
No reactions ⇒ Generation = 0, Consumption = 0

kg kg dn dn kg
6.00 −3.00 = ⇒ = 3.00
s s dt dt s
c. 1s t == 333 s
3
100. m 1000kg 300. kg
1m3
4.2 a. Continuous, Steady State

b. k = 0⇒ CA = CA0 k =∞⇒ CA = 0

c. Input – Output – Consumption = 0

Steady state ⇒ Accumulation = 0
A is a reactant ⇒ Generation = 0

VGHF ms +kVC FGH 3 A

IJKC FGH molm IJK =VFHG ms

A0 3
JIK ⇒ =C 3
A

mol A0

JIKC FGH molm JKI A

Cs
3
1 kV +
V

4.3 a. mv bkg / hg

100kg / h 0.850kgB/ kg Input – Output = 0
0.550kgB/ kg 0.150kgT/ kg Steady state ⇒ Accumulation = 0
No reaction ⇒ Generation = 0, Consumption =
0.450kgT/ kg ml bkg / hg 0
0.106kgB/ kg
0.894kgT/ kg
(1) Total Mass Balance: 100.0 kg / h =m mv + l
(2) Benzene Balance: 0.550×100.0 kgB/ h = 0.850mv + 0106. ml
m m
Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously ⇒ v = 59 7. kg h, l = 403. kg h

4- 1
 b. The flow chart is identical to that of (a), except that mass flow rates (kg/h) are replaced by masses
(kg). The balance equations are also identical (initial input = final output).
c. Possible explanations ⇒ a chemical reaction is taking place, the process is not at steady state, the
feed composition is incorrect, the flow rates are not what they are supposed to be, other species are in the feed
stream, measurement errors.

4.4 b.
0500. n mol N2 28g N2
mol N2
n(mol) b g
1kg b g
0500. mol N2 mol 1000g = 0 014. n kg N2

0500. molCH4 mol

c. 100.0 g / s b g 3600 s
100xE g C H2
s
6 1 lbm lb- mole C H2 6
453593. g 30lb C Hm2 6
n


xE bg C H gg
26 E =h

xP bg C H gg
38 = 2645.xE blb- mole C H / h 2 6 g
xB bg C H gg
410

|
d. n1 blb-moleH O s g n
2 O2 = 0.21n2 (lb-mole O /s2 ) R|S Tn blb-moleDA sg U|V|W
2 2

n1 ⎛ lb-mole H O2 ⎞ 021. lb- moleO2 lb-moleDA xH O = n+ n2 ⎜⎝ lb-mole ⎟⎠

1
079. lb-moleN2 lb-moleDA

xO2 = n0.211 +n2 ⎛⎜ lb-mole Olb-mole 2 ⎞⎟⎠

n2 ⎝

4- 2
e. n(mol) nN O2 4 =n⎡⎣0.600−yNO2 ⎤⎦(mol N O2 4 )
0.400mol NO mol

yNO2 (mol NO2 mol)

0.600−yNO2 (mol N O2 4 mol)

4.5 a. Basis: 1000 lbm C3H8 / h fresh feed

(Could also take 1 h operation as basis -

that all / h n lb
would be
002
. lbmCH/lb
38 m
deleted.)flow 1000 lb mCH/h n7 lb /h
chart would
38 m 098
. lbmCH/lb
36 m
097
. lbmCH/lb
38 m
be as below Still
003
. lbmCH/lb
36 m
except 6 b m
/

h
g Compressor

n1 lb CH/h
m 38 n1 lb CH/h
m 38
Reactor n2 lb CH/h
m 36 n2 lb CH/h
m 36

n3 lb CH/h
m 4
n3 lb CH/h
m 4
n4 lb H/h
m 2
n4 lb H/h
m 2
Stripper
n5 lb m /h

Note: the compressor and the off gas from Absorber

the absorber are not mentioned explicitly
in the process description, but their presence
should be inferred. n1 lb CH/h
m 38

n2 lb CH/h
m 36

n5 lb oil/h
m

4.5 (cont’d) b. Overall objective: To produce C3H6 from C3H8.

Preheater function: Raise temperature of the reactants to raise the reaction rate.
Reactor function: Convert C3H8 to C3H6.
Absorption tower function: Separate the C3H8 and C3H6 in the reactor effluent
from the other components.
Stripping tower function: Recover the C3H8 and C3H6 from the solvent.
Distillation column function: Separate the C3H5 from the C3H8.

4.6 a. 3 independent balances (one for each species)

b. 7 unknowns (m m m x y y z1, 3, 5, 2 , 2 , 4 , 4 )
– 3 balances
– 2 mole fraction summations
2 unknowns must be specified
c. y2 = −1 x2

4- 3
 GHF h IJK = m +b1200
A Balance: 5300x2 3

070gb . g FGH h IJK kgA

kgA

F kg kg

Overall Balance:
m
+5300
GH JKI = m +1200+m FGH JKI
1 h 3 h 5

kgB kgB

B Balance: 003.
m
1 +5300x2 HGF h IJK = 1200y + 060. m FGH h JKI
4 5

z4 = −1 070. −y4

4.7 a. 3 independent balances (one for each species)

b.
400 g 0885. gH O2 mR b gg 0995.gH O 2

Water Balance: min g = bming g ⇒ m = 356g min R

gCH OOH gCH OOH

b400 0115gb .g FGH IJK = 0005.m + 0096. m

Acetic Acid Balance: min3 R E

FGH 3
JKI
min

4- 4
 ⇒mE = 461g min

Overall Balance: mC + 400 HGF minIJK = m +m HGF R E

JK ⇒ =m
min I C 417g min g g

c. b gb g b gb g FGH g IJK b gb g
HFG g JKI
0.115 400 − 0.005 356 = 0.096 461 ⇒ 44g min =44g min
min min

4.7
(cont’d) HO CHCOOH
3
2

someCHCOOH
3

d. CHCOOH
3
Extractor CHOH Distillation
HO
2
49

CHOH CHCOOH
3 Column
49

CHOH
49

X-large:25
X-large: 25broken
brokeneggs/min
eggs/min
3
45 unbroken eggs/min
120 eggs/min
0.30 broken egg/egg
Large: n 1 broken eggs/min
4.8 a. 0.70 unbroken egg/egg
n 2 unbroken eggs/min

(
45 n1 n2 eggsmin
) ⇒+=
n1 n2 50⎫
⎪
n1 =11
⎬ ⇒ n2 39
⎪⎭ =

b. 120 = + + +25

(0.30)(120)= +25 n1
c. n1 + =n2 50 large eggs min

4- 5
 b11 50g= 022.
n1 large eggs broken/50 large eggs =

d. 22% of the large eggs (right hand) and b25 70g⇒ 36% of the extra-large eggs (left hand)

are broken. Since it does not require much strength to break an egg, the left hand is probably
poorly controlled (rather than strong) relative to the right. Therefore, Fred is right-handed.

m1 lb m strawberries m3 lb mW evaporated
015
. lb m S/lb m

085
. lb m W/lb m
100
. lb m jam
m2 lb m Ssugar 0667
. lb mS/lb m

4.9 a. 0333
. lb W/lb
m m

b. 3 unknowns (m m m1, 2 , 3)

– 2 balances
– 1 feed ratio
0 DF
c. Feed ratio: m m1 / 2 = 45 / 55 (1)
(2)
S balance: 0.15m m1 + 2 = 0.667
Solve simultaneously ⇒ m1 = 0.49 lb strawberries, m m2 = 0.59 lb sugarm

4.10 a.
300 gal
m1 lb m
0750
. lbCHOH/lb
m25 m
4 unknowns ( mmVm
1, 2 , 40 , 3)
m3 lb m
0250
. lb m HO/lb
2 m – 2 balances
0600
. lbCHOH/lb
m25 m – 2 specific gravities
0400
. lb m HO/lb
2 m 0 DF
V40 gal
m2 lb m
0400
. lbCHOH/lb
m25 m

0600
. lb m HO/lb
2 m

b. 0877. × 624. lbm 2195lbm m1 =ft3 =

3
300gal 1ft
74805. gal

Overall balance: m m1 + 2 =m3 (1)

4- 6
 1646lbm ft3
0.952× 62.4lbm

C2H5OH balance: 0750.m1 + 0400.m2 = 0600.m3 (2)

Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously ⇒m2 = 1646lbm, ,m3 = 3841lbm

74805.gal
V40 =1ft3 = 207gal

4.11 a. 3 unknowns ( nnn

1, 2 , 3)
n1 mol/s – 2 balances
00403
. mol CH/mol
38
1 DF
09597
. mol air/mol n3 mol/s
00205
. molCH/mol
38

n2 molair/s 09795
. molair/mol
021
. molO/mol
2
079
. molN/mol
2

b. Propane feed rate: 00403. n1 = 150⇒n1 = 3722 bmol / sg

Propane balance: 00403.n1 = 00205.n3 ⇒n3 = bmol / sg 7317

Overall balance: 3722 +n = 7317 ⇒n = 3600bmol / sg

2 2

c. >. The dilution rate should be greater than the value calculated to ensure
that ignition is not

possible even if the fuel feed rate increases slightly.

4- 7
 a.

4.12
m kg/h
1000 kg/h 0960
. kgCHOH/kg
3
2 unknowns ( m, x )
0500
. kgCHOH/kg 0040
. kgHO/kg
2 – 2 balances
3
0500
. kgHO/kg 0 DF
2
673 kg/h
x kgCHOH/kg
3

1 − x kgHO/kg
2

b. Overall balance: 1000 = m+ 673⇒ m= 327kg / h

Methanol balance: 0.500 1000 bg= 0.960 327bg+ xb673g⇒ =x0.276kgCH OH / kg 3

Molar flow rates of methanol and water:

673kg 0276.kgCH OH3 1000g
molCH OH3 = 580. ×103 molCH OH / h3
h kg kg 320. gCH OH3

673kg 0724. kgH O2 1000g

molH O2 = 271 10. × 4 molH O / h2
h kg kg
18gH O2
Mole fraction of Methanol:
580. ×103
3
271 10. × 4 = 0176.molCH OH / mol3
580. ×10 +
c. Analyzer is wrong, flow rates are wrong, impurities in the feed, a
reaction is taking place, the system is not at steady state.

4.13 a. Product
1239 kg
Feed Reactor Reactor effluent Purifier R=583
2253 kg 2253 kg
Waste
R=388
m w kg
R=140

4- 8
 Analyzer Calibration Data

1.364546
x p = 0.000145R
xp 0.1

0.01
100 R 1000

4.13 (cont’d)
b.
Effluent: xp = 0000145 388. bg 13645.
= 0494. kgP / kg

Product: xp = 0000145 583. bg 13645.

= 0861. kgP / kg

Waste: xp = 0000145 140. b g 13645.

= 0123. kgP / kg

08611239.bg
Efficiency = b g ×100% = 958. %
0494 2253.
c. Mass balance on purifier: 2253=1239+ mw ⇒ mw =1014kg
P balance on purifier:

Input: 0494b 1113. kgP / kggb2253 kgg= kgP

Output: 0861b 1192.. kgP / kggb1239 kgg b+ 0123 kgP / kggb1014 kgg=
kgP
The P balance does not close . Analyzer readings are wrong; impure feed; extrapolation
beyond analyzer calibration data is risky -- recalibrate; get data for R > 583; not at steady
state; additional reaction occurs in purifier; normal data scatter.

4.14 a.
n1 lb-mole/h
00100
. lb-mole HO/lb-mole
2
n3 lb-mole/h
09900
. lb-mole DA/lb-mole
0100
. lb-mole HO/lb-mole
2

0900
. lb-mole DA/lb-mole
n2 lb-mole HO/h
2
3
v2 ft/h

4- 9
 a.

4 unknowns (n n n v1, 2 , 3, ) – 2 balances – 1 density – 1 meter reading = 0 DF

v
Assume linear relationship: =aR b+

Slope: a= v2 −v1 = 969. − 400. = 1626.

R2 −R1 50−15

bg=
Intercept: b v= −a aR1 = 40 0. −1626 15.

1561. v = 1626 95. b g+1561. = 170cft / h h

2
3

170 ft3 62 4. lbm

n2 h ft3 =18.0 lb - mollbm = 589 blb - molesH O / h g
2

n n
DA balance: 09900. 1 = 0900. 3 (1)
Overall balance: n1 +n2 =n3 (2)
Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously ⇒n1 = 5890 lb - moles / h , n3 = 6480 lb - moles / h

b. Bad calibration data, not at steady state, leaks, 7% value is wrong,

v− R relationship is not linear, extrapolation of analyzer correlation leads to error.
4.15
m kg/s
100 kg/s 0900
. kgE/kg
0600
. kgE/kg 0100
. kgHO/kg
2
0050
. kgS/kg 3 unknowns ( mxx
, E, S )
0350
. kgHO/kg – 3 balances
2
m kg/s
0 DF

x E kgE/kg
x S kgS/kg

g
1− −xE xS bkg H O / kg
2

b. Overall balance: 100 = 2m⇒m= 500. bkg / sg

S balance: 0.050 100 bg= x b g50 ⇒ =x 0.100bkgS/ kgg
S S

E balance: 0600 1000300.bg= 0900 50.b g+ x b g50 ⇒ =x . kgE / kg

E E

kgEinbottomstream 0300 50. b g kgEinbottomstream

= b g = 025.
kgEinfeed 0600 100. kgEinfeed

4- 10
 c. x aR= b ⇒ln b gx = lnb ga b R+ lnb g
bx x / g ln .b0400 0100/ .
ln 2 1

g b= b g = b g
2 1

=1491. ln R R/ ln 38 15/

ln bag= lnbx g−b Rlnb g= ln .b0100g−1491. lnb15g=−6340. ⇒

1 1

=a 1764. ×10−3 x=1764. ×10−3 R1491.

R= FGH JKI =FGH 1

b

IJK = 655. x
−3 1491.

1
0900. a 1764.
×10
d. Device not calibrated – recalibrate. Calibration curve deviates from linearity at high mass
fractions – measure against known standard. Impurities in the stream – analyze a sample. Mixture is not all
liquid – check sample. Calibration data are temperature dependent – check calibration at various temperatures.
System is not at steady state – take more measurements. Scatter in data – take more measurements.

400. molH 0098. kgH SO24

4.16 SO2 4
a. L of solution b g
= L of solution molH SO2 4 0323. kgH SO / kgsolution2 4

1213.kgsolution

b. 5 unknowns ( vvvmm
1, 2 , 3, 2 , 3)
v1 L
– 2 balances
100 kg v3 L – 3 specific gravities
0200
. kgHSO/kg
2 4 0 DF
m3 kg
0800
. kgHO/kg
2
0323
. kgHSO/kg
2 4
SG = 1139
.
0677
. kgHO/kg
2
v2 L SG = 1213
.
m2 kg
0600
.
0400
. kgHO/kg
2
SG = 1498
.
kg H SO / kg2 4

4- 11
 a.

U
Overall mass balance b: 100g+ m = m2 3 VWm = 444. kg
2

⇒
Water balance: 0800 100. + 0400.m2 = 0677.m3 m3 =144kg
100kg L
v1 = = 8780. L20%solution
1139.kg
444. kg L
v2 = = 2964. L60%solution
1498. kg

v1 = 8780. = 296. L 20%solution

v2 2964. L 60%solution
c. L
1250kgP 444. kg60%solution = 257L/ h
h 144kgP 1498. kgsolution

m1 kg@$18/kg
025
. kgP/kg
075
. kgHO/kg
2 100
. kg
m2 kg@$10/kg 017
. kg P/ kg
012
. kgP/kg 083
. kgHO/
2 kg

088
. kgHO/kg
2
4.17

Overall balance: m m1 + 2 =100. (1)

Pigment balance: 025. m1 + 012. m2 = 017 100. b .g (2)

Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously ⇒ m1 = 0.385kg25%paint,m2 =0.615kg12%paint

bg+ 0.615 $10.00bg= $13.08per kg

Cost of blend: 0.385 $18.00

Selling price:1.10 $13.08bg= $14.39per kg

4- 12
4.18 m1 kgHO
2 85%ofenteringwater
100 kg
0800
. kgS/kg
0200
. kgHO/kg
2
m2 kgS
m3 kgHO2

85% drying: m1 = 0850 0200 100. b . gb g=170. kgH O 2

Sugar balance: m2 = 0800 100. b g= 800. kgS

Overall balance: 100 =17+80+ m3 ⇒ m3 = 3kgH O2

b3 kgH Og 2
00361.
kgH O / kg2 xw = =
3+80 kg

m1
=
17
b kgH Og = 0205. kgH O /
2

kgwetsugar2 m2 + m3 80+3 kg

b. 1000 tonswet sugar 3tonsH O2 = 30 tons H O / day2

day 100 tonswet sugar

1000tonsWS 0800. tonsDS 2000lbm $0.

15 365days = $8.8 ×107 per year
day tonWS ton lbm year

c. 1

xw = bx w1 + xw2 + +... xw10 g= 00504.kgH O / kg 2

10

SD = 91 bx w1 − xw g + +... bx
2
w10 − xw g = 000181.kg H O / kg
2
2

Endpoints = 00504.± 3 000181 b .g

Lower limit = 00450.,Upper limit = 00558.

4- 13
 a.

d. The evaporator is probably not working according to design

specifications since xw = 0.0361< 0.0450.

4.19 a. v1 m 3
m1 kgHO2 5 unknowns ( vvvmm
1, 2 , 3, 1 , 3)
v3 m 3
SG = 100
. – 1 mass balance
m3 kgsuspension – 1 volume balance
3 SG = 148
. – 3 specific gravities
v2 m
0 DF
400 kggalena
SG = 744
.

Total mass balance: m1 +400 =m3 (1)

4.19 (cont’d)

m1 bkgg m3 400kg m3 m3 bkgg m3 (2)

Assume volume additivity: + =
1000kg 7440kg 1480kg
Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously ⇒m1 = 668kgH O2 ,m3 =1068kgsuspension v1

= 668kg m3 = 0668. m waterfedtotank3

1000kg
b. Specific gravity of coal < 1.48 < Specific gravity of slate
c. The suspension begins to settle. Stir the suspension. 1.00 <
Specific gravity of coal < 1.48

4.20 a.
n1 mol/h n2 mol/h
0040
. molHO/mol
2 x molHO/mol
2
0960
. molDA/mol 1 − x molDA/mol

n3 molHOadsorbed/h
2

97% ofHOin
2 feed

. − 340
354 . kg molHO2
Adsorption rate: n3 = =1556
. molHO/h
2
5h 00180
. kgHO2

. = 097004
97% adsorbed: 156 . . n1 ⇒ n1 = 401
. mol/h

Total mole balance: n1 = n2 + n3 ⇒ n2 = 401 1556. − .= 3854.mol / h

4- 14
 Water balance: 0.040 40.1( )=1.556+x(38.54)⇒ = ×x 1.2 10−3(molH O/mol2 )

b. The calcium chloride pellets have reached their saturation limit.

Eventually the mole fraction will reach that of the inlet stream, i.e. 4%.

4.21 a. 300 lb m /h
055
. lb m HSO/lb
2 4 m
045
. lb m HO/lb
2 m
mC lb m /h
mB lb m /h 075
. lb m HSO/lb
2 4 m
090
. lb m HSO/lb
2 4 m 025
. lb m HO/lb
2 m
010
. lb m HO/lb
2 m

m m
Overall balance: 300+ B = C (1)

H2SO4 balance:
0.55 300
bg+0.90m = 075. m
B C (2)
Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously ⇒mB = 400lbm / h,mC = 700lbm / h

4- 15
4.21 (cont’d)

b. 500−
150
b g
mA −150 = 70− 25 RA − 25 ⇒ mA = 778.RA − 444.

− 200
mB − 200 = 80060 − 20 bR − 20g⇒ m =150. R −100 ln x − ln20 =
B B B

− ln20
ln100 bR − 4g⇒ ln x = 02682. R +1923. ⇒ =x 6841. e
x x
0.2682Rx

mA = 300 ⇒ RA = = 443. ,mB =

400 ⇒ RB = = 333. ,

1 FGH 55 IJK
x = 55% ⇒ Rx = ln = 778.
0268. 6841.
c. Overall balance: mA +mB =mC

H2SO4 balance: 001. xmA + 090. mB = 075. mC = 075. bm +m g⇒ =m b075. −015001..

A B B

xm g A

075. − 001 6841. d .e 0.2682Rx

i b778. RA − 444. g
⇒150. RB −100 =
015.

⇒ RB = d259. − 0236.e 0.2682Rx iR +135.e

A 0.2682Rx −813.

4- 16
 Check: RA = 443. ,Rx = 778. ⇒ RB = e259. − 0236.e 0.2682 7.78 bgj443. +135. e0.2682 7.78
b g
−813. = 333.

4.22 a.
n A kmol/h
010
. kmolH/kmol
2
100 kg/h
090
. kmolN/kmol
2 nP kmol/h
020
. kmolH/kmol
2
nB kmol/h 080
. kmolN/kmol
2
050
. kmolH/kmol
2
050
. kmolN/kmol
2

MW = 0.20 2.016 bg+ 0.80 28.012bg= 22.813kg / kmol

100kg kmol
⇒ nP = h 22813.kg = 438.kmol / h

Overall balance:
n
A+
n
B= 438. (1) H2 balance: 010020 438.nA + 050. nB = . b .g
(2)
Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously ⇒ nA = 329. kmol / h , nB =110. kmol / h

4.22 (cont’d) b. mP

nP = 22813.

Overall balance: n nA + =B22813m. P

H2 balance: x n x nA A + B B = 22813x mP. P

⇒ nA = 22813m.P bbxx BB −−xxPA ggn = 22813m. bbxx

B P BP gg
−−xxAA

Trial XA XB XP mP nA nB

4- 17
 1 0.10 0.50 0.10 100 4.38 0.00 c.
2 0.10 0.50 0.20 100 3.29 1.10
3 0.10 0.50 0.30 100 2.19 2.19
4 0.10 0.50 0.40 100 1.10 3.29
5 0.10 0.50 0.50 100 0.00 4.38
6 0.10 0.50 0.60 100 -1.10 5.48
7 0.10 0.50 0.10 250 10.96 0.00
8 0.10 0.50 0.20 250 8.22 2.74
9 0.10 0.50 0.30 250 5.48 5.48
10 0.10 0.50 0.40 250 2.74 8.22
11 0.10 0.50 0.50 250 0.00 10.96
12 0.10 0.50 0.60 250 -2.74 13.70

The results of trials 6 and 12 are impossible since the flow rates are negative. You cannot
blend a 10% H2 mixture with a 50% H2 mixture and obtain a 60% H2 mixture.
d. Results are the same as in part c.

4.23 Arterialblood Venous blood

200 0. ml / min 1950. ml / min

190. mg urea / ml 175. mg urea /ml

Dialysate

Dialyzing fluid bml / ming

v

1500ml / min b g
c mg urea / ml
a. Water removal rate: 200.0−195.0 = 5.0 ml / min

Urea removal rate: 1.90 200.0 bg−1.75 195.0bg= 38.8 mg urea / min
b. v=1500+ =50. 1505ml / min
38.8mgurea/min
c= = 0.0258mgurea/ml
1505ml/min

c. 7. −11. mg removed min ml 5.0 L

b
ml 38.8 mg removed L
g
= 206min (3.4 h)

4- 18
4.24 a. n1 kmol/min
200
. kgCO/min
2
n3 kmol/min
0023
. kmolCO/kmol
2
n2 kmol/min
0015
. kmolCO/kmol
2

200
. kgCO kmol
n1 =
. kgCO 2 =
2 0455
. kmolCO 2 /min
min 440
Overall balance: 0455. + n2 = n3 (1)
CO2 balance: 0455. + 0015.n2 = 0023.n3 (2)
Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously ⇒ n2 = 556. kmol / min,n3 = 561. kmol / min
b. 150m
u= = 833. m / s
18s

561. m3 1min
s
A = 1πD2 = kmol ⇒ =D108. m
min 0123.kmol 60s 4833. m

4.25 Spectrophotometer calibration: C = ====>kAC bμg / Lg= 3333. A

A=0.9
C=3

Dye concentration: A = 0.18 ⇒ =C b3.333 0.18gbg= 0.600 g / Lμ

0.60 cm3 1L 5.0 mg 103 μg
Dye injected == 30. gμ
103 cm3 1L 1 mg

⇒ b3.0 gμ g Vb gL = 0.600 g / Lμ⇒V = 5.0 L

4.26 a. 1000LB/ bkmol / ming y bkmol SO / kmol
1 2

bkgB/
min m2 g
ming V dm / 1 1− y bkmol A / kmolg
1

min 3
in 1

4- 19
 y3bkmol A / kmolg
m bkg / ming x
4
bkmol / ming bkmol
4
n3 y3
bkg SO / kg g
SO / kmol g
2
2

1 1− x bkg B/ kgg
4

4.26 (cont’d)

8 unknowns (n n v m m x y y1, 3, 1, 2 , 4 , 4 , 1, 3 )
– 3 material balances
– 2 analyzer readings
– 1 meter reading
– 1 gas density formula
– 1 specific gravity 0 DF

b. Orifice meter calibration:

A log plot of vs. is a line through the points Vh dh =100,V =142i and dh = 400,V =
1 1 2 2

i
290 . lnV= blnh + lna ⇒ =Vahb

dV V h lnb290 142g
ln 2 1

b =b g =b g=
0515. ln h2 h1 ln 400 100

lna = lnV1 − blnh1 = ln b142g− 0515.ln100 = 258. ⇒ =ae 2 58.

=132. ⇒ =V132. h0.515

Analyzer calibration:

ln y = bR+ lna ⇒ =y by y g
aebR ln 2 1

|
ln b01107 000166. . g U |
.
b == = 00600

4- 20
 V
R2 − R1 b90 − 20g bg | −

lna = ln y1 − bR1 = ln 000166. − 00600 20. =−7 60. ⇒ =y 500. ×10 4 e0.0600R

E ||
a = 500. ×10−4 |W
c.
h1 = 210 mm⇒ =V1 132 210. b g 0.515
= 207 3. m3 min b g
b g b 122. 150+147 147.. atm g
b75+ 460 bKg ρfeed gas == 0460. mol / L = 0.460
3
kmol / m
18g.
E
2073. m3 0460. kmol n1 = min m3
= 9534. kmol min

R1 = 824. ⇒ =y1500 10. × −4exp . b00600×824. g= 00702. kmol SO kmol 2

R3 =116. ⇒ =y3500 10. × −4 exp .b00600 116× . g= 000100. kmol SO kmol 2

1000 L B 130. kg m2 =
min L B =1300 kg/ min

4.26 (cont’d)

A balance: b1− 00702 9534. gb . g b= −1 000100.gn ⇒ =n 887. kmol min 3 3

SO balance: b00702 9534 640.

2 gb . g(. kg / kmol) =b000100 887 64.
gb . (g )+mx (1) 44

B balance: 1300 = m4(1−x4) (2)

4- 21
 Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously⇒m4 =1723 kg / min, x4 = 0.245 kg SO absorbed / kg 2

SO removed =2 mx4 4 = 422 kg SO / min2

d. Decreasing the bubble size increases the bubble surface-to-volume

ratio, which results in a higher rate of transfer of SO2 from the gas to the liquid phase.

4.27 a. 3
V2 m/min n3 kmol/min

m2 kgB/min y3 kmolSO/kmol
2

1 − y3 kmolA/kmol
3
V1 m/min R3
n1 kmol/min m4 kg/min
y1 kmolSO/kmol
2 x 4 kgSOkg
2

1 − y1 kmolA/kmol 1 − x 4 kgB/kg
PTRh
11, , 11,

b. 14 unknowns ( n V y P T R h V m n y R m x1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3,

3, 4, 4 )

– 3 material balances
– 3 analyzer and orifice meter readings
– 1 gas density formula (relates n1 andV1 )

– 1 specific gravity (relates m2 andV2 )

6 DF

b −y n g = −b1 y n g
1 1 3 3 (1)
A balance: 1

SO2 balance: y n1 1= y n3 3 + 64kgSO / kmolx m4 24 (2)

m
B balance: 2 = − b1 g
x m4 4
(3)
Calibration formulas: y1 = 500. ×10−4e0.060R1 (4) y3 = 500. ×10−4e0.060R3 (5)

V1 =132. h10.515 (6)

4- 22
 122. bbP +147.gg/147.
1
1 (7)

Gas density formula: n1 = T1 + 460 / .18 V

Liquid specific gravity: SG=130. ⇒ =V2

m2
bkgg m 3

(8) h 1300kg

4.27 (cont’d)
c. T1 75 °F y1 0.07 kmol SO2/kmol
P1 150 psig V1 207 m3/h
h1 210 torr n1 95.26 kmol/h
R1 82.4

Trial x4 (kg SO2/kg) y3 (kmol SO2/kmol) V2 (m3/h) n3 m4 (kg/h) m2 (kg/h)

(kmol/h)
1 0.10 0.050 0.89 93.25 1283.45 1155.11

2 0.10 0.025 1.95 90.86 2813.72 2532.35

3 0.10 0.010 2.56 89.48 3694.78 3325.31

4 0.10 0.005 2.76 89.03 3982.57 3584.31

5 0.10 0.001 2.92 88.68 4210.72 3789.65

6 0.20 0.050 0.39 93.25 641.73 513.38

7 0.20 0.025 0.87 90.86 1406.86 1125.49

8 0.20 0.010 1.14 89.48 1847.39 1477.91

9 0.20 0.005 1.23 89.03 1991.28 1593.03

10 0.20 0.001 1.30 88.68 2105.36 1684.29

V2 vs. y3

4- 23
 3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.000 0.020 0.040

y3 (kmol SO2/kmol)

x4 = 0.10 x4 = 0.20
0.060

For a given SO2 feed rate removing more SO2 (lower y3) requires a
higher solvent feed
rate (V2 ).
For a given SO2 removal rate (y3), a higher solvent feed rate (V2 ) tends to a more dilute
SO2 solution at the outlet (lower x4).
d. Answers are the same as in part c.

4.28 Maximum balances: Overall - 3, Unit 1 - 2; Unit 2 - 3; Mixing point - 3

Overall mass balance ⇒ m3

Mass balance - Unit 1 ⇒ m1
A balance - Unit 1 ⇒ x1
Mass balance - mixing point ⇒ m2
A balance - mixing point ⇒ x2 C
balance - mixing point ⇒ y2

4.29 a. 100 mol/h n2 mol/h n4 mol/h

0300
. molB/mol x B 2 molB/mol 0940
. molB/mol
0250
. molT/mol Column 1 xT 2 molT/mol Column 2 0060
. molT/mol
0450
. molX/mol 1 − x B 2 − xT 2 molX/mol

n3 mol/h n5 mol/h
0020
. molT/mol x B 5 molB/mol
0980
. molX/mol xT 5 molT/mol
1 − x B 5 − xT 5 molX/mol

4- 24
 Column 1 Column 2:
nnx , nnny, ,
4 unknowns ( 2 3, B2,xT2 ) 4 unknowns ( 3 4 5, x )

–3 balances – 3 balances
– 1 recovery of X in bot. (96%) – 1 recovery of B in top (97%)
0 DF 0
DF
Column 1
96% X recovery: 096 0450 100. b .gb
(1)
g= 098. n3

Total mole balance: 100 = n2 + n3 (2)

B balance: 0300 100. b g= x B2n2 (3) T balance: 0250 100. b g=

xT2n2 + 0020. n3 (4)

Column 2
n n (5)
97% B recovery: 097. xB2 2 = 0940. 4
n n n
Total mole balance: 2 = 4 + 5 (6)
B balance: x nB2 2 = 0940.n4 +x nB5 5 (7)

b. ( )1 ⇒ n3 = 441. mol / h ( )2 ⇒ n2 = 559. mol / h

( )3 ⇒ xB2 = 0536. mol B / mol ( )4 ⇒ xT2 = 0431. molT / mol

( )5 ⇒ n4 = 3095.mol / h ( )6 ⇒ n5 = 24 96.mol / h
( )7 ⇒ xB5 = 0036. mol B / mol ( )8 ⇒ xT5 = 0892. molT / mol

0940 3095. b .g
Overall benzene recovery: b g ×100% = 97% 0300
100.

0892 2496. b .g
Overall toluene recovery: b g ×100 = 89% 0250
100.

n n
T balance: xT2 2 = 0060. 4 + x nT5 5 (8)

4- 25
 100 kg/h m3 kg/h m4 kg/h m10 kg/h
x3 kg S/kg
0035
.
0965
.
kg S/kg
kg HO/kg
1 1 − x3 kg HO/kg
2
4 x4 kg S/kg
1 − x 4 kg HO/kg
10 0050
.
0950
.
kg S/kg
kg HO/kg
2 2 2

0.100mw kg HO/h
2 0.100mw kg HO/h
2 0.100mw kg HO/h
2
mw kg HO/h
2
4.30 a.
b. Overall process

100 kg/h m10 (kg / h)

0.035 kg S/kg 0.050 kg S/kg
0.965 kg H2O/kg 0.950 kg H2O/kg
mw(kg H O / h2
)

Salt balance: 0035 100. b g= 0050. m 10

Overall balance: 100 =m mw + 10

H2O yield: Yw = mw bbkgH Orecovered g g 2

965. kgH Oinfreshfeed2

First 4 evaporators

100 k g /h m4 kg /h
0035
. k g S/k g x 4 kg S/k g
0965
. k g HO/k
2 g 1 − x4 kg HO/k
2 g

4 ×0100
. mw kg HO/h
2

Overall balance: 100 = 40100

. w +
mm 4

Salt balance: 0035 100. b g=xm 44

c. Yw = 0 31.

4- 26
x4 = 0 0398.

4- 27
4.31 a.
2 n1 mol
097
. molB/mol Condenser
003
. molT/mol

n1 mol n1 mol (89.2%ofBinfeed )

097
. molB/mol 097
. molB/mol
100 mol
003
. molT/mol 003
. molT/mol
050
. molB/mol
Still
050
. molT/mol
n4 mol 45%offeedtoreboiler
y B molB/mol
1 − y B molT/mol

n3 mol
n2 mol
Reboiler x B molB/mol
z B molB/mol
1 − x B molT/mol
1 − z B molT/mol

Overall process: 3 unknowns (n n x1, 3, B ) Still: 5 unknowns (n n n y z1, 2 , 4 , B , B )

– 2 balances – 2 balances
– 1 relationship (89.2% recovery) 3 DF
0 DF

Condenser: 1 unknown (n1 ) Reboiler: 6 unknowns (n n n x y z2 , 3, 4 , B, B, B )

– 0 balances – 2 balances
1 DF – 2 relationships (2.25 ratio & 45% vapor)
3 DF
Begin with overall process.

b. Overall process

89.2% recovery: 0892 050 100. b . gb g = 0 97. n 1

Overall balance: 100 =n n1 + 3

B balance: 050 100. bg= 0 97. n x n + 1 B3

Reboiler

yB / e1−y j B

Composition relationship: b g = 2 25. x / 1−x B B

4- 28
 Percent vaporized: n4 = 045. n2 (1)

Mole balance: n2 = n3 + n4 (2)

(Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously.)

B balance: z nB 2 = x nB 3 + y nB 4

4.31 (cont’d)
c. B fraction in bottoms: xB = 0.100molB/ mol

Moles of overhead: n1 = 460. mol Moles of bottoms: n3 = 540. mol

Recovery of toluene: b1− xb gn g ×100% = b1− 010 5402. bgb g. g ×100%

B 3

= 97%
050 100. 050 100.

4.32 a.
m3 kg H 2O

Bypass Mixing point

Basis: Evaporator
100 kg100 kg m1 kg m4 kg m5 kg
0.12 kg S / kg 012
. kg S / kg 058
. kg S / kg 0.42 kg S / kg
0.88 kg H 2O / kg 088
. kg H 2O/ kg 042
. kg H 2O/ kg 0.58 kg H 2O/ kg

m2 kg
012
. kg S / kg
088
. kg H 2O/ kg

Overall process: 2 unknowns (m m3, 5 ) Bypass: 2 unknowns (m m1, 2 )

– 2 balances – 1 independent balance
0 DF 1 DF

Evaporator: 3 unknowns (m m m1, 3, 4) Mixing point: 3

unknowns (m m m2, 4, 5)
– 2 balances – 2 balances
1 DF 1 DF

Overall S balance: 012 100. bg= 042. m 5

Overall mass balance: 100 = m3 +m5

4- 29
 Mixing point mass balance: m4 +m2 = m5 (1)

Mixing point S balance: 058.m4 + 012.m2 = 042.m5 (2)

Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously
Bypass mass balance: 100 = m1 +m2

b. m1 = 9005. . kg , m2 = 9 95. kg , m3 = 714. kg , m4 =1865. kg , m5 = 286 kgproduct

m2 0095.
Bypass fraction: =
100

c. Over-evaporating could degrade the juice; additional evaporation could be uneconomical; a stream
consisting of 90% solids could be hard to transport.

4.33 a.
m4 kgCr/h

m1 kg/h m2 kg/h m5 kg/h m6 kg/h

00515
. kgCr/kg 00515
. kgCr/kg Treatment x5 kgCr/kg x6 kgCr/kg
09485
. kgW/kg 09485
. kgW/kg Unit 1 − x5 kgW/kg 1 − x6 kgW/kg

m3 kg/h
00515
. kgCr/kg
09485
. kgW/kg

b. m1 = 6000 kg / h ⇒ m2 = 4500 kg / h maximumallowed value b g

Bypass point mass balance: m3 = 6000− 4500 =1500 kg / h

95% Cr removal: m4 = 095 00515 4500. b . gb g = 2202. kg Cr / h

Mass balance on treatment unit: m5 = 4500− 2202. = 42798. kg / h

00515 4500. b g− 2202.

Cr balance on treatment unit: x5 = = 0002707. kgCr / kg
47798.
Mixing point mass balance: m6 =1500+ 42798. = 57798. kg / h

4- 30
 00515 1500. bg+ 00002707 42798. b . g
Mixing point Cr balance: x6 = = 00154. kgCr / kg
57798.

c. m1 (kg/h) m2 (kg/h) m3 (kg/h) m4 (kg/h) m5 (kg/h) x5 m6 (kg/h) x6

1000 1000 0 48.9 951 0.00271 951 0.00271
2000 2000 0 97.9 1902 0.00271 1902 0.00271
3000 3000 0 147 2853 0.00271 2853 0.00271
4000 4000 0 196 3804 0.00271 3804 0.00271
5000 4500 500 220 4280 0.00271 4780 0.00781
6000 4500 1500 220 4280 0.00271 5780 0.0154
7000 4500 2500 220 4280 0.00271 6780 0.0207
8000 4500 3500 220 4280 0.00271 7780 0.0247
9000 4500 4500 220 4280 0.00271 8780 0.0277
10000 4500 5500 220 4280 0.00271 9780 0.0301

4.33 (cont’d)

m vs. x
1 6

0.03500
0.03000
0.02500
0.02000
0.01500
0.01000
0.00500
0.00000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 1000012000

m (kg/h)
1

4- 31
 d. Cost of additional capacity – installation and maintenance, revenue from additional
recovered Cr, anticipated wastewater production in coming years, capacity of waste lagoon,
regulatory limits on Cr emissions.

175 kg HO/s45%
2 of water fed to evaporator

m1 kg/s m4 kgKSO/s
2 4 m6 kgKSO/s
2 4 Filtercake
m5 kgHO/s m7 kgHO/s
Crystallizer
0196
. kg KSO/kg 2 Evaporator 2 10 m2 kgKSO/s
2 4 Filter 2 4
0804
. kg HO/kg
2 m2 kgsoln/s
0400
. kg KSO/kg
2 4

Filtrate 0600
. kg HO/kg
2

m3 kg/s
0400
. kg KSO/kg
2 4
0600
. kg HO/kg
2
4.34 a.

Let K = K2SO4, W = H2 Basis: 175 kg W evaporated/s

Overall process: 2 unknowns ( m m1, 2 ) Mixing point: 4 unknowns (m m m m1, 3, 4, 5 )

- 2 balances - 2 balances
0 DF 2 DF

mmmm , , , mmmm , , ,
Evaporator: 4 unknowns ( 4 5 6 7 ) Crystallizer: 4 unknowns ( 2 3 6 7 )
– 2 balances – 2 balances
– 1 percent evaporation 2 DF
1 DF

U|
Strategy: Overall balances ⇒ m m1, 2 |V||Wverify that each
% evaporation ⇒ m5 chosen subsystem involves

Balances around mixing point ⇒ m m3, 4 no more than two

Balances around evaporator ⇒ m6, m7 unknown variables
4.34 (cont’d)

m =175+10m + m
Overall mass balance: 1 2 2

UV |
|W
m m m
Overall K balance: 0196. 1 =10 2 + 0400. 2

4- 32
 Production rate of crystals =10m2

45% evaporation: 175 kg evaporated min = 0450.m5

W balance around mixing point: 0804.m1 + 0600.m3 = m5

Mass balance around mixing point: m1 + m3 = m4 + m5

K balance around evaporator: m6 = m4

W balance around evaporator: m5 =175+ m7


Mole fraction of K in stream entering evaporator = m4
m4 + m5

b. Fresh feed rate: m1 = 221 kg / s

Production rate of crystals =10m2 = 416. kg K s bgs

Recycle ratio: m b bkg recycle sgg = 3523. =160. kg recycle
3

m1 kg fresh feed s 2208. kg fresh feed

c. Scale to 75% of capacity.

Flow rate of stream entering evaporator = .075 398( kg / s) = 299 kg / s

463. % K, 537% W .

d. Drying . Principal costs are likely to be the heating cost for the evaporator and the dryer and

the cooling cost for the crystallizer.

4- 33
4.35 a. Overall objective: Separate components of a CH4-CO2 mixture, recover CH4, and
discharge CO2 to the atmosphere.
Absorber function: Separates CO2 from CH4.
Stripper function: Removes dissolved CO2 from CH3OH so that the latter can be reused.

b. The top streams are liquids while the bottom streams are gases. The liquids are heavier
than the gases so the liquids fall through the columns and the gases rise.

c. n1 mol/h
n5 molN 2 / h
0010
. molCO/mol
2
n 6 molCO/h
2
0990
. molCH/mol
4

100 mol/h Absorber n 2 mol/h Stripper

0300
. molCO/mol
2 0005
. molCO/mol n5 molN 2 / h
2
0700
. molCH/mol
4 0995
. molCHOH/mol
3

3 2

n 4 molCHOH/h
3

nmolCO / h

Overall CH4 Overall: 3 unknowns ( n n n1, 5, 6 ) Absorber: 4 unknowns ( n n n n1, 2, 3,

4)
balance:
– 2 balances – 3 balances
b0700 1 DF 1 DF

Stripper: 4 unknowns (n n n n2 , 3, 4 , 5 )
– 2 balances
– 1 percent removal (90%)
1 DF

Overall mole balance: 100 bmol / hg = n n + 1 6 100. gb g

bmolCH / Percent CO2 stripped: 090.
n
3= 6
n h4 g= 0990.
n1 Stripper CO2 balance: n3 =n6 + 0005. n2

4- 34
 Stripper CH3OH balance: n4 = 0995.n2

n n n n
d. 1= 7071. mol / h, 2 = 6510. mol / h, 3 = 3255. mol CO / h2 , 4=

,
6477. mol CH OH / h3 n6 = 2929. mol CO / h2
. − 0010
300 . n1
Fractional CO2 absorption: f CO2 = = 0976. molCO absorbed / mol fed2
300.

4.35 (cont’d)

Total molar flow rate of liquid feed to stripper and mole fraction of CO2:

n3 + n4 = 680mol / h, x3 = n3 n+3n4 = 00478.molCO / mol2

e. Scale up to 1000 kg/h (=106 g/h) of product gas:

b g CO / mol g+ 099 16. b g CH / mol g=1628. g / mol

MW1 = 001 44. 2 4

b gn =d10. ×10 g / hib1628. g / molg= 6142. ×10 mol / h

1 new
6 4

bn g =b100 mol / hg ( .6142 ×10 mol / h) / (7071. mol / h) =869. ×10 mol / h
feed new
4 4

f. Ta < Ts The higher temperature in the stripper will help drive off the gas.
Pa > Ps The higher pressure in the absorber will help dissolve the gas in the liquid.

g. The methanol must have a high solubility for CO2, a low solubility for CH4, and a low volatility at
the stripper temperature.

4.36 a. Basis: 100 kg beans fed

4- 35
 1− −x2 m5 kgC 6H14 Condenser
y2bkg C H 6

/ kgg
14

m1 kg C6H14 300 kg CH
614 m2 kg m4 kg m6 kg oil
Ex x2 kg S/kg
F y4 kg oil/kg Ev
y2 kg oil/kg 1 − y4 kg CH
614 /kg

870
. kg S
075
. kg S/kg
y3 kg oil/kg
. − y3 kg CH
025 614 /kg

130. kg oil m3 bkgg

Overall: 4 unknowns (m m m y1,3, 6 , 3) Extractor: 3

unknowns (m x2 , 2 , y2 )
– 3 balances – 3 balances
1 DF 0 DF

Mixing Pt: 2 unknowns (m m1, 5 ) Evaporator: 4 unknowns (m m m y4 , 5, 6,

4)
– 1 balance – 2 balances
1 DF 2 DF
Filter: 7 unknowns (m m m x2 , 3 , 4 , 2 , y2 , y y3, 4 )
– 3 balances
– 1 oil/hexane ratio
3 DF

Start with extractor (0 degrees of freedom)

Extractor mass balance: 300+870. +130. kg = m2

4.36 (cont’d)
Extractor S balance: 870. kg S = x m2 2

Extractor oil balance: 130. kg oil = y m2 2

Filter S balance: 870. . kg S= 075m3

Filter mass balance: m2 bkgg = m + m Oil / hexane ratio in filter cake:

3 4

y3 = y2
0.25− y3 1− x2 − y2

4- 36
 Filter oil balance: 130. kg oil = y m33 + y m4 4

Evaporator hexane balance: b1− y m g 4 4= m5

Mixing pt. Hexane balance: m1 + m5 = 300 kg C H614

Evaporator oil balance: y m44 = m6

b. m 118. kg oil

Yield = 6= = 0118. bkg oil / kg beans fedg

100 100 kg beans fed

Freshhexanefeed = 1 = 6 14 = 0.28 bkg C H 6 14 / kg beans fed g m 28 kg C H

100 100 kg beans fed

Recycleratio = 5 = 6 14 = 9.71 bkg C H 6 14 recycled / kg C H6 14 fed g m 272 kg C H

recycled
m1 28 kg C H fed6 14

c. Lower heating cost for the evaporator and lower cooling cost for the condenser.

m lb m dirt
1
98 lb m dry shirts
3 lb m Whizzo
100 lbm
2 lbdirt
m
98 lbdry
m shirts

Filter
Tub
m lb m Whizzo m lb m
2 m lb m m lb m 5
3 4
092
. lb m dirt/lb m
003
. lb m dirt/lb m 013
. lb m dirt/lb m
008
. lb m Whizzo/lb m
097
. lb m Whizzo/lb m 087
. lb m Whizzo/lb m

m6 lbm
1 − x lbdirt/lb
m m

x lbWhizzo/lb
m m
4.37
Strategy
95% dirt removal ⇒ m1 (= 5% of the dirt entering)
Overall balances: 2 allowed (we have implicitly used a clean shirt balance in labeling
the chart) ⇒m m2, 5 (solves Part (a))

4.37 (cont’d)

Balances around the mixing point involve 3 unknowns bm m , , xg, as do balances

36

4- 37
 around the filter bm m , , xg, but the tub only involves 2bm m , g and 2 balances are
46 3 4

allowed for each subsystem. Balances around tub ⇒ m m3, 4

Balances around mixing point ⇒ m6, x (solves Part (b))

a. 95% dirt removal: m1 = b005 20. gb . g= 010. lb dirt m

Overall dirt balance: 20. = 010. +b092. gm ⇒ =m 2065.lb dirt

5 5 m

Overall Whizzo balance: m = +3 b008 2065. gb .g blb Whizzog= 317.

2 m lbm Whizzo

b. Tub dirt balance: 2+ 003. m3 = 010. + 013. m4 (1) Tub Whizzo balance: 097. m3 = 3+ 087. m4
(2)
Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously ⇒ m3 = 204. . lbm,m4 =193 lbm
Mixing pt. mass balance: 317. + m6 = 204. lbm ⇒ m6 =173. lbm Mixing
pt. Whizzo balance:

3.17+x(17.3) (= 0.97)(20.4)⇒ =x 0.961 lbm Whizzo/lbm ⇒ 96%Whizzo, 4% dirt

2720 kg S

mixer 3
C 2L kg L
Discarded
Filter 3 C 2S kg S
C 3L kg L
C 3S kg S F 3L kg L
3300 kg S F 3S kg S
620 kg L
mixer 1 mixer 2
C 1L kg L
Filter 1 Filter 2
C 1S kg S
F 1L kg L F 2L kg L
F 1S kg S F 2S kg S
To holding tank
4.38 a.

mixer filter 1: 001 620

.
b g =F 1L ⇒ F1L = 62. kg L balance: 620 =

62. + C1L ⇒ C1L = 6138. kg L

4- 38
 U|
mixer filter 2: 001 6138. b . + F g = F |W
3L 2L V
F2L = 62. kg L balance: 6138. + F3L = F2L + C3L ⇒ C2L = 6137.
kg L mixer filter 3: 001. C2L = F3L F3L = 61. kg L
balance: 613.7 = 6.1+ C3L ⇒ C3L = 6076. kg L

4.38 (1cont’d)

Solvent

m f 1: 015 3300. bg = C 1S ⇒ C1S = 495 kg S

balance: 3300 = 495+ F1S ⇒ F1S = 2805 kg S m f 2: 015

|V U
495. bb + F g =g C |
3S
2
S ||W C 2S =

4826. kg S balance: 495+ F3S = C2S + F2S F2S = 27346. kg

⇒
m f 3: 015 2720. + C2S = C3S C3S = 4804. kg S balance: 2720+
C2S = F3S + C3S F3S = 27222. kg S

1
4.39 a. C H22 + 2 H 2 → C H2 6
2
2 mol H 2 react / mol C H2 2 react

4- 39
 Holding Tank Contents
b. . + 62
62 . =124
. kg leaf
2805 + 27346
. = 5540 kg solvent

5540 kgS QR kg Q0 kg
0165
. kgE/kg
Extraction 0.13kgE/kg Steam 0200
. kgE/kg
0835
. kgW/kg Unit 0.15 kgF/kg Stripper 0.026 kgF/kg
QD kgD 0.855 kgW/kg 0.774 kgW/kg
QB kg
QF kgF QE kgE
0.013kgE/kg
QD kgD
0.987 kgW/kg
QF kgF
Q3 kg steam
1 kg D 620 kg leaf
Mass of D in Product:
1000 kg leaf = 0.62 kg D = QD
Water balance around extraction unit: 0.8355540 = 0.855QR ⇒=QR 5410 kg
Ethanol balance around extraction unit:

0.165 5540 bg = 0.13 5410bg+ Q ⇒ Q = 211 kg ethanol in extract b g

E E

c. F balance around stripper

0015 5410. b g = 0026. Q1 ⇒ Q0 = 3121 kg mass of stripper

overhead product b g
E balance around stripper

0.13 5410bg = 0.200 3121bg+ 0.013Q ⇒ Q = 6085 kg mass of stripper bottom product
B B

b g
W balance around stripper

0.855 5410 bg+ =Q 0.774 3121bg+ 0.987 6085bg⇒Q = 3796 kg steam fed to
S S

stripper

1
0.5 kmol C H2 6 formed / kmol H 2 react

4- 40
4.39 (cont’d)
b. nH
2 =15. < 20. ⇒H islimitingreactant2
C H2 2
n

15. molH fed2

⇒10.
molC H fed2
2
⇒
075. molC
H required
(theoretical)2
2

1
0
.
m
o
l
f
e
d
10. mol fed
% excess C H2 2 = − 075.mol required ×100% = 333. %
075. mol required

41×106 tonnes C 1 yr 1 day 1 h 1000 kg 1 kmolC H2 6 2 kmolH2

H2 6

yr 300 days 24 h 3600 s tonne 300. kgC H2 6 1 kmolC H2 6 c. 200.

kgH2
1 kmolH2
= 206. kg H / s2

1
. kg NO
Mass of NO: = 750. kg NO

4- 41
d. The extra cost will
be involved in
separating the
product from the
excess reactant.

4.40 a. 4NH3 +5O2 → 4NO + 6H O2

5 lb- mole O react
2 =125. lb- mole O react / lb- mole NO formed2 4
lb- mole NO formed

= =
b. dn i O
2 theoretical 100 kmol NHh 3 45 kmol NH kmol O23 125 kmol O2

40% excess O2 ⇒ dn i O2 fed =140 125175. b kmol O g = kmol O

2 2

c. b500. kgNH gb kmolNH /17kgNH g = 294.

3
1
kmolNH 3 3 3

b1000. kgO gb1 kmolO / 32kgO g = 3125.kmolO

2 2 2 2

FGH n IJK O23 3125.

F n IJK O2 5 = =106. <

GH 3 = =125.
nNH fed 294. nNH stoich 4

⇒ O is the limiting reactant2

3125. kmolO2 2kmolNH3 250. kmolNH3

1
kmol NO

2
.41 a. By adding the feeds in stoichometric proportion, all of the H2S and SO2 would be consumed.
Automation provides for faster and more accurate response to fluctuations in the feed stream,
reducing the risk of release of H2S and SO2. It also may reduce labor costs.

4- 42
 Required NH3: = 5kmolO2
%excessNH3 =

×100% =176. %excessNH3

Extent of reaction: nO2 = dn i − v

O2 0 O2ξ⇒ 0 = 3125.− − b 5g ξ ξ ⇒ = 0625. kmol =
625mol

3125. kmol 4 kmol NO

O2
5 kmol O2

4- 43
4.41 (cont’d)

b. . ×10 2 kmol 085

300 . kmol H S 1kmol SO 2
nc = 2
= 1275
. kmolSO 2 /h
h kmol 2

c.
Calibration Curve

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

R (mV)
a

X = 0.0199Ra − 0.0605

d.
nc kmol SO/h
2

n f kmol/h
Blender
x kmolHS/kmol
2

n f = aR f 20
Flowmeter calibration: n f = Rf
n f =100 kmol/h , R f =15 mV 3
2 kmol H S

4- 44
 Control valve calibration: nc = 250.. kmol / h,Rkmol / h,Rc =100250.. mVmV VWUn = c

73 Rc + 53
nc = 600 c=

GF 20 I J
Stoichiometric feed: nc = 12 n xf ⇒ 73 Rc + =5312 H 3Rf K b0 0119. Ra − 0

0605. g
5
⇒ Rc =
10
Rf b g
0 0119.Ra − 0 0605. −7
7

3
nf = 300.×102 kmol / h ⇒ R f = 20 nf = 45mV

4.41 (cont’d)
10
7b g b gb g
Rc = 45 00119 765. . −
00605.−= 539. mV

7
b g
n
⇒ c= 3 539. +=127 4. kmol / h
e. Faulty sensors, computer problems, analyzer calibration not linear, extrapolation beyond
range of calibration data, system had not reached steady state yet.

4.42
165 mol/s n mol/s
x mol CH/mol
2 4 0310
. mol CH/mol
2 4

1 − x mol HBr/mol 0173

. mol HBr/mol
0.517 mol CHBr/mol
2 5
CH
2 4 + HBr → CHBr
2 5

4- 45
 165mol molC H2
s mol
4
b g 2molCb gb g b gb g
C balance: molC H24 = n0310 2. + n0517 2.
(1)

Br balance: 165 1( − x)( )1 = n(0.173 1)( ) + n(0.517)(1) (2)

(Note: An atomic H balance can be obtained as 2*(Eq. 2) + (Eq. 1) and so is not

independent)

Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously ⇒ n=10877.mol / s, x = 0545. molC H / mol2 4

⇒ b1− xg = 0455.molHBr / mol

Since the C2H4/HBr feed ratio (0.545/0.455) is greater than the stoichiometric ration (=1),
HBr is the limiting reactant .

bn g = b165mol / sgb0455.molHBr / molg = 7508. molHBr

HBr fed

Fractional conversion of HBr =

= 0.749
molHBrreact/molfed

(n )
C H2 4 stoich = 75.08molC H24

(n )
C H2 4 fed = (165mol/s)(0.545molC H /mol2 4) = 89.93molC H2 4

% excess of C H2 4=

=19.8%

Extentof reaction:
n
C H Br2 5= (n )
C H Br2 5 0 + vC H Br2 5 ξ⇒ (108.8)(0.517) = 0+ ( )1 ξ ξ⇒ =
56.2mol/s

4.43 a. 1
2HCl + Basis: 100 mol HCl fed to reactor O2 → Cl2 + H O2
2

4- 46
 100 mol HCl n2 molHCl
n3 molO 2
n1 mol air n4 molN 2
021
. mol O/mol
2 n5 mol Cl2
079
. mol N/mol
2 n6 molHO
2
35% excess

100 mol HCl 0.5 mol O2

bO 2
2 mol HCl gstoic == 25 mol O 2

35% excess air: 021. n1 bmol O fed g =135.× 25⇒ n =1607. mol air fed
2 1

85% conversion ⇒ 85 mol HCl react ⇒ n2 =15 mol HCl

85 mol HCl react 1 mol Cl2

n5 2 mol HCl == 425. mol Cl2

n6 = b gb85 1 2g = 425. mol H O 2

N balance: b1607 079. gb . g = n ⇒ n =127

2 4 4

mol N2 O balance:

160.7 021. mol O2 mol O b 42.5 mol H O2 mol O gb g

mol O2 mol H2O
= 2n3 +⇒ n3 =125. mol
O2

15 mol HCl mol HCl molO2 , 0530. molN 2 , ∑n j = 2395. mol ⇒ = 0063. ,
0052.
j=2 239.5 mol mol mol mol

0177. molCl2 , 0177. mol H O2

mol mol

b. As before, n1 =1607. ,mol air fed n2 =15molHCl

4- 47
 2HCl + O2 → Cl2 + H O2
2

ni = b gn ξ
i0 +vi

E
HCl: 15=100 − 2ξ ξ⇒ = 425. mol

4.43 (cont’d)

b g
O2: n3 = 021 1607. . − 1ξ=125. mol O2
2

N 2: n4 = 079 1607. b. g=127 mol N 2

Cl2: n5 = =ξ 425. mol Cl2

H O 2: n6 = =ξ 425. mol H O2

These molar quantities are the same as in part (a), so the mole fractions would also be the
same.
c. Use of pure O2 would eliminate the need for an extra process to remove the N2 from the
product gas, but O2 costs much more than air. The cheaper process will be the process of
choice.

4.44 FeTiO3 + 2H SO24 → bTiO SOg + FeSO + 2H O

4 4 2

Fe O2 3 +3H SO2 4 → Fe SO b g +3H

2 4 3

O2 bTiO SOg + 2H O → H TiO s

4 2 2

3b g+ H SO H TiO s b g →
2 4 2 3

TiO b gs + H O
2 2

Basis: 1000 kg TiO2 produced

1000 kg TiO2 kmol TiO2 1 kmol FeTiO3
=12.52 kmol FeTiO decomposes3
79.90 kg TiO2 1 kmol TiO2

4- 48
 12.52 kmol FeTiO dec.3 1 kmol FeTiO feed3
=14.06 kmol FeTiO fed3
0.89 kmol FeTiO dec3
.
14.06 kmol FeTiO3 1 kmol Ti 47.90 kg
Ti = 673.5 kg Ti fed
1 kmol FeTiO3 kmol Ti
673.5 kg Ti / Mbkg oreg = 0.243 ⇒ M = 2772
kg ore fed

Ore is made up entirely of 14.06 kmol FeTiO3 + n bkmol Fe O 2

14.06 kmol FeTiO3 151.74 kg FeTiO3
3 g(Assumption!) kmol FeTiO3

n = 2772 kg ore −= 6381. kg Fe O2 3

638.1 kg Fe O2 3 kmol Fe O23

= 4.00kmol 159.69 kg Fe O2 3 Fe O2 3

14.06 kmol 2 kmol H 4.00 kmol 3 kmol H

+=40.12FeTiO3 SO2 4 FeTiO3 SO2 4
kmol H SO2 4

1 kmol 1 kmol Fe
FeTiO3 O2 3

50% excess: 15 40126018. b . . kmol H

SO2 4g= kmol H SO fed2 4

Mass of 80% solution: = 5902.4 kg 60.18 kmol H SO2 4 98.08 kg H SO2 4

H SO2 4
1 kmol H SO2 4

5902 47380.. kg H SO24 / Ma bkg solng = 080⇒ Ma = kg 80% H SO feed2 4

4.45 a. Plot C (log scale) vs. R (linear scale) on semilog paper, get straight line through

dR = 10, C = 0 30. g m i and FHR = 48, C = 2 67. g m3IK

1 1 3 2 2

lnC = +bR lna ⇔ =C aebr

b = ln b2 67 030. . g = 00575. , lna = lnb2 67. g− 00575 48. b g=−178. ⇒ =a

e−1.78 = 0169. 48 −10
⇒ C = 0169. e0.0575R

4- 49
 C′( lbm ) 4536. g 35.31 ft

ft 3
1 lbm
3

1m 3
C dg m i ==16 020, C′
3

E
16 020,C'= 0169.e0.0575R ⇒ C′ dlb SO m2 ft
3
i =1055.×10− e 5 0.0575R

b. d2867 ft sib60 s ming =

3 3 lbm coal
138 ft
1250 lbm min

R = 37 ⇒ C′ dlb SO ft i =1055.×10−5eb
m2 3 0.0575 gb37g = 886.×10 −5 lb SOm 2 ft3

886. ×10−5 lb SOm 138 ft3

2
lb SOm 2 compliance achieved =
ft3 1 lb coam l
0012. < 0018.
lb coalm

c. S+ O2 → SO2
1250 lbm coal 0.05 lb Sm 64.06 lb SOm 2
=1249. lb
min 1 lb coalm 32.06 lb Sm 2867 ft3 60 s 886 10. × −5 lb
SO generated minm 2
SOm
=152. lb SOm
2
2 min in
s 1 min ft3
scrubbed gas

air scrubbing fluid

1250 lb coal/minm furnace stack gas scrubber scrubbed gas

62.5 lb S/minm 124.9 lb SO /minm 215.2 lb SO /minm 2
ash liquid effluent
(124.9 – 15.2)lb SO (absorbed)/minm 2

b1249. −152. g lb SO scrubbed min m 2

100% = 88%
% removal = ×
1249. lb SO fed to scrubber minm 2

d. The regulation was avoided by diluting the stack gas with fresh air before it exited from
the stack. The new regulation prevents this since the mass of SO2 emitted per mass of coal
burned is independent of the flow rate of air in the stack.

4- 50
4.46 a. A + B =====C+D
n = n A −ξ A
0

n B = n B −ξ y A = n A −ξ nT
0 0

nC = nC +ξ y B = n B −ξ nT
0 0

n D = n D +ξ y C = nC +ξ nT
0 0

nI = nI y D = n D +ξ nT
0 0
Total nT = ∑ ni

At equilibrium: y yC D = bbn ξ
C0 + c gbgbn ξ
D0 + c gg = 487. (nT ’s cancel)
y yA B nA0 −ξc nB0 −ξc

c
387. ξ2c − nC0 + +nD0 487. bnA0 +nB0 ghξ −bn n c C D0 0 −487. g
n nA B0 0 =0
2b c+ =c 0]
[aξ ξc +
a=387.

∴ =ξc 1 e− ±b b −4acj where b=−n

2
C0 +nD0 +487. bn A0

+n g 2a
B0

c=−n nC D00 −487. n nA B0 0

b.
Basis: 1 mol A feed nA0 =1 nB0 =1 nC0 =nD0 = =nI0 0 Constants: a= 3.87
b=−9.74 c= 4.87
2
1

ξe = (9.74± (9.74) −4 3.87( )(4.87))⇒ =ξ e1 0.688

2 3.87( )
(ξe2 =1.83 is also a solution but leads to a negative conversion)

4- 51
 −nA ξe1
Fractional conversion: XA (=XB )=nA0 = = 0.688
nA0 nA0

c. n
B0 =80,nC0 =nD0 = =nJ0 0
nC0 = 0
nC = =70 nC0 + =======>ξc ξc = 70
mol nA =nA0 − =ξc nA0 − 70 mol nB =nB0
− = − =ξc 80 70 10 mol
nC =nC0 + =ξc 70 mol
nD =nD0 + =ξc 70 mol

y yC D n nC Db b gb g70 70gb g487. ⇒n A0 =1706. mol methanol fed

487. = = ⇒ = y yA B n nA B nA0 − 70 10

4.46 (cont’d)

U|
Product gas nA =1706. − 70 =1006. mol V||W| y = 0401.
A mol CH
OH mol3

nB =10 mol yB = 0040. mol CH COOH mol3

⇒ nC = 70 mol yC = 0279. mol CH
COOCH3 3 mol nD = 70 mol yD = 0279. mol H O mol2

ntotal = 2506. mol

d. Cost of reactants, selling price for product, market for product, rate of reaction, need for
heating or cooling, and many other items.

4.47 a. CO+H O2 ←→⎯ CO2 + H2

(A) (B) (C) (D)

4- 52
 100
. mol n A molCO
020
. molCO/mol nB molHO2
010
. molCO/mol
2 nC molCO 2
040
. mol HO/mol
2
nD molH
030
. molI/mol
n I molI
2

Degree of freedom analysis: 6 unknowns ( nA,nB,nC,nD,nI ,ξ)

– 4 expressions for ni b gξ
– 1 balance on I
– 1 equilibrium relationship
0 DF

b. Since two moles are prodcued for every two moles that react, bn g total out

= bn g
total in =1.00 bmolg
nA = 0.20−ξ (1) nB = 0.40−ξ (2) nC = 0.10+ξ (3) nD =ξ (4) nI = 0.30
(5)

ntot =1.00mol
.

G
At equilibrium: y yC D = n nCD = b b010+gbξξgb g g = 00247. exp H F
J
4020
KI ⇒ξ= 0110. mol
y yA B n nAB 020. −ξ 040. −ξ 1123

yD = nD =ξ= 0.110 bmolH / mol g 2

c. The reaction has not reached equilibrium yet.

4.47 (cont’d)

4- 53
 T (K) (CO) (H2O) (CO2) Keq Keq (Goal Seek) Extent of Reaction y (H2)
1223 0.5 0.5 0 0.6610 0.6610 0.2242 0.224
1123 0.5 0.5 0 0.8858 0.8856 0.2424 0.242
1023 0.5 0.5 0 1.2569 1.2569 0.2643 0.264
923 0.5 0.5 0 1.9240 1.9242 0.2905 0.291
823 0.5 0.5 0 3.2662 3.2661 0.3219 0.322
723 0.5 0.5 0 6.4187 6.4188 0.3585 0.358
623 0.5 0.5 0 15.6692 15.6692 0.3992 0.399
673 0.5 0.5 0 9.7017 9.7011 0.3785 0.378
698 0.5 0.5 0 7.8331 7.8331 0.3684 0.368
688 0.5 0.5 0 8.5171 8.5177 0.3724 0.372

1123 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.8858 0.8863 0.1101 0.110

1123 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.8858 0.8857 0.1100 0.110
1123 0.3 0.3 0 0.8858 0.8856 0.1454 0.145
1123 0.5 0.4 0 0.8858 0.8867 0.2156 0.216

d.

The lower the temperature, the higher the extent of reaction. An equimolar feed ratio of
carbon monoxide and water also maximizes the extent of reaction.

4.48 a. A + 2B→ C

ln Ke = ln A0 + E T K bg
E = lnbK e1 / Ke2 g = lnd105 2316. / .×10 i =11458 −4

1 T1 −1 T2 1 373−1 573

ln A0 = ln Ke1 −11458 T1 = ln105. −11458 373= −2837.⇒ A0 = 479.×10−13

4- 54
 Ke = 479. ×10−13 exp 11458 T Kc b gh atm −2
⇒Ke(450K) = 00548. atm−1

V
b. nA = nA0 −ξ || |U|Wby = bbbn A A0 − ξ g bg bg bn −g2ξggg T0

nB = nB0 − 2ξ yB = nB0 − 2ξ nT0 − 2ξ

⇒

nC = nC0 +ξ yC = nC0 +ξ nT0 − 2ξ

nT = nT0 − 2ξ nT0 = nA0 + nB0 + nC0

bbn −+ξξ gbgbnn

At equilibrium, y y PA BC2 2 = CA00 ee TB00 −−22ξξee gg 22

P1 =K Tb g (substitute for Keb gT from Part a.) y 1

2 n
e

c. Basis: 1 mol A (CO) nA0 =1 nB0 =1 nC0 = 0 ⇒ nT0 = 2, P = 2 atm , T

= 423K

b ξ ξ b2gb− 2 g g
e e 2 1 = Ke b423g= 0278. atm -2 ⇒ ξ ξe2 − e + 01317. =0
1 24 atm2
−ξe 1− 2ξe
4.48 (cont’d)

(For this particular set of initial conditions, we get a quadratic equation. In general, the equation
will be cubic.) ξe = 0.156 , 0.844 Reject the second solution, since it leads to a negative

b1− 0156. g c2− 2

n B. y A = 0156 b . gh ⇒ y = 0500. A

= 0408
.
y = c1− 2 0156b . gh
B
B

C = 0092
.
c2− 2 0156b . gh ⇒ y y C nA0 − nA ξ

4- 55
 = b0+ 0156. g c2− 2 0156b .
gh ⇒ y
Fractional Conversion of CO b gA = = = 0156. mol reacted / mol feedA A
nA0 nA0
d. Use the equations from part b.

i) Fractional conversion decreases with increasing fraction of CO.

ii) Fractional conversion decreases with increasing fraction of CH3OH. iii)
Fractional conversion decreases with increasing temperature. iv)
Fractional conversion increases with increasing pressure.

REAL TRU, A, E, YA0, YC0, T, P, KE, P2KE, C0, C1, C2, C3, EK, EKPI,
* FN, FDN, NT, CON, YA, YB, YC
INTEGER NIT, INMAX
TAU = 0.0001
INMAX = 10
A = 4.79E–13
E = 11458.
READ (5, *) YA0, YB0, YC0, T, P
KE = A * EXP(E/T)
P2KE = P*P*KE
C0 = YC0 – P2KE * YA0 * YB0 * YB0
C1 = 1. – 4. * YC0 + P2KE * YB0 * (YB0 + 4. * YA0)
C2 = 4. * (YC0 –1. – P2KE * (YA0 + YB0))
C3 = 4. * (1. + P2KE)
EK = 0.0 (Assume an initial value ξe = 0.0)
NIT = 0
1 FN = C0 + EK * (C1 + EK * (C2 + EK * C3)) FDN = C1 + EK * (2. * C2 +
EK * 3. * C3) EKPI = EK - FN/FDN NIT = NIT + 1 IF (NIT.EQ.INMAX)
GOTO 4 IF (ABS((EKPI – EK)/EKPI).LT.TAU) GOTO 2 EK =
EKPI GOTO 1
2 NT = 1. – 2. * EKPI
YA = (YA0 – EKPI)/NT
YB = (YB0 – 2. + EKPI)/NT
YC = (YC0 + EKPI)/NT

4.48 (cont’d)
CON = EKPI/YA0 WRITE (6, 3) YA, YB, YC, CON STOP
4 WRITE (6, 5) INMAX, EKPI
3 FORMAT (' YA YB YC CON', 1, 4(F6.3, 1X)) FORMAT ('DID NOT

4- 56
 CONVERGE IN', I3, 'ITERATIONS',/,
* 'CURRENT VALUE = ', F6.3)
END
$ DATA 0.5 0.5 0.0 423. 2.
RESULTS: YA = 0.500, YB = 0.408, YC = 0.092, CON = 0.156
Note: This will only find one root — there are two others that can only be found by
choosing different
initial values of ξa
100 mol/s
4.49 a. 050
. molCH/mol n1 mol CH/s4
4
050
. mol O/mol
2
n2 mol O/s2
n molHCHO/s
n molHO/s
nn55 (mol
mol CO/s
CO2 2 )
7 unknowns ( nnnnn
1, 2 , 3 , 4, 5, ξξ1 , 2 )
– 5 equations for ni ξξ1 , 2
CH4 + O2 ⎯⎯→HCHO + H O2 (1)
CH4 + 2O2 ⎯⎯→CO2 + 2H O2 (2)
3

4 2 g

2 DF

b. (1)
n1 = 50−ξ ξ1 − 2
n2 = 50−ξ ξ1 − 22 (2)

n3 =ξ1 (3)

n4 =ξ ξ1 + 22 (4)
(5)
n5 =ξ2

c. Fractional conversion: b5050−n g = 0 900.⇒ =n 5 00. molCH4 / s

1 1

n3
Fractional yield: = 0 855. ⇒ n3 = 42 75. mol HCHO / s 50

4- 57
 |
Equation 3 Equation 1⇒⇒ξξ12 ==42 752 25.. ||W|U||V yy CHO2 4==0027500500. .
molOmolCH2 / mol4 / mol

Equation 2 ⇒ n2 = 2 75. ⇒ yHCHO = 04275. mol HCHO / mol

Equation 4 ⇒ n4 = 47 25. yH2O = 04725. mol H O / mol2

Equation 5⇒ n5 = 2 25. yCO2 = 00225. molCO2 / mol

Selectivity: [(42.75molHCHO/s)/(2.25molCO /s2 ) =19.0molHCHO/molCO2

4- 58
4.50 a. Design for low conversion and feed ethane in excess. Low conversion and excess ethane
make the second reaction unlikely.
b. C2H6 + Cl2 → C2H5Cl + HCl, C2H5Cl + Cl2 → C2H4Cl2 + HCl
Basis: 100 mol C2H5Cl produced

n1 (mol C2H6) 100 mol C2H5Cl 5 unknowns

n2 (mol Cl2) n3 (mol C2H6) –3 atomic balances n4
(mol HCl) 2 D.F.
n5 (mol C2H5Cl2)
c. Selectivity: 100 mol C H Cl2 5 =14n5 (mol C H Cl2 4 2)

⇒ n5 = 7.143 mol C H Cl2 4 2

V|U
15% conversion
:
b1− 015. bgn =g n bgW
1 3 |n = 714 3. mol C H in
1 26

⇒
C balance: 2n1 = 2 100 + 2n3 + 2 7143. n3 =114 3. mol C H out2 6

H balance: 6 714 3b. g = 5 100b g + 6 114 3b. g + n + 4 7143b . g ⇒ =n

4 4

6071. mol HCl

Cl balance: 2n2 =100 + 6071. + 2 7143 b .g ⇒n =114 3. mol Cl

2 2

Feed Ratio: 1143. / mol Cl2 / 714.3 mol C H2 6 = 016. mol Cl2 mol C H2 6

Maximum possible amount of C2H5Cl:

114.3 mol Cl2 1 mol C H Cl2 5

114.3 mol C
H Cl2 5 nmax ==
1 mol Cl2

nC H Cl2 5 100 mol

Fractional yield of C2H5Cl: = = 0875. nmax 114 3.
mol
d. Some of the C2H4Cl2 is further chlorinated in an undesired side
reaction:
C2H5Cl2 + Cl2 → C2H4Cl3 + HCl

4.51 a. C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH, 2 C2H5OH → (C2H5)2O + H2O

Basis: 100 mol effluent gas

100 mol

4- 59
 n1 (mol C2H4) 0.0250.433 mol C mol C22HH54OH / mol/mol -2 3 unknowns independent atomic

n3 (mol I)
balances n2 [mol H2O (v)] 0.0014 mol (C2H5)2 O / mol -1 I balance

0.093 mol I / mol 0 D.F.

0.4476 mol H2O (v) / mol

(1) C balance: 2n1 =100 2 0433 b ∗. + 2 0025∗ . +4

00014∗ . g
(2) b ∗ . + 6 0025∗ . +10
H balance: 4n1 + 2n2 = 100 4 0433

00014∗ . + 2 04476∗ . g (3) O balance: n =100 0025b . + 00014. +

2

04476. g
Note; Eq. ( )1 2∗ + Eq. ( )3 ∗2 = Eq. ( )2 ⇒2 independent atomic balances
(4) I balance: n3 = 9.3

4.51 (cont'd)
b.

(4) ⇒ =n3 9.3 mol I W

4608.
4608.
− 433.
% conversion of C2H4: ×100% = 60. %

If all C2H4 were converted and the second reaction did not occur, dn i
C H OH2 5 max = 4608. mol

⇒ Fractional Yield of C2H5OH: nC H OH2 5/ dn i

C H OH2 5 max = b25 4608. /. g = 0054.
Selectivity of C2H5OH to (C2H5)2O:
2.5 mol C H OH
2 5
17.9 mol C H OH / mol (C H ) O

4- 60
 (1) ⇒ n1 = 46.08 mol C H2 6

U|
V|
(3) ⇒ =n2 47.4 mol H O2 ⇒ Reactor feed contains 44.8% C H , 46.1% H O, 9.1% I2 6
2

= 2 5 2 5 2 0.14 mol (C H ) O2 5 2
c. Keep conversion low to prevent C2H5OH from being in reactor long enough to form significant
amounts of (C2H5)2O. Separate and recycle unreacted C2H4.

4.52 CaF s2 b1 metric ton acid 1000 kg acid 0.60 kg HF

g + H SO b gl → CaSO b gs +
24 4

2HF g bg 1 metric ton acid 1 kg acid

= 600 kg HF

Basis: 100 kg Ore dissolved (not fed)

100 kg Ore dissolved n1 1 (kg CaSO(kg

CaSO 44)) n
n
0.96 kg CaF /kg2 n 2 2 (kg HF) (kg HF)
0.04 kg SiO /kg2 nn3 3 (kg H(kg H SiF2SiF4 66) ) nA (kg
93% H SO 24) nn4 4 (kg H(kg H SO2SO2 4) 4)

0.93 H SO kg/kg2 4 n5 5 (kg H(kg H O2O) 2 )

0.07 H O 2 kg/kg n

Atomic balance - Si:

0.04 100( ) kg SiO2 28.1 kg Si n3 (kg H SiF )2 6 28.1 kg Si

=⇒ n3 = 9.59 144.1 kg H SiF2 6 kg H SiF2 6
60.1 kg SiO2

Atomic balance - F:

0.96 100( ) kg CaF2 38.0 kg F n2 (kg HF) 19.0 kg F

20.0 kg
78.1 kg
HF
CaF2
=

9.59 kg H SiF2 6 114.0 kg F

144.1 kg H SiF2 6 +⇒ n2 = 41.2 kg HF

4- 61
 600 kg HF 100 kg ore diss. 1 kg ore feed
=1533 kg ore
41.2 kg HF 0.95 kg ore
diss .

4.53 a. C H6 6 + Cl2 → C H Cl6 5 + HCl

C H Cl6 5+ Cl2 → C H Cl6 4 2+ HCl

C H Cl6 42 + Cl2 → C H Cl6 3 3+ HCl
Convert output wt% to mol%: Basis 100 g output

species g Mol. Wt. mol mol % C

H6 6 65.0 78.11 0.832
73.2
C H Cl6 5 32.0 112.56 0.284 25.0
C H Cl6 4 2 2.5 147.01 0.017 1.5
C H Cl6 3 3 0.5 181.46 0.003 0.3

total 1.136

Basis: 100 mol output

n1 (mol C H 6 6) nn 3 4 ((mol HCl(gmol I) )) 4 unknowns

-3 atomic balances

nn2 (mol Cl (mol I)2 ) 65.032.025.073.2 mol C mol C mol C H Clmol C H66HH66 65 Cl 65
0 D.F. -1 wt% Cl2 in feed

3 1.5 mol C2.5 mol C H Cl66 H44 Cl22

0.3 mol C0.5 mol C H Cl66 H33Cl 3 3

C balance: 6n1 = 6 73.2(+ 25.0+ +1.50.3) ⇒ n1 =100 mol C H66

b.

H balance: 6 100()= 6 73.2()+5 25.0()+ 4 1.5()+3 0.3()+n4 ⇒n4 = 28.9 mol HCl

Cl balance: 2n2 = 28.9+ 25.0+ 2 1.5()+3 0.3() ⇒n2 = 28.9 mol Cl2

Theoretical C H6 6 = 28.9 mol Cl2 (1 mol C H6 6 1 mol Cl2)= 28.9 mol C H6 6 Excess

C H6 6: (100−28.9) 28.9 100× % = 246% excess C H6 6

Fractional Conversion: (100−73.2) 100 = 0.268 mol C H react/mol fed6 6

Yield: (25.0 mol C H Cl) (28.9 mol C H Cl maximum6 5 65 )=0.865

4- 62
 28.9 mol Cl2 70.91 g Cl2 1 g gas 2091 g gas ⎫⎪
Gas feed: =
mole Cl2 0.98 g Cl2 ⎪ g gas
⎬⇒ 0.268
⎛ 78.11 g C H ⎞

Liquid feed: 100 mol C H(6 6)⎜ mol C H6 66 6 ⎟⎠= 7811 g liquid ⎪⎪⎭ g liquid
⎝
c. Low conversion ⇒ low residence time in reactor ⇒ lower chance of 2nd and 3rd reactions occurring.
Large excess of C H6 6 ⇒ Cl2 much more likely to encounter C H6 6 than substituted C H6 6 ⇒ higher selectivity.
d. Dissolve in water to produce hydrochloric acid.
e. Reagent grade costs much more. Use only if impurities in technical grade mixture affect the
reaction rate or desired product yield.

4.54 a. 2CO2 ⇔ 2CO + O2 2A ⇔ 2B + C

O2 + N 2 ⇔ 2NO C + D ⇔ 2E

nA =nA0 − 2ξe1 bn − 2ξ g bn +ξ g n =n
y A= A0 e1 T0 e1 B B0

+ 2ξ y =bn + 2ξ g bn +ξ g n =n +ξ ξ −
e2 B B0 e1 T0 e1 C C0 e1

⇒ y =bn +ξ ξ − g bn +ξ g n =n −ξ
e2 C C0 e1y e2 T0 e1 D D0 e2 D

=bn −1ξ g bn +ξ g n =n + 2ξ
D0 e2 y =bn T0 e1 E E0 e2 E E0

+ 2ξ g bn +ξ g
e2 T0 e1

ntotal = nT0 +ξe1 bn T0 =nA0 +nB0 +nC0 +nD0 +nE0 g

Equilibrium at 3000K and 1 atm

g
y yBy2 2AC = bn b n+
B 0 A02 ξ−e21ξ g b ng b 2
e1 C0n+T0 ξ ξ+e1ξ−e1 g e2 = 01071.
2

yE2 = (nE0 + 2ξe2 )2 = 0.01493

4- 63
 y yC D (nA0 + −ξ ξe1e2 )(nD0 −ξe2 )
E
f1 = 01071. nA0 − 2ξe1 ξ
2 nT0 + e1 − nB0 + 2ξe1 2 nC0 + ξ ξe1 − e2 = 0 Defines functions

b b g b gbg b g bg b g gV|W|U bξ ξ b, 2 1 1

2 g andg
f
f 2 = 001493. nC0 +ξ ξe1 − ξ
e2 nD0 − e2 − nE0 + 2ξe2 =0 f 2 ξ ξ1, 2

b. Given all nio’s, solve above equations for ξe1 and ξe2 ⇒ nA, nB, nC, nD,
nE ⇒ yA, yB, yC, yD, yE
c. nA0 = nC0 = nD0 = 0.333, nB0 = nE0 = 0 ⇒ ξe1 =0.0593, ξe2 = 0.0208

⇒ yA = 0.2027, yB = 0.1120, yC = 0.3510, yD = 0.2950, yE = 0.0393

d
d. a d11 1 + a d12 2 = − f1 a d21 1 + a d22 2 = − f 2 1 = a12 f 2 − a22 f1 d2 =

a21 f1 − a11 f 2 a a11 22 − a a12 21 a a11 22 − a a12 21

bξ g e1 ξ
new = e1 + d1 bξ g e2 ξ
new = e1 + d2

(Solution given following program listing.)

. IMPLICIT REAL * 4(N)

WRITE (6, 1)
1 FORMAT('1', 30X, 'SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 4.57'///)
30 READ (5, *) NA0, NB0, NC0, ND0, NE0
IF (NA0.LT.0.0)STOP
WRITE (6, 2) NA0, NB0, NC0, ND0, NE0
4.54 (cont’d)

2 FORMAT('0', 15X, 'NA0, NB0, NC0, ND0, NE0 *', 5F6.2/)

NTO = NA0 + NB0 + NC0 + ND0 + NE0
NMAX = 10
X1 = 0.1
X2 = 0.1
DO 100 J = 1, NMAX
NA = NA0 – X1 – X1 NB
= NB0 + X1 + X1
NC = NC0 + X1 – X2
ND = ND0 – X2
NE = NE0 + X2 + X2

4- 64
 NAS = NA ** 2
NBS = NB ** 2
NES = NE ** 2
NT = NT0 + X1
F1 = 0.1071 * NAS * NT – NBS * NC
F2 = 0.01493 * NC * ND – NES
A11 = –0.4284 * NA * NT * 0.1071 * NAS – 4.0 * NB * NC – NBS
A12 = NBS
A21 = 0.01493 * ND
A22 = –0.01493 * (NC + ND) – 4.0 * NE
DEN = A11 * A22 – A12 * A21
D1 = (A12 * F2 – A22 * F1)/DEN
D2 = (A21 * F1 – A11 * F2)/DEN
X1C = X1 + D1
X2C = X2 + D2
WRITE (6, 3) J, X1, X2, X1C, X2C
3 FORMAT(20X, 'ITER *', I3, 3X, 'X1A, X2A =', 2F10.5, 6X, 'X1C, X2C =', * 2F10.5)
IF (ABS(D1/X1C).LT.1.0E–5.AND.ABS(D2/X2C).LT.1.0E–5) GOTO 120
X1 = X1C
X2 = X2C
100 CONTINUE
WRITE (6, 4) NMAX
4 FORMAT('0', 10X, 'PROGRAM DID NOT CONVERGE IN', I2,
'ITERATIONS'/) STOP
120 YA = NA/NT YB
= NB/NT
YC = NC/NT
YD = ND/NT
YE = NE/NT
WRITE (6, 5) YA, YB, YC, YD, YE
5 FORMAT ('0', 15X, 'YA, YB, YC, YD, YE =', 1P5E14.4///)
GOTO 30
END
$DATA
0.3333 0.00 0.3333 0.3333 0.0
0.50 0.0 0.0 0.50 0.0
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20

SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 4.54

NA0, NB0, NC0, ND0, NE0 = 0.33 0.00 0.33 0.33 0.00
ITER = 1 X1A, X2A = 0.10000 0.10000 X1C, X2C = 0.06418 0.05181
ITER = 2 X1A, X2A = 0.06418 0.05181 X1C, X2C = 0.05969 0.02986
ITER = 3 X1A, X2A = 0.05969 0.02486 X1C, X2C = 0.05937 0.02213
4.54 (cont’d)

ITER = 4 X1A, X2A = 0.05437 0.02213 X1C, X2C = 0.05931 0.02086

ITER = 5 X1A, X2A = 0.05931 0.02086 X1C, X2C = 0.05930 0.02083
ITER = 6 X1A, X2A = 0.05930 0.02083 X1C, X2C = 0.05930 0.02083
YA, YB, YC, YD, YE = 2.0270E − 01 1.1197E − 01 3.5100E − 01

4- 65
 2.9501E − 01 3.9319E − 02

NA0, NB0, NC0, ND0, NE0 = 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
ITER = 1 X1A, X2A = 0.10000 0.10000 X1C, X2C = 0.00012 0.00037
↓
ITER = 7 X1A, X2A = –0.02244 –0.08339 X1C, X2C = –0.02244 –0.08339

YA, YB, YC, YD, YE= 2.5051E −01 1.5868E −01 2.6693E −01

2.8989E −01 3.3991E −02

4.55 a.

Mass balance on reactor: 2(1− f m) 0 = m1 (1) 99%

conversion of R: m x1 R1 = 0.01(1− f m x) 0 RA (2) Mass

balance on mixing point: m1 + fm0 = mP (3)

R balance on mixing point: m x1 R1 + fm x0 RA = 0.0075mP (4)

The system has 6 unknowns (m x0, RA, f m x, 1, R1,mP ) and four independent equations relating
them, so there must be two degrees of freedom.

b. 2(1− f )m0 = m1
m x1 R1 = 0.01(1− f m x) 0 RA
m1 + fm0 = mP E-Z Solve m0 = 2780 kg/h
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ m x1 R1 + fm x0 RA = 0.0075mP f = 0.254 kg bypassed/kg fresh feed
mP = 4850 xRA = 0.0500

4- 66
4.55 (cont’d)

c. mP xRA mA0 mB0 f

4850 0.02 3327 1523 0.54
4850 0.03 3022 1828 0.40
4850 0.04 2870 1980 0.31
4850 0.05 2778 2072 0.25
4850 0.06 2717 2133 0.21
4850 0.07 2674 2176 0.19
4850 0.08 2641 2209 0.16
4850 0.09 2616 2234 0.15
4850 0.10 2596 2254 0.13

mP xRA mA0 mB0 f

2450 0.02 1663 762 0.54
2450 0.03 1511 914 0.40
2450 0.04 1435 990 0.31
2450 0.05 1389 1036 0.25
2450 0.06 1359 1066 0.22
2450 0.07 1337 1088 0.19
2450 0.08 1321 1104 0.16
2450 0.09 1308 1117 0.15
2450 0.10 1298 1127 0.13
f vs. x RA

0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
x (kg R/kg A)
RA

4.56 a. 900 kg HCHO 1 kmol HCHO

= 300. kmol HCHO / h
h 3003. kg HCHO

n (kmol CH OH /h)
1 3 30.0 kmol HCHO/h
2 /h) n2
(kmol H n3 (kmol CH3OH /h)

300.

4- 67
 % conversion: = 060. ⇒ =n1 500. kmol CH OH / h3
n
1

b.

n (kmol CH 3 OH /h) 30.0 kmol HCHO/h 30.0 kmol HCHO/h

n 2 (kmol H 2 /h) n 2 (kmol H 2 /h)
n 3 (kmol CH 3 OH /h)

1
3 (kmol CH3OH / h) n

Overall C balance: n1 (1) = 30.0 (1) ⇒ n1 = 30.0 kmol CH3OH/h (fresh feed)
300.

1 3
n1 + n3 = 50.0 kmol CH3OH fed to reactor/h
c. Increased xsp will (1) require a larger reactor and so will increase the cost of the reactor and (2)
lower the quantities of unreacted methanol and so will decrease the cost of the
separation. The plot would resemble a concave upward parabola with a minimum
around xsp = 60%.

4.57 a. Convert effluent composition to molar basis. Basis: 100 g effluent:

Single pass conversion: n + n= 060. ⇒ n3 =
200. kmol CH3OH / h

10.6 g H2 1 mol H2
2.01 g H2 = 5.25 mol H2

64.0 g CO 1 mol CO
28.01 g = 2.28 mol COH2: 0.631 mol H2 / mol
CO ⇒ CO: 0.274 mol CO / mol
25.4 g CH OH3 1 mol CH OH3
32.04 g CH O3
CH3OH: 0.0953 mol CH3OH / mol
H

= 0.793 mol CH OH3

4- 68
4.57 (cont’d)

Condenser Overall process

3 unknowns (n n x3, 4, ) 2 unknowns (n n1, 2 )
–3 balances –2 independent atomic balances
0 degrees of freedom 0 degrees of freedom

Balances around condenser

CO: 350∗0.274 = n4 ∗ x ⎫⎪ n3 = 32.1 mol CH OH(l)/min 3

⎪
H2 : 350∗0.631= n4 ∗(0.996 − x) ⎬⇒ n4 = 318.7 mol recycle/min
⎪ x =.301 molCO/mol
CH OH: 3503 ∗0.0953 = n3 + 0.004∗n4 ⎪⎭

Overall balances

C: n1=n3 ⎫ n1 = 32.08 mol/min CO in feed

⎬⇒
H: 2n2 =4n3 ⎭ n2 = 64.16 mol/min H in feed 2

(32.08 + 318.72∗0.3009)− 350∗0.274

Single pass conversion of CO: ×100% = 25.07%
(32.08 + 318.72∗0.3009)
32.08 − 0
Overall conversion of CO: ×100% =100%
32.08
b. – Reactor conditions or feed rates drifting. (Recalibrate measurement instruments.)
– Impurities in feed. (Re-analyze feed.)
– Leak in methanol outlet pipe before flowmeter. (Check for it.)

4.58 a. Basis: 100 kmol reactor feed/hr

4- 69
 n3 (kmol CH4 /h)

100 kmol /h Solvent

Reactor Cond. Absorb
n3 (kmol CH4 /h) n3 (kmol CH4 /h)
n1 (kmol CH4 /h) 80 kmol CH4 /h n4 (kmol HCl /h)
n4 (kmol HCl /h) n4 (kmol HCl /h)
n2 (kmol Cl2 /h) 20 kmol Cl2 /h
5n5 (kmol CH3Cl /h)
n5 (kmol CH2Cl 2 /h)
5n5 (kmol CH3Cl /h)

Still
5n5 (kmol CH3Cl /h)
n5 (kmol CH2Cl 2 /h)
n5 (kmol CH2Cl 2 /h)

Overall process: 4 unknowns (n1, n2, n4, n5) -3 balances = 1 D.F.

Mixing Point: 3 unknowns (n1, n2, n3) -2 balances = 1 D.F.
Reactor: 3 unknowns (n3, n4, n5) -3 balances = 0 D.F.
Condenser: 3 unknowns (n3, n4, n5) -0 balances = 3 D.F.
Absorption column: 2 unknowns (n3, n4) -0 balances = 2 D.F.
Distillation Column: 2 unknowns (n4, n5) -0 balances = 2 D.F.
Atomic balances around reactor:

1) C balance: 80 = n3 + 5n5 + n5 ⎫

⎪
2) H balance: 320 = 4n3 + n4 +15n5 + 2n5 ⎬⇒ Solve for n3,n4,n5
⎪
3) Cl balance: 40 = n4 + 5n5 + 2n5 ⎭
CH4 balance around mixing point: n1 = (80 – n3) Solve for n1 Cl2
balance: n2 = 20

b. For a basis of 100 kmol/h into reactor

n1 = 17.1 kmol CH4/h n4 = 20.0 kmol HCl/h
n2 = 20.0 kmol Cl2/h 5n5 = 14.5 kmol CH3Cl/h n3 = 62.9 kmol CH4/h
c. (1000 kg CH3Cl/h)(1 kmol/50.49 kg) = 19.81 kmol CH3Cl/h

3Cl/h
Scale factor = 19.81 kmol CH =1.366
14.5 kmol CH3Cl/h

Fresh feed: nn12==((1720.1.0)()(11.366.366))==2327.3. 3kmol kmol CH Cl24/h⎫⎬⇒ 46.0

mol%ntot CH= 504, .54.06 kmol/h mole% Cl2
/h⎭

4- 70
 Recycle: n3 = (62.9)(1.366) = 85.9 kmol CH4 recycled/h
4.59 a. Basis: 100 mol fed to reactor/h ⇒ 25 mol O2/h, 75 mol C2H4/h
n1 (mol C2H 4 //h)
n2 (mol O2 /h)

n3 (mol C2H 4O /h)

reactor Seperator
separator
75 mol C2H 4 //h n1 (mol C 2H 4 //h)
nC2H4 ( mol C2H 4 /h)
25 mol O2 /h n2 (mol O2 /h)
nO2 (mol O2 /h)
n3 (mol C2H 4O /h)
n4 (mol CO2 /h) n4 (mol CO2 /h)
n5 (mol H2O /h) n5 (mol H2O /h)

Reactor
5 unknowns (n1 - n5)
-3 atomic balances
-1 - % yield -1
- % conversion 0
D.F.
Strategy: 1. Solve balances around reactor to find n1- n5
2. Solve balances around mixing point to find nO2, nC2H4
(1) % Conversion ⇒ n1 = .800 * 75

HO
(2) % yield: (.200)(75) mol C2H4 × 90 mol C2 4 = n3 (production rate of
C2H4O)
100 mol C2H4
(3) C balance (reactor): 150 = 2 n1 + 2 n3 + n4
(4) H balance (reactor): 300 = 4 n1 + 4 n3 + 2 n5
(5) O balance (reactor): 50 = 2 n2 + n3 + 2 n4 + n5
(6) O2 balance (mix pt): nO2 = 25 – n2
(7) C2H4 balance (mix pt): nC2H4 = 75 – n1
Overall conversion of C2H4: 100%
b. n1 = 60.0 mol C2H4/h n5 = 3.00 mol H2O/h
n2 = 13.75 mol O2 /h nO2 = 11.25 mol O2/h n3 = 13.5 mol C2H4O/h
nC2H4 = 15.0 mol C2H4/h n4 = 3.00 mol CO2/h 100% conversion of
C2H4

c. h lb − mol/ h
Scale factor = 2000 lbm C2H4O 1 lb - mole C2H4O = 3.363
h 44.05 lbm C2H4O 13.5 mol C2H4O mol/ h

4- 71
 nC2H4 = (3.363)(15.0) = 50.4 lb-mol C2H4/h nO2 = (3.363)(11.25) =
37.8 lb-mol O2/h
4.60 a. Basis: 100 mol feed/h. Put dots above all n’s in flow chart.

100 mol/h n1 (mol /h) n3n(mol CHCH

2 (mol 3 OH / h)h)
3OH/
reactor cond.
32 mol CO/h .13 mol N 2 /mol
64 mol H 2 / h
4 mol N 2 / h

500 mol / h

x1 (mol N 2 /mol) n3 (mol / h)

x2 (mol CO / mol) x1 (mol N 2 /mol)
1-x1-x2 (mol H 2 / h) x2 (mol CO / mol)
1-x1-x2 (mol H 2 / h)

Purge

Mixing point balances:

total: (100) + 500 = n1 ⇒ n1 = 600 mol/h
N2: 4 + x1 * 500 = .13 * 600 ⇒ x1 = 0.148 mol N2/mol

Overall system balances:

N2: 4 = .148 * n3 ⇒ n3 = 27 mol/h
Atomic C: 32 = n2 + x2*27 n2 = 24.3 mol CH3OH/h
⇒
Atomic H: 2 * 64 = 4*24.3 + 2*(1-0.148-x2)*27 x2 = 0.284 mol CO/mol

Overall CO conversion: 100*[32-0.284(27)]/32 = 76%

Single pass CO conversion: 24.3/ (32+.284*500) = 14%

b. Recycle: To recover unconsumed CO and H2 and get a better overall conversion.

Purge: to prevent buildup of N2.

4.61 a. N2 + 3H22N
2 +2NH
3H2 ->
3 NH3

(1-yp) (1-fsp) n1 (mol N2) yp (1-fsp) n1 (mol N2)

(1-yp) (1-fsp) 3n1 (mol H2) yp (1-fsp) 3n1 (mol H2)
(1-yp) n2 (mol I) yp n2 (mol I)
(1-fsp) n1 (mol N2)
(1-fsp) 3n1 (mol H2)
n2 (mol I)

1 mol nr (mol) nr (mol) np (mol)

Reactor Condenser
(1-XI0)/4 (mol N2 / mol) n1 (mol N2) (1-fsp) n1 (mol N2) 2 fsp n1 (mol NH3)
3/4 (1-XI0) (mol H2 / mol) 3n1 (mol H2) (1-fsp) 3n1 (mol H2)
XI0 (mol I / mol) n2 (mol I) n2 (mol I)
2 fsp n1 (mol NH3)

4- 72
4.61 (cont’d)
At mixing point:
N2: (1-XI0)/4 + (1-yp)(1-fsp) n1 = n1
I: XI0 + (1-yp) n2 = n2
Total moles fed to reactor: nr = 4n1 + n2
Moles of NH3 produced: np = 2fspn1

− −
Overall N2 conversion: (1− XI0)/ 4 yp(1 fsp)n1 ×100%
(1 − X I0 ) / 4

b. XI0 = 0.01 fsp = 0.20 yp = 0.10 n1 = 0.884

mol N2 nr = 3.636 mol fed
n2 = 0.1 mol I np = 0.3536 mol NH3 produced
N2 conversion = 71.4%
c. Recycle: recover and reuse unconsumed reactants.
Purge: avoid accumulation of I in the system.
d. Increasing XI0 results in increasing nr, decreasing np, and has no
effect on fov. Increasing fsp results in decreasing nr, increasing np, and increasing fov.
Increasing yp results in decreasing nr, decreasing np, and decreasing fov.
Optimal values would result in a low value of nr and fsp, and a high value of np, this would
give the highest profit.
XI0 fsp yp nr np fov
0.01 0.20 0.10 3.636 0.354 71.4%
0.05 0.20 0.10 3.893 0.339 71.4%
0.10 0.20 0.10 4.214 0.321 71.4%
0.01 0.30 0.10 2.776 0.401 81.1%
0.01 0.40 0.10 2.252 0.430 87.0%
0.01 0.50 0.10 1.900 0.450 90.9%
0.10 0.20 0.20 3.000 0.250 55.6%
0.10 0.20 0.30 2.379 0.205 45.5%
0.10 0.20 0.40 1.981 0.173 38.5%

4.62 a. i - C H410 + C H4 8 = C H8 18 Basis: 1-hour operation

4- 73
 n 2 (n-C 4 H 10 )
n 1 (C 8 H 18)
n 3 (i-C 4H 10)
D P n 2 (n-C 4 H10 )
n 1 (C 8 H 18)
m 4 (91% H 2SO 4 ) F
decanter still
E n 1 (C 8 H 18 )
Units of n : kmol
n 2 (n-C 4 H 10 )
Units of m : kg
n 3 (i-C 4H 10)

reactor n 5 (n-C 4 H 10)

n 6 (i-C 4H 10)
n 7 (C 8 H 18 )
m 8 (91 % H 2SO 4 )
C

B
m 4 (kg 91% H 2SO 4 )
40000 kg
A
n 0 kmol n 3 (i-C 4H 10)
0.25 i-C4 H10
0.50 n-C4 H 10
0.25 C48H

Calculate moles of feed

M = 025.M L C H− 4 10 + 050.M n C H− 4 10 + 025.MC H4 8 = b075 5812. gb . g b+ 025 5610.

gb . g
= 57 6. kg kmol

n0 = b40000 kggb1 kmol 57.6 kgg = 694 kmol

Overall n - C H410 balance: n2 = b050 694. gbg= 347 kmol n - C H 4 10 in product

C
0.25 694 kmol C H react4 8 1 mol C H8 18
H8 18 balance: b
1 mol C H4 8
gb g n ==1735. 1

kmol C H in product8 8

At (A), 5 mol - C Hi 4 10 1 mole C H4 8⇒ n mol - C H b i 4 10

g = b gb5 0.25 694gbg = 867.5

A i-C H4 10 kmol at
moles C H at4 8 b gA and Bb g

4- 74
 A=173.5

Note: n mol C H b 4 8 g =173.5 at (A), (B) and (C) and in feed

i - C H410 balance around first mixing point ⇒ b025 694. gbg + n = 8675. 3

⇒ n3 = 694 kmol - C Hi 4 10 recycled from still

At C, 200 mol -C Hi4 10 mol C H4 8

⇒n mol -C H b i 4 10 g =b200 173.5gb

C g= 34,700 kmol -
C Hi 4 10
4.62 (cont’d)

i - C H410 balance around second mixing point ⇒ 8675. + n6 = 34 700,

⇒ n6 = 33,800 kmol C H4 10 in recycle E

Recycle E: Since Streams (D) and (E) have the same composition,

n5 moles n - C H bb 410 gg = n moles - C Hbb

E 6 i4 10

gg ⇒ n =16,900 kmol n - C H
E 5 4 10

n2 moles n - C H4 10 D n3 moles - C Hi 4 10 D n7 moles C

H bb gg = n ⇒ n = 8460 kmol C H
8 18 E 6 7 4 18 n1 moles C H8 18 D n3

Hydrocarbons entering reactor:

kg
kmol

G J
b347 +16900gbkmol n - C H g F H5812. 410 IK

4- 75
 G J
+ b867.5+ 33800gbkmol - C Hi 4 g F H58.12 KI +
10

G
173.5 kmol C H HF 56.10
4 8

J
KI kgkg kmolkmol

G J
+ 8460 kmol C H8 18 HF114.22 kg I K
= 4 00. ×106 kg . kmol

4.00 ×106 kg HC 2 kg H SO2 4 aq

H SO solution entering reactor2 4
1 kg HC
b g
=
band leaving reactorg
= 800. ×106 kg H SO24 baqg
m8 bH SO in recycle g n bn - C H in recycleg
2 4 5 4 10

800. ×10 bH SO leaving reactor

6 g n +n bn - C H
2 4 2 5 4 10

leaving reactorg =

⇒ =m 784. ×10 kg H SO baq in recycle Eg

8
6
24

m4 = H SO entering reactor2 4 − H SO in E2 4

5
kg H SO2 4 baq recycled from decanterg
=16. ×10

⇒ d16. ×10 ib091. gkg H SO

5
2 4 b1 kmol 98.08 kgg=1480 kmol H
SO in recycle2 4 d16. ×10 ib009. gkg H O 1 kmol 18.02
5

kg2 b g= 799 kmol H O from decanter 2

4- 76
 Summary: (Change amounts to flow rates)
Product: 173.5 kmol C H8 18 h 347 kmol , n - C H4 10 h Recycle

from still: 694 kmol - C Hi 4 10 h

Acid recycle: 1480 kmol H SO2 4h 799 kmol H O h , 2

Recycle E: 16,900 kmol n - C H4 10 h 33,800 kmol L - C H, 4 10 h, 8460 kmol C H8

18 h,

784. ×106 kg h 91% H SO2 4⇒ 72,740 kmol H SO2 4 h, 39,150 kmol H O h2

4.63 a. A balance on ith tank (input = output + consumption)

v bL mingC bmol Lg = vC + kC C bmol liter min⋅ g b gV L

A i, −1 Ai AiBi

E÷ v, note V / v =τ
CA i, −1 = CAi + k C Cτ AiBi

B balance. By analogy, CB i, −1 = CBi + k C Cτ AiBi

Subtract equations ⇒C C CBi − Ai = B i, −1 −CA i, −1 =A CB i, −2 −CA i, −2 ==C CB0 − A0

from balances on

bi−1g st
tank

b. CBi − CAi = CB0 − CA0 ⇒ CBi = CAi + CB0 − CA0 . Substitute in A balance from part (a).

CA i, −1 = CAi + k Cτ Ai CAi + bC B0 − CA0 g . Collect terms in C Ai2 , C1Ai , CAi0 .

CAi2 kτ + CAL 1+ kτ bC B0 − CA0 g −C A i, −1 = 0

⇒αCAL2 +βCAL + =γ 0 where α τβ= k , = +1 kτ bC B0 − CA0 g,γ=−C A i, −1

− +β β αγ − 4 2

Solution: CAi = (Only + rather than ±: since αγ is negative and the

2α
negative solution would yield a negative concentration.)
c.
k = 36.2 N gamma CA(N) xA(N)
v= 5000 1 -5.670E-02 2.791E- 0.5077
02

4- 77
 V= 2000 2 -2.791E-02 1.512E- 0.7333
02
CA0 = 0.0567 3 -1.512E-02 8.631E- 0.8478
03
CB0 = 0.1000 4 -8.631E-03 5.076E- 0.9105
03
alpha = 14.48 5 -5.076E-03 3.038E- 0.9464
03
beta = 1.6270 6 -3.038E-03 1.837E- 0.9676
03
7 -1.837E-03 1.118E- 0.9803
03
8 -1.118E-03 6.830E- 0.9880
04
9 -6.830E-04 4.182E- 0.9926
04
10 -4.182E-04 2.565E- 0.9955
04
11 -2.565E-04 1.574E- 0.9972
04
12 -1.574E-04 9.667E- 0.9983
05
13 -9.667E-05 5.939E- 0.9990
05
14 -5.939E-05 3.649E- 0.9994
05
(xmin = 0.50, N = 1), (xmin = 0.80, N = 3), (xmin = 0.90, N = 4), (xmin = 0.95, N = 6),
(xmin = 0.99, N = 9), (xmin = 0.999, N = 13).
As xmin → 1, the required number of tanks and hence the process cost becomes infinite.
d. (i) k increases ⇒ N decreases (faster reaction ⇒ fewer tanks)
( )ii increases v ⇒ increases (faster throughput N ⇒ less time spent in reactor

⇒ lower conversion per reactor)

(iii) V increases ⇒ N decreases (larger reactor ⇒ more time spent in reactor
⇒ higher conversion per reactor)

4.64 a. Basis: 1000 g gas

Species m (g) MW n (mol) mole % (wet) mole % (dry)
C3H8 800 44.09 18.145 77.2% 87.5%
C4H10 150 58.12 2.581 11.0% 12.5%
H2O 50 18.02 2.775 11.8%
Total 1000 23.501 100% 100%
Total moles = 23.50 mol, Total moles (dry) = 20.74 mol Ratio:
2.775 / 20.726 = 0.134 mol H O / mol dry gas2

4- 78
 b. C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O, C4H10 + 13/2 O2 → 4 CO2 + 5 H2O

Theoretical O2:

100 kg gas 80 kg C H3 8 1 kmol C H 3 5 kmol O2

8
9.07 kmol O2 / h
C H3 8: h 100 kg gas 44.09 kg C H3 8 = 1
kmol C H3 8

100 kg gas 15 kg C H4 10 1 kmol C H4 6.5 kmol O2

10
1.68 kmol O2 / h
C H4 10:
h 100 kg gas 58.12 kg C H4 10 =
1 kmol C H4 10
Total: (9.07 + 1.68) kmol O2/h = 10.75 kmol O2/h
10.75 kmol O2 1 kmol Air 1.3 kmol air fed
Air feed rate: h .21 kmol O2 = 66.5 kmol air / h
1 kmol air required
The answer does not change for incomplete combustion

4.65 5LCH 0.659 kg C H 1000 mol C H

6 14 6 14 6

14 = 38.3 mol L C H614 C H6 14

86 kg C H6 14
4LC 0.684 kg C H7 16
H7 16
1000 mol C H7 16 =
27.36 mol C H7 16 L C H7 16 100 kg C H7 16

C6H14 +19/2 O2 → 6 CO2 + 7 H2O C6H14 +13/2 O2 → 6 CO + 7 H2O

C7H16 + 11 O2 → 7 CO2 + 8 H2O C7H16 + 15/2 O2 → 7 CO + 8 H2O Theoretical oxygen: 38.3 mol

C H6 14 9.5 mol O2 + 27.36 mol C H7 16 11 mol O2 = 665 mol O required2

mol C H614 mol C H716
O2 fed: (4000 mol air )(.21 mol O2 / mol air) = 840 mol O2 fed

Percent excess air: ×100% =

263. % excess air

4- 79
 4.66 1 1
CO + O 2 → CO 2 H 2 + O 2 → HO
2
2 2

175 kmol/h
0.500 kmol N2/kmol
x (kmol CO/mol)
(0.500– x) (kmol H 2/kmol)

20% excess air

Note: Since CO and H2 each require 0./5 mol O2 mol fuel for complete combustion, we can
calculate the air feed rate without determining xCO . We include its calculation for illustrative
purposes.

A plot of x vs. R on log paper is a straight line through the points bR =100. , x = 005. g and
1 1

bR = 99 7. , x =10. g .
2 2

ln x = bln R + lnab = ln . b10 005. g lnb99 7 100.. g=1303.

@ lna = ln .b10g−1303.lnb99 7. g=−600. ⇒ =x 2 49.
−3 1303.
×10 R

x=aR
b
a = exp b−600. g= 2 49. ×10−3
moles CO
R = 383. ⇒ =x 0288.
mol

Theoretical O2: 175 kmol 0288. kmol CO 0.5 kmol O2

h kmol kmol CO

175 kmol 0212. kmol H2 0.5 kmol O2

+= 4375. kmol
O2 h kmol kmol H2
h
43.75 kmol O2 required 1 kmol air 1.2 kmol air fed
h 0.21 kmol O2 1 kmol air required

4- 80
 kmol air
Air fed: = 250 h

100 kmol/h
4.67 a. CH 4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H O2 0.944 CH4
0.0340 C2H6
7
0.0060 C3H8
C H2 6 + O2 → 2CO2 + 3H O2 0.0050 C4H10
2
17% excess air
C H3 8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H O2 na (kmol air/h)
13 0.21 O2
C H4 10 + O2 → 4CO2 + 5H O2 0.79 N2
2

0.944 100 kmol CH 4 kmol O2 0.0340 100 kmol C H2 6 3.5 kmol O2 b

h kmol CH 4 h kmol C H2 6
g
bg
Theoretical O2:+

0.0060 100 kmol C H3 8 kmol O2 0.0050 100 kmol C H4 10 6.5 kmol O2 b

h kmol C H3 3 h kmol C H4 10
g
bg
++

= 207 0. kmol O2 h

4.67 (cont’d)
207.0 kmol O2 1 kmol air 1.17 kmol air fed
Air feed rate: n f ==1153 kmol air h
h 0.21 kmol O2 kmol air req.

b. na = n f b2x + 35. x + 5x + 65. x gb1+ P

1 2 3 4 xs 100 1 021 gb . g
c. nf = aRf , ( nf = 750. kmol / h, R f = 60) ⇒ nf =125. Rf

na = bRa , ( na = 550 kmol / h, Ra = 25) ⇒ =na 22 0. Ra

1

xi = kAi ⇒ ∑ ∑x=k i i i Ai =1 ⇒k= ∑A i

4- 81
 i

⇒ xi =
Ai , = CHi 4 , C H2 4 , C H3 8 , C H4 10

∑A i
i
Run Pxs Rf A1 A2 A3 A4
1.48
1 15% 62 248.7 19.74 6.35

2 15% 83 305.3 14.57 2.56 0.70

3 15% 108 294.2 16.61 4.78 2.11

Run nf x1 x2 x3 x4 na Ra

1 77.5 0.900 0.0715 0.0230 0.0054 934 42.4

2 103.8 0.945 0.0451 0.0079 0.0022 1194 54.3

3 135.0 0.926 0.0523 0.0150 0.0066 1592 72.4

d. Either of the flowmeters could be in error, the fuel gas analyzer could be in error, the
flowmeter calibration formulas might not be linear, or the stack gas analysis could be
incorrect.

4.68 a. C4H10 + 13/2 O2 → 4 CO2 + 5 H2O

Basis: 100 mol C4H10 nCO2 (mol CO2)
nH2O (mol H2O)
nC4H10 (mol C4H10)
Pxs (% excess air) nO2 (mol O2) nair (mol
air) nN2 (mol N2)
0.21 O2
0.79 N2
D.F. analysis
6 unknowns (n, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5)
-3 atomic balances (C, H, O)
-1 N2 balance
-1 % excess air -
1 % conversion
0 D.F.
4.68 (cont’d) b. i) Theoretical oxygen = (100 mol C4H10)(6.5 mol O2/mol C4H10) = 650 mol
O2 nair = (650 mol O2 )(1 mol air / 0.21 mol O2 ) = 3095 mol air

100% conversion ⇒ nC4H10 = 0, nO2 = 0

4- 82
 U
b079 3095. gb molg= 2445 mol
nN2 = 73.1% N 2

n =bb100 mol C H
CO2 react 4 mol COgbgb
4 10 2mol C H4 gg=
10

|
400 mol CO2 W V|12.0% CO n 2 H2O = 100 mol C H4 10 react 5 mol H O mol C

H24 10 = 500 mol H O2 14.9% H O2

ii) 100% conversion ⇒ nC4H10 = 0

20% excess ⇒ nair = 1.2(3095) = 3714 mol (780 mol O2, 2934 mol N2)
Exit gas:
400 mol CO2 10.1% CO2
500 mol H2O 12.6% H2O
130 mol O2 3.3% O2
2934 mol N2 74 0%. N 2

iii) 90% conversion ⇒ nC4H10 = 10 mol C4H10 (90 mol C4H10 react, 585 mol O2 consumed)
20% excess: nair = 1.2(3095) = 3714 mol (780 mol O2, 2483 mol N2)
Exit gas:
10 mol C4H10 0.3% C4H10
360 mol CO2 9.1% CO2
450 mol H2O (v) 11.4% H2O
195 mol O2 4.9% O2
2934 mol N2 74 3%. N 2

4.69 a. C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O H2 +1/2 O2 → H2O

C3H8 + 7/2 O2 → 3 CO + 4 H2O
Basis: 100 mol feed gas

4- 83
 100 mol
0.75 mol C3H8 n1 (mol C3H8) 0.25 mol H2 n2 (mol H2)
n3 (mol CO2) n4 (mol CO)
n0 (mol air) n5 (mol H2O)
0.21 mol O2/mol n6 (mol O2)
0.79 mol N2/mol n7 (mol N2)

Theoretical oxygen : 75 mol C H3 8 5 mol O2 + 25 mol H 2 050. mol O2 = 3875. mol O2

mol C H3 8 mol H2

4.69 (cont’d)

1 kmol air
125. kmol air
Air feed rate: n0 = 3875. mol Oh 2
fed
= 23065. mol air
0.21 kmol O2 1 kmol air req'd.

90% propane conversion ⇒ n1 = 0100 75. ( mol C H ) = 7.5 mol C H 3 8

3 8

(67.5 mol C H reacts)3 8

85% hydrogen conversion ⇒ n2 = 0150 25. ( mol C H ) = 3.75 mol H3 8 2

095 675. ( . mol C H react)3 8 3 mol CO generated2 95% CO
selectivity 2 ⇒ =n3
mol C H react3 8
=192 4. mol CO2

005 675. ( . mol C H react)3 8 3 mol CO generated 101. mol CO

5% CO selectivity ⇒ n3 = = mol C H react3 8

FGH mol H IJK

H balance: (75 mol C H3 8 ) 8 + (25 mol H 2 )( )2

mol C H3 8
= ( .75 mol C H3 8 )( )8 + ( .375 mol H2 )( )2 + n5 (mol H O)(2)2 ⇒ =n5 2912. mol H O2

mol O

O balance: ( .210 × 2306.5 mol O )(2 2 ) = (192.4 mol CO2 )( )2

mol O2
+ (101. mol CO)( )1 + (2912. mol H O)(1) + 22 n6 (mol O2 ) ⇒ =n6 1413. mol O2

N balance: 2 n7 = 079 23065. ( . ) mol N 2 =1822 mol N2

4- 84
 Total moles of exit gas = (7.5 + 3.75 + 192.4 + 10.1 + 291.2 + 141.3 + 1822) mol
= 2468 mol

CO concentration in exit gas = 101. mol CO × 6 4090 ppm

10 =
2468 mol
b. If more air is fed to the furnace,
(i) more gas must be compressed (pumped), leading to a higher cost (possibly a larger pump,
and greater utility costs)
(ii) The heat released by the combustion is absorbed by a greater quantity of gas, and so the
product gas temperature decreases and less steam is produced.

4.70 a. C5H12 + 8 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O

Basis: 100 moles dry product gas

n1 (mol C5H12) 100 mol dry product gas (DPG)

0.0027 mol C5H12/mol DPG
Excess air 0.053 mol O2/mol DPG n2 (mol O2) 0.091
mol CO2/mol DPG
3.76n2 (mol N2) 0.853 mol N2/mol DPG
n3 (mol H2O)

3 unknowns (n1, n2, n3)

-3 atomic balances (O, C, H)
-1 N2 balance
-1 D.F. ⇒ Problem is overspecified

b. N2 balance: 3.76 n2 = 0.8533 (100) ⇒ n2 = 22.69 mol O2

C balance: 5 n1 = 5(0.0027)(100) + (0.091)(100) ⇒ n1 = 2.09 mol C5H12
H balance: 12 n1 = 12(0.0027)(100) + 2n3 ⇒ n3 = 10.92 mol H2O
O balance: 2n2 = 100[(0.053)(2) + (0.091)(2)] + n3 ⇒ 45.38 mol O = 39.72 mol O Since
the 4th balance does not close, the given data cannot be correct.

c.
n1 (mol C5H12) 100 mol dry product gas (DPG)
0.00304 mol C5H12/mol DPG
Excess air 0.059 mol O2/mol DPG n2 (mol O2) 0.102
mol CO2/mol DPG
3.76n2 (mol N2) 0.836 mol N2/mol DPG

4- 85
 n3 (mol H2O)

N2 balance: 3.76 n2 = 0.836 (100) ⇒ n2 = 22.2 mol O2

C balance: 5 n1 = 100 (5*0.00304 + 0.102) ⇒ n1 = 2.34 mol C5H12
H balance: 12 n1 = 12(0.00304)(100) + 2n3 ⇒ n3 = 12.2 mol H2O
O balance: 2n2 = 100[(0.0590)(2) + (0.102)(2)] + n3 ⇒ 44.4 mol O = 44.4 mol O √
2.
Fractional conversion of
C5H12: = 0.870 mol react/mol fed

Theoretical O2 required: 2.344 mol C5H12 (8 mol O2/mol C5H12) = 18.75 mol O2
22.23 mol O
% excess air: 2 fed - 18.75 mol O2 required ×100%

=18.6% excess air

18.75 mol O2 required

4.71 a. molL CH3OH ml 0.792 g

h L ml 32.04 g = 296.6 mol CH3OH / h

CH3OH + 3/2 O2 → CO2 +2 H2O, CH3OH + O2 → CO +2 H2O

296.6 mol CH3OH(l)/h n2 (mol dry gas / h)

0.0045 mol CH3OH(v)/mol DG
0.0903 mol CO2/mol DG
n1 (mol O2 / h) 0.0181 mol CO/mol DG
376.n1 (mol N 2 / h) x (mol N2/mol DG)
n
(0.8871–x) (mol O2/mol DG) 3 (mol H O(v) / h)2

4 unknowns (n n1, 2 ,n3 , )x – 4 balances (C, H, O, N2) = 0 D.F.

b. Theoretical O2: 296.6 (1.5) = 444.9 mol O2 / h

C balance: 296.6 = n2 (0.0045 + 0.0903 + 0.0181) ⇒ n2 = 2627 mol/h
H balance: 4 (296.6) = n2 (4*0.0045) + 2 n3 ⇒ n3 = 569.6 mol H2O / h

O balance: 296.6 + 2n1 = 2627[0.0045 + 2(0.0903)+0.0181+2(0.8871-x)] +569.6

N2 balance: 3.76 n1 = x ( 2627)
Solving simultaneously ⇒ n1 = 574 3. mol O2 / h, = 0.822 mol Nx 2/ mol DG

4- 86
 Fractional conversion:
= 0.960 mol
CH3OH react/mol fed

% excess air: 574.3 − 444.9 ×100% = 29.1%

444.9

Mole fraction of water: 569.6 mol H2O = 0.178 mol H2O/mol

(2627 + 569.6) mol

c. Fire, CO toxicity. Vent gas to outside, install CO or hydrocarbon detector in room, trigger alarm if
concentrations are too high

4.72 a. G.C. Say ns mols fuel gas constitute the sample injected into the G.C. If xCH4 and xC
H2 6 are the mole fractions of methane and ethane in the fuel, then

ns mol xC H2 6 bmol C H 22 mol gb

2 mol C 1 mol C H 2 6 g 20
=

nsbmolgx bmol CH mol 1 mol C 1 mol CHgb g 85

CH4 4 4

E
x bmol C H mol fuelg
C H2 6 26

b g = 0.1176 mole C H mole CH in fuel gas x mol CH mol

4
26 4
CH 4

fuel

4.72 (cont’d)

Condensation measurement: b1.134 g H O 1 mol 18.02 g gbg = 0126.mole H O

2 2

050. mol product gas mole product gas

Basis: 100 mol product gas. Since we have the most information about the product stream
composition, we choose this basis now, and would subsequently scale to the given
fuel and air flow rates if it were necessary (which it is not).

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H O2

7
C H + O → 2CO + 3H O

4- 87
 2 6 2 2 2
2

100 mol dry gas / h

n1 (mol CH4 )
0.1176 n1 (mol C2H6) 0.126 mol H2O / mol
n2 (mol CO2) 0..874 mol dry gas / mol
0.119 mol CO2 / mol D.G.
n3 (mol O2 / h) x (mol N2 / mol)
376 n3 (mol N2 / h) (0.881-x) ( mol O2 / mol D.G.)

N 2balance
Strategy: H
balance ⇒ n1;
C balance ⇒ n2 ; O balance ⇒ n3, x

H balance: 4n1 + b gb6 01176.n g b= 100 0126 2gb . gb g⇒ =n 5356.

1 1 mol
CH in fuel4
⇒ 0.1176(5.356) = 0.630 mol C2H6 in fuel

C balance: 5356.+ b gb2 0630. g+ =n b100 0874 0119gb .gb . g⇒ =n

2 2 3784.
mol CO in fuel2
Composition of fuel: 5.356 mol CH4 , 0.630 mol C H2 6 , 3.784 mols CO2
⇒ 0548. CH , 0.064 C H , 0.388 CO4 2 6 2

N balance:2 b100 0874gb . gx

376. n3 =

O balance: b gb2 3784. g+ 2n =b100 0126gb . g b+ 100 0874 2

3

0119gb . gb g . +b0881. − xg
Solve simultaneously: n3 =1886. mols O fed2 , x = 0.813
5.356 mol CH4 2 mol O2 0.630 mol C H2 6 3.5 mol
Theoretical
1 mol CH4 O2
O2:+
1 mol CH4

=12 92. mol O required2

Desired O2 fed: (5.356 + 0.630 + 3.784) mol

7 mol air
0.21 mol O2 = 14.36 mol
O2 fuel
1 mol mol air
fuel
14.36 −12.92
Desired % excess air: ×100% =11%
12.92

4- 88
 b. 18.86 −12.92
Actual % excess air: ×100% = 46%
12.92
(18.86/ 0.21) mol air
Actual molar feed ratio of air to fuel: = 9:1
9.77 molfeed

4.73 a. C3H8 +5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O, C4H10 + 13/2 O2 → 4 CO2 + 5 H2O

Basis 100: mol product gas

n1 (mol C3H8) 100 mol n2 (mol C4H10)

0.474 mol H2O/mol x (mol CO2/mol)
n3 (mol O2) (0.526–x) (mol O2/mol)

x 69.4
Dry product gas contains 69.4% CO2 ⇒ = ⇒ x = 0.365 mol CO2/mol
0.526 − x 30.6

3 unknowns (n1, n2, n3) – 3 balances (C, H, O) = 0 D.F.

O balance: 2 n3 = 152.6 ⇒ n3 = 76.3 mol O2

C balance: 3 n1 + 4 n2 = 36.5 ⎫⇒ n1 = 7.1 mol C3H8 ⇒ 65.1% C3H8, 34.9% C4H10

H balance: 8 n1 + 10 n2 =
⎭
⎬
94.8 n2 = 3.8 mol C4H10
b. nc=100 mol (0.365 mol CO2/mol)(1mol C/mol CO2) = 365 mol C
nh = 100 mol (0.474 mol H2O/mol)(2mol H/mol H2O)=94.8 mol H
⇒ 27.8%C, 72.2% H
From a:

7.10 mol C3H8 3 mol C 3.80 mol C4H10 4 mol C

+
mol C3H8 mol C4H10 ×100% = 27.8% C
7.10 mol C3H8 11 mol (C + H) 3.80 mol C4H10 14 mol (C + H)
+
mol C3H8 mol C4H10

4- 89
4.74 Basis: 100 kg fuel oil
100 kg 0.85 kg 1 kmol C
Moles of C in fuel: C = 7.08 kmol C 12.01
kg kg C

100 0.12 kg H 1 kmol H

Moles of H in fuel: kg =12.0 kmol H
kg 1 kg H

100 kg 0.017 kg 1 kmol S

Moles of S in fuel: S = 0.053 kmol S
kg 32.064 kg S
1.3 kg non-combustible materials (NC)

4.74 (cont’d)

100 kg fuel oil

7.08 kmol C n2 (kmol N2)
12.0 kmol H n3 (kmol O2)
0.053 kmol S C + O2 → CO2 n4 (kmol CO2)
1.3 kg NC (s) C + 1/2 O2 → CO (8/92) n4 (kmol CO)
2H + 1/2 O2 → H2O n5 (kmol SO2)
20% excess air S + O2 → SO2 n6 (kmol H2O) n1 (kmol O2)
3.76 n1 (kmol N2)

Theoretical O2:
7.08 kmol C 1 kmol O2 + 12 kmol H .5 kmol O2 + 0.053 kmol S 1 kmol O2 =10.133 kmol O2
1 kmol C 2 kmol H 1 kmol S

20 % excess air: n1 = 1.2(10.133) = 12.16 kmol O2 fed

O balance: 2 (12.16) = 2 (6.5136) + 0.5664 + 2 (0.053) + 6 + 2 n3 ⇒ n3 = 2.3102 kmol O2
C balance: 7.08 = n4+8n4/92 ⇒ n4 = 6.514 mol CO2
⇒ 8 (6.514)/92 = 0.566 mol CO
S balance: n5 = 0.53 kmol SO2
H balance: 12 = 2n6 ⇒ n6 = 6.00 kmol H2O
N2 balance: n2 = 3.76(12.16) = 45.72 kmol N2
Total moles of stack gas = (6.514 + 0.566 + 0.053 + 6.00 + 2.310 + 45.72) kmol

4- 90
 = 61.16 kmol
⇒ 10.7% CO, 0.92% CO, 0.087% SO2 , 9.8% H O, 3.8% O , 74.8% N2 22

4.75 a. Basis: 5000 kg coal/h; 50 kmol airmin = 3000 kmol airh

5000 kg coal / h

0.75 kg C / kg
n1 (kmol O2 / h)
0.17 kg H / kg
n2 (kmol N2 / h)
0.02 kg S / kg
C + 02 --> CO2 n3 (kmol CO2 / h)
0.06 kg ash / kg
2H + 1/2 O2 -->H2O 0.1 n3 (kmol CO / h)
S + O2 --> SO2 n4 (kmol SO2 / h)
3000 kmol air / h C + 1/2 O2 --> CO n5 (kmol H2O / h)

0.21 kmol O2 / kmol

0.79 kmol N2 / kmol
mo kg slag / h

Theoretical O2 :

0.75 5000 kg C kmol C kmol O2 b g

h 12.01 kg C kmol C
C: = 312 2. kmol O2h
4.75 (cont’d)

0.17 5000 kg H 1 kmol H 1 kmol H O2 1 kmol O2

h 1.01 kg H 2 kmol H 2 kmol H2O

b g H: = 210.4 kmol O2 h

0.02 5000 kg S kmol S kmol O2 b g

S: = 3.1 h 32.06 kg S kmol S kmol O2/h

Total = (312.2+210.4 + 3.1) kmol O2/h = 525.7 kmol O2 h O fed2 =

0.21 3000 b g= 630 kmol O 2 h

Excess air:
×100% =198. % excess air

b. Balances:

094 kmol C b gb gb g
075. . 5000 kg C react
n n
h 01. kg C C: = + 3 0.1 3

4- 91
 n n
⇒ = 3 2668. kmol CO2 h, 0.1 3 = 267.
017. 5000 kg H 1 kmol H 1 kmol H 2O kmol CO h
h 101. kg H 2 kmol H
b gb
g
H: = n5 ⇒ n5 = 420.8 kmol H O h2

3.1 kmol O for SO2 2 kmol SO2 b g

h kmol O2 n
S: (from part a) = 4 ⇒ n4 = 31. kmol SO2 h

N2: b0.79 3000gbg kmol N 2 h = n2 ⇒ n2 = 2370 kmol N2 h

O: b021 3000 21 4208.g()b g= 2n + 2 2668b. g+1 2668b . g+ 2 31b . g b gb+

1

. g
⇒ n1 =1364. kmol O2 / h Stack gas total =
3223 kmol h
Mole fractions:
xCO = 267 3224.= 83. ×10−3 mol CO mol xSO2 = 31 3224.=

9 6. ×10−4 mol SO2 mol

1
c. SO
2+ 2 O2 → SO3

SO3 + H O2 → H SO24

3.1 kmol SO2 1 kmol SO3 1 kmol H SO2 4 98.08 kg H SO2 4

= 304 h 1 kmol SO2 1 kmol SO3 kmol H SO2 4 kg H SO2 4h
4.76 a. Basis: 100 g coal as received
(c.a.r.). Let a.d.c. denote air-dried coal; v.m. denote volatile matter
100 g c.a.r. 1.147 g a.d.c.
= 95.03 g air - dried coal; 4.97 g H O lost by air
1.207 g c.a.r.

95.03 g a.d.c 1.234 −1204. g H 2O drying2 b g

1.234 g a.d.c. = 2 31. g H O lost in second drying step2

4- 92
 Total H O2 = 4.97 g + 2.31 g = 7.28 g moisture

95.03 g a.d.c − 0811. g v.m. H O+ 2 b g b g

1.347 g a.d.c.
− 2 31. g H O2 =
3550. g volatile matter

95.03 g a.d.c 0.111 g ash

= 8.98 g ash
1.175 g a.d.c
.

Fixed carbon = b100 − 7.28 − 35.50 − 8.98gg = 48.24 g fixed carbon

7.28 g moisture
7.3% moisture
48.24 g fixed carbon
48.2% fixed carbon
35.50 g volatile matter ⇒
35.5% volatile matter
8.98 g ash
9.0% ash
100 g coal as received
b. Assume volatile matter is all carbon and hydrogen.
1 mol O2 1 mol C 103 g 1 mol air
C + CO2 → CO2 : = 396.5 mol air kg C
1 mol C 12.01 g C 1 kg 0.21 mol O2

1 0.5 mol O2 1 mol H 103 g 1 mol air

2H + O2 → H O2 : 2 mol H 1.01 g H 1 kg 0.21 mol O2 =1179 mol air kg H
2
1000 kg coal 0.482 kg C 396.5 mol
Air required:
air
kg coal kg C
+ 1000 kg 0.355 kg v.m. 6 kg C 396.5 mol
air
+= 372. kg 7 kg v.m. kg C ×105 mol
air 1000 kg 0.355 kg v.m. 1 kg H 1179 mol air
kg 7 kg v.m. kg H

4- 93
4.77 a. Basis 100 mol dry fuel gas. Assume no solid or liquid products!

n1 (mol C)
100 mol dry gas
n2 (mol H)
n3 (mol S) C + 02 --> CO2 0.720 mol CO2 / mol
C + 1/2 O2 --> CO 0.0257 mol CO / mol
2H + 1/2 O2 -->H2O 0.000592 mol SO2 / mol
S + O2 --> SO2 0.254 mol O2 / mol

n4 (mol O2) n5 (mol H2O (v))

(20% excess )

H balance: n2 = 2 n5 ⎫
⎪
O balance: 2 n4 = 100 [ 2(0.720) + 0.0257 + 2 (0.000592) + 2 (0.254)] + n5 ⎬
⎪
20 % excess O2 : (1.20) (74.57 + 0.0592 + 0.25 n2] = n4 ⎭

⇒ n2 = 183.6 mol H, n4 = 144.6 mol O2, n5 = 91.8 mol H2O

Total moles in feed: 258.4 mol (C+H+S) ⇒ 28.9% C, 71.1% H, 0.023% S

4.78 Basis: 100 g oil

Stack
SO 2 , N 2 , O 2, CO 2, H 2O
x n 3 mol SO 2 (612.5 ppm SO 2)
(N2 , O2 , CO2 , H 2 O)
0.10 (1 – x ) n 5 mol SO 2
100 g oil (N2 , O2 , CO2 , H O)
0.87 g C/g
0.10 g H/g furnace
0.03 g S/g
Alkaline solution
n 1 mol O2 scrubber
3.76 n 1 mol N2 (1 – x ) n 5 mol SO 2
(25% excess) (N2 , O2 , CO2 , H 2 O)
n 2 mol N 2
n 3 mol O 2
0.90 (1 – x ) n 5 mol SO 2
n 4 mol CO2
n 5 mol SO 2
n 6 mol H 2 O
2

7 244. mol O consumed

4- 94
 0.87 100 g C 1 mol C 1 mol CO2
CO2: 12 01. g C 1 mol C b g ⇒ =n4 7 244. mol

G J
CO2 HF 2
IK
2.475 mol O
0.10 100 g H 1 mol H 1 mol H2O
consumed
101. g H 2 mol H
H O2 : b g ⇒ =n6 4 95. mol

G J
H O2 HF I K
2

4.78 (cont’d)

0.03 100 g S 1 mol S 1 mol SO2

32 06. g S 1 mol S
b g
G J
HF0.0956 mol O2 IK
SO2: ⇒ =n5 00936. mol SO2
consumed

25% excess O2: n1 =1.25 7.244 b+ 2.475+ 0.0936g⇒12.27 mol O 2

O balance: 2 n3 =12.27 mol O fed2− b7 244.+ 2 475.+ 00936.g mol O consumed 2

= 2 46. mol O2

N balance:2 n2 = 3.76 12.27 b molg= 46.14 mol N 2

SO in stack SO balance around mixing point2 b g:

2

F I
xH00936.K + 010 1. b − xgb00936.g= 000936.+ 00842. xbmol SO g 2
n5

4- 95
 Total dry gas in stack (Assume no CO2, O2 , or N2 is absorbed in the scrubber)

7.244+ 2.46+ 46.14+ b0.00936+ 0.0842xg= 55.85+ 0.0842xbmol dry

gas gb CO2g bO g bN g bSO g
2 2 2

6125. ppm SO2 bdry basis in stack gasg

000936.5585. ++00842.00842. xx = 6125. 6 ⇒ =x 0295. ⇒ 30%
bypassed 10. ×10

4.79 Basis: 100 mol stack gas

C + O2 → CO2
nn12 (mol C) 1 100 mol
(mol H) 2
n3 (mol S) 2H + O2 → H O2 0.7566 N2
0.1024 CO
n4 (mol O 2) S + O 2 → SO2 0.0827 H O2 2
3.76n4 (mol O 2) 0.0575 O2
0.000825 SO2

a. C balance:n1 = b100 01024gb . g=1024. mol C 1024.

mol C mol C

H balance:n2 = b100 00827 2gb . gb g=1654. mol H ⇒ 1654. mol H = 062. mol
H

The C/H mole ratio of CH4 is 0.25, and that of C H2 6 is 0.333; no mixture of the two

could have a C/H ratio of 0.62, so the fuel could not be the natural gas.

b. b100 0000825gb . g= 00825. mol S

S balance: n3 =

gb
bb1024b . mol C 12.0 g 1 mol gbgg=12288. g
U|
C V|W 12288. = 7 35. g C g H
1671.
1654. mol H 1.01 g 1 mol =1671. gH⇒ ⇒ No. 4 fuel oil
2 65.

4- 96
 0.0825 mol S 32.07 g 1 mol gbg= 2 65. gS 142 24. ×100% =1.9% S

4.80 a. Basis: 1 mol CpHqOr

1 mol CpHqOr
no (mol S) n2 (mol CO2)
C + 02 --> CO2 n3 (mol SO2)
Xs (kg s/ kg fuel)
2H + 1/2 O2 -->H2O n4 (mol O2)
S + O2 --> SO2 3.76 n1 (mol N2)
P (% excess air) n5 (mol H2O (v))
n1 (mol O2)
3.76 n1 (mol N2)

Hydrocarbon mass: p (mol C) ( 12 g / mol) = 12 p (g C)

q (mol H) (1 g / mol) = q (g H) ⇒ (12 p + q + 16 r) g fuel
r (mol O) (16 g / mol) = 16 r (g O)

S in feed:

no= (12 p + q + 16r) g Xs (g S) 1 mol S = Xs(12 p + q + 16 r) (mol S) (1)

fuel 32.07 g S 32.07(1- Xs)
(1- Xs) (g fuel)

Theoretical O2: p (mol C) 1 mol O2 + q (mol H) 0.5 mol O2 − (r

mol O) 1 mol O2
1 mol C 2 mol H 2 mol O

= requiredO mol r) /21q 1/4(p+ − 2

% excess ⇒ n1 = (1 + P/100) (p +1/4 q – ½ r) mol O2 fed (2)

C balance: n2 = p (3)
H balance: n5 = q/2 (4)
S balance: n3 = n0 (5)
O balance: r + 2n1 = 2n2 + 2n3 + 2n4 + n5 ⇒ n4 = ½ (r+2n1-2n2-2n3-n5) (6)

Given: p = 0.71, q= 1.1, r = 0.003, Xs = 0.02 P = 18% excess air

(1) ⇒ n0 = 0.00616 mol S (5) ⇒ n3 = 0.00616 mol SO2
(2) ⇒ n1 = 1.16 mol O2 fed (6) ⇒ n4 = 0.170 mol O2
(3) ⇒ n2 = 0.71 mol CO2 (4) ⇒ n5 = 0.55 mol H2O
(3.76*1.16) mol N2 = 4.36 mol N2
Total moles of dry product gas = n2 + n3 + n4 + 3.76 n1=5.246 mol dry product gas
Dry basis composition

4- 97
 yCO2 = (0.710 mol CO2/ 5.246 mol dry gas) * 100% = 13.5% CO2
yO2 = (0.170 / 5.246) * 100% = 3.2% O2 yN2 = (4.36 / 5.246)
* 100% = 83.1% N2 ySO2 = (0.00616 / 5.246) * 106 = 1174 ppm
SO2

4- 98