9 Buckingham 01
9 Buckingham 01
BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
Dimensional Analysis
For example;
F=ma
F=MLT-2
Unit : F=kg.m/s
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
Buckingham Pi Theorem
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
Selection of Variables
Geometry :
The geometry characteristics can be usually be
described by a series of lengths and angles.
Example: length [L]
Material properties :
More relates to the kinematic properties of fluid
particles.
Example: velocity [LT-1]
External effects :
This terminology is used to denote any variable that
produces, or tends to produce, a change in the system.
For fluid mechanics, variables in this class would be
related to pressure, velocities, or gravity.
(combination of geometry and material properties)
Example: force [MLT-2]
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
items Problems
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
Theory of Models
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
Model scales
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For example, as 1:10 or as a 10
scale model.
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
TUTORIAL FOR
BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
EXAMPLE 1
Verify the Reynolds number is dimensionless, using
both the FLT system and MLT system for basic
dimensions. Determine its value for ethyl-alcohol
flowing at a velocity of 3m/s through a 5cm diameter
pipe.
EXAMPLE 2
At a sudden contraction in a pipe the diameter
changes from D1 to D2. The pressure drop, ∆P, which
develops across the contraction, is a function of D1
and D2, as well as the velocity, V, in the larger pipe,
and the fluid density, ρ, and viscosity, µ. Use D1, V
and µ as repeating variables to determine a suitable
set of dimensionless parameters. Why it be incorrect
to include the velocity in the smaller pipe as an
additional variables.
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
EXAMPLE 3
Figure 1
EXAMPLE 4
Assume that the flowrate, Q, of a gas from a
smokestack is a function of the density of ambient air,
ρa, the density of the gas, ρg, within the stack, the
acceleration of gravity, g, and the height and diameter
of the stack, h and d, respectively. Use ρa, d and g as
repeating variables to develop a set of pi terms that
could be used to describe this problem.
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
EXAMPLE 5
Figure 2
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
TUTORIAL FOR
BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
Question 1
⎡ Q ρND 2 ⎤
∆P = ρN D φ ⎢2 2
, ⎥
⎣ ND 3
µ ⎦
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
Question 2
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
Question 3
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
Question 1
Question 2
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
Question 3
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
Question 4
Figure 1
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
Question 5
Figure 2
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Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
Question 6