CE 626 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT

Hulangamuwa R.R.V.G.B.C.R.B
PG/E/ST/2019/21
27/07/2019

Department of Civil Engineering – Faculty of Engineering – University of Peradeniya – Sri Lanka

Introduction

3.6 m

2m 2m 2m 2m

Material Data
Concrete strength
PS girders = 40 N/mm2
Abutments, foot-walk, pier shaft, capping beam = 25 N/mm2
Deck slab & diaphragm = 30 N/mm2
Precast end blocks = 50 N/mm2
Elastic modulus Grade 40 = 31 KN/mm2
Grade 30 = 28 KN/mm2
Poisson ratio of concrete = 0.2
Characteristic tensile strength of steel = 460 N/mm2
Elastic modulus – Steel = 200 KN/mm2
Reinforced concrete density = 25 KN/m3
Asphalt concrete density = 24.6 KN/m3
Concrete cover for abutments and deck slabs = 25 mm
Concrete cover for PS girders = 25 mm
Guard-rail load = 2 KN/m

Geometric Details
Carriageway width = 7.2 m
Girder spacing =2m
Length of foot-walk = 1.9 m
Thickness of wearing surface = 50 mm
Thickness of deck slab = 100 mm (maximum)
Span length = 23.2 m
Width of deck slab = 11 m

Load Calculations
Evaluation of transient loads
Carriageway width = 7.2 m
From Table 4.1 BS EN 1991-2:2003
Number of notional lanes = Int (7.2 /3) = 2
Width of a notional lane =3m
Width of the remaining area = 7.2 – 3 x 2 = 1.2 m
Reference Clause 4.3.1 (2) BS EN 1991-2:2003
LM1 is chosen for vertical loads representation of traffic effect
NOTE: LM1 is intended to cover flowing, congested or traffic jam situations with a high
percentage of heavy lorries.

Load Combinations
Intention of deck analysis is to design structural component of the relevant bridge, design
value of actions (STR/GEO) at ULS not involving geotechnical actions (set B) is
considered.
Reference BS EN 1990 ANNEX A2, Table A2.4 (B): Application for Bridges
In the above context, following load combinations are considered for deck slab analysis
1.35 Gkj, sup + 1.0 Gkj, inf + 1.35 (TS + UDL + 0.4 x qfk)
1.35 Gkj, sup + 1.0 Gkj, inf + 1.35 gr1b
1.35 Gkj, sup + 1.0 Gkj, inf + 1.35 gr2
1.35 Gkj, sup + 1.0 Gkj, inf + 1.35 gr5
NOTE: - Thermal and wind actions along with creep & shrinkage of PS girders are not
considered for load combinations. Thus effects of displacement and deformations are
assumed to be negligible.
Load calculation

NOTE: - All dimensions are in inches

Cross sectional area = 561 in2 = 361934.76 x 10-6 m2

Distance to centroid from bottom = 28.63 in = 727.202 mm
Second moment area = 206873.12 in4 = 8.611 x 1010 mm4
Self-weight of naked PS girder = 25 KN/m3 x 361934.76 x 10-6 m2 = 9.048 KN/m
Weight of wearing surface = 24 KN/m3 x 50 x 10-3 m = 1.2 KN/m2
Self-weight of deck slab = 25 KN/m3 x 100 x 10-3 m = 2.5 KN/m2
Self-weight of raised foot-walk = 25 KN/m3 x 0.15 m = 3.75 KN/m2
Thickness of raised foot-walk assumed to be 150 mm (BS EN 1991-2:2003 Clause 4.2.3 (1))
Characteristic load on foot-walk = 3 KN/m2 (BS EN 1991-2:2003 Clause 5.3.2.1 (1) reduced
to 3KN/2 for gr1a)
Self-weight of diaphragms

27.37

49.5

NOTE: - All dimensions are in inches

Cross section area of diaphragm = 702 in2 + 1354.82 x 2 in2 = 2201053.662 mm2
Self-weight of diaphragm excluding PS girder = 25 KN/m3 x 2201053.662 x 10-6 m2
= 55.026 KN/m (In transverse direction)

Assuming diaphragm thickness to be 6 in, point load on beam = 55.026 x 152.4 x 10 -3 KN

 = 8.39 KN/2 = 4.195 KN/each
4.195 KN 4.195 KN
2
7
4 .
9 3
. 7
5
Braking & acceleration forces
Q1k = 0.6 x αQ1 x (2 x Q1k) + 0.1 x αq1 x q1k x w1 x L
Where 180 x αQ1 (KN) ≤ Q1k ≤ 900 (KN) (BS EN 1991-2:2003 Clause 4.4.1 (2))
Therefore Q1k = 0.6 x 300 x 2 + 0.1 x 9 x 3 x 23.2 = 422.64 KN
Q2k = 0.6 x 200 x 2 + 0.1 x 2.5 x 3 x 23.2 = 245.8 KN

Analysis of loads

Q1k = 300
KN
q1k = 9 KN/m2 Notional Lane 1
3m

Q2k = 200
KN Notional Lane 2
3m q2k = 2.5 KN/m2

1.2 m qrk = 2.5 KN/m2 Remaining area

Analysis of transient loads

 1

x
3.6 m 1.9 m

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
2m 2m 2m 2m

Design of girder R1
Check for applicability of Courbon’s method

 Span/width =23.2/11 = 2.11 > 2 Hence “ok”

 Depth of cross girders = 42 in > 0.75 x depth of longitudinal girders = (54.5 in).
Hence “ok”
 Longitudinal beams are interconnected by symmetrically spaced cross girders of
adequate stiffness
Therefore it is compatible to use Courbon’s method for deck analysis
Considering Courbon’s method for estimating transverse distribution of live load among
girders

Where;
x – Distance of that beam from the centroid of the main beams

∑ x2 – Sum of the squares of the distances of various main beams from the said
centroid
n - Number of main beams
P - Load applied (1 unit in hear)
e - Distance between load applying point and the centroid of main beams
(+ve sign if the beam is on the load side relative to the centroid of the main beams, and negative
sign otherwise)

Therefore, When x = 0

R1 = 1 x ( 15 + 4 +23.6+x24+ 4 )
2 2 2 2

R1 = 0.56
When x = 6

1 2 x4
R1 = 1 x ( − 2 2 2 2
5 4 +2 +2 +4 )
R1 = 0
When x = 7.2

R1 = 1 x ( 15 − 4 +23.6+2x 4+4 )
2 2 2 2

R1 = -0.16
When x = 3

1 0.6 x 4
R1 = 1 x ( + 2 2 2 2
5 4 +2 + 2 + 4 )
R1 = 0.26

9 KN/m2
0.56 2.5 KN/m2
3m 3m
0.26 3.6 m 1.9 m
0

-0.16

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
2m 2m 2m 2m
From above, UDL for live load on girder R1 can be written as
UDL (w) =9x3x ( 0.56+0.26
2 ) +2.5 x 3 x 0.5 x 0.26

= 12.045 KN/m

Considering tandem system (TS)

300 KN 300 KN 200 KN 200 KN

2m 1m 2m
3.6 m 1.9 m

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
2m 2m 2m 2m

Where two tandem systems on adjacent notional lanes are taken into account, they may be
brought closer, with a distance between wheel axles not below 0.5m (Reference BS EN
1991-2:2003 Clause 4.3.2 (5))
For span lengths greater than 10m, each tandem system are replaced in each lane by a one-
axle concentrated load of weight equal to the total weight of the two axles (Reference BS
EN 1991-2:2003 Clause 4.3.2 (6))
From Courbon’s method

R1 = 300 x ( 15 + 4 +23.6+x24+ 4 )
2 2 2 2

R1 = 168 KN

R1 = 300 x ( 15 + 4 +21.6+x24+ 4 )
2 2 2 2

R1 = 108 KN

1 0.6 x 4
R1 = 200 x ( + 2 2 2 2
5 4 +2 + 2 + 4 )
R1 = 52 KN
 R1 = 200 x ( 15 − 4 +21.4+2x 4+4 )
2 2 2 2

R1 = 12 KN
Therefore total reaction of tandem systems = 168 KN + 108 KN + 52 KN + 12 KN = 340 KN
Therefore maximum bending moment of girder R1 due to (UDL + TS)
= wL2/8 + PL/4
= 12.045 KN/m x (23.2 m)2 /8 + 340 KN x 23.2 m /4
= 2782.39 KNm

Considering diaphragm action

8.39 KN 8.39 KN 8.39 KN 8.39 KN

4.25 m 4.25 m 4.25 m

Moment at mid-span = 123.33 KNm

Self-weights of the concrete slab and pavement are loads whose resultants are centered
with respect to the bridge’s longitudinal axis, or on other terms, they have nil eccentricity.
Accordingly, as all the main beams are identical, each absorbs a portion equal to 20%.
Therefore following dead loads bear down on the external (PS girder R1) girder;
Concrete deck slab = 0.2 x 2.5 KN/m2 x 11 m = 5.5 KN/m
Asphalt concrete = 0.2 x 1.2 KN/m2 x 7.2 m = 1.728 KN/m
Considering the effect of guard-rail and foot-walk;

1
x
3.6 m 1.9 m

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
2m 2m 2m 2m

When x = 0

R1 = 1 x ( 15 + 4 +24 x+5.52 + 4 )
2 2 2 2

R1 = 0.75

When x = 1.9

R1 = 1 x ( 15 + 4 +23.6+x24+ 4 )
2 2 2 2

R1 = 0.56
When x = 9.1

R1 = 1 x ( 15 − 4 +23.6+2x 4+4 )
2 2 2 2

R1 = -0.16
When x = 11

0.75
R1 = 1 x ( 15 − 4 +25.5+2x 4+4 )
2 2 2 2

0.56
R1 = -0.35
1.9 m

-0.16
-0.35
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
2m 2m 2m 2m
Therefore UDL on foot-walk to be considered;

= 5 x 1.9 x ( 0.75+0.5
2
6
)
= 6.22 KN/m (nominal value)

UDL on foot-walk to be considered = 3 x 1.9 x ( 0.75+0.56

2 )
= 3.73 KN/m (combination value)

Assuming guard-rail load to be 2 KN/m

UDL of guard-rail = 0.75 x 2 = 1.5 KN/m
Following table provide summary of the bending moment at mid-span of the PS girder
(R1, exterior girder) considered for the analytical analysis.

Load type UDL (KN/m) Bending moment (KNm)

Self-weight of girder 9.048 9.048 x 23.22/8 = 608.75

Deck slab 5.5 5.5 x 23.22/8 = 370.04
Asphalt concrete 1.728 1.728 x 23.22/8 = 116.26
Diaphragms - 123.33
Foot-walk (combination) 3.73 3.73 x 23.22/8 = 250.95
Guard-rail 1.5 1.5 x 23.22/8 = 100.92
Live load (UDL + TS) - 2782.39
Considering above described combinations
gr1a = 1.35 Gkj, sup + 1.0 Gkj, inf + 1.35 (TS + UDL + 0.4 x qfk)
= 1.35 x (608.75 + 370.04 + 116.26 + 123.33 + 100.92) + 1.35 x (2782.39 + 0.4 x 250.95)
= 5672.79 KNm