NAMA : ALDY WITANA

NIM : 113063C117001

Negative influence on

Urban Community Health and Awareness

PRELIMINARY
More men and women it must even be needed again died. Consumption of cigarettes both by
adults, people teenagers and even a small number of elementary and middle school children, in the
middle upper, middle economy is further middle class economy. Cigarettes too Obtained both by
intellectuals, educators, religious leaders or the people normal Smoking activities are not only done in
an open place but even everywhere including public and limited spaces. Ironically, however there has
been a smoking ban, smoking activities also sometimes occur at in an air conditioned building.
Information about cigarette factories continues to grow and information cigarette products quickly
reach the wider community. Various cigarette advertisements intensive and intensive and extends to
various circles society. Advertising that spreads in various social activities, tournaments, posters and
even various mass media Helps help advertise cigarette products. But vice versa disseminating
information about negative dissemination meaning compared to the delivery of advertising on
cigarette consumption. That too limited and unlimited. Among the cigarette product advertisements
that are aired on TV, there are words "Caring for others"? !! Meanwhile, in public places Especially in
city transportation, buses, trains, air-conditioned rooms and spaces other limited easily and easily can
be seen cigarette smoke steaming. In this situation, of course, the public's view of smoking becomes a
legitimate thing and can be done where only and at any time without the need for concern for the
environment especially his concern for negative influences on good health it is for himself especially
for others around him. This matter shows the existence of a symptom that leads to a tendency culture
of smoking in the community. A symptom the concern is being ignored or ignored? The situation is
very different in neighboring countries (Australia and Malaysia) and most Western countries. They
enforce strict laws for smokers and even sanctions and penalties fines for those who violate. What's
more in America, lately issued a slogan (via the internet) "you better drink (beverage alcoholic) than
you smoke ". The obvious thing is that they are more concerned about smoking than drinking
alcoholic beverages. In shows on TV on the commemoration of free days smoking on May 31, 2001,
the American ambassador was interviewed regarding the opinion of how long it takes for the days to
smoke free, he say "all years" (forever). A very clear attitude show how much they care about the bad
consequences of smoking for human health. Why did they come to view and behave thus? Why do
they allow drinking beverage more alcoholic rather than smoking? Of course there is a strong
knowledge base which they realized and extensive and intensive information arrived to them will be
ugliness and adverse consequences of smoke. An ironic thing from the views above, to what happened
in our beloved country. Meanwhile, alcoholic drinks clearly prohibited and even forbidden by Muslim
residents, but smoking is very rampant and without being disturbed by a rule of law any. Moreover
there are among those who are even from among circles scholars, intellectuals and intellectuals who
are perfected and are well aware of the danger and ugliness of smoking to health, almost do not do
something real that can make people aware of things that is. Coupled with the lack of internal media
support efforts to disseminate information about the dangers and ugliness of smoking intensive and
widespread to the community as they do to advertise cigarette products. Meanwhile, there have been
many studies conducted by researchers against the ugliness of smoking on human health. Especially
in Western countries such knowledge about the ugliness of smoking expanding and expanding, and
intensive research too MST's Role in Supporting Quality Urban. This information is not only limited
to foreign countries but also spread throughout the world through internet facilities, so even the
development of new discoveries about cigarettes can be easily known through the internet. But the
spread of information through the internet is not a way reliable information dissemination in
Indonesia classified as a way of distributing information that is luxurious and unreachable wide
community. Plus, those who are perfected in searching information via the internet is not necessarily
read and find out regarding the ugliness of smoking for health. Besides that, ability mastery of foreign
languages, especially English from service users the internet is only owned by some of them.

CIGARETTE AND COMPOSITION OF KIMIANYA

Cigarettes made with the main ingredients are tobacco leaves dried which can contain 1% - 3%
nicotine compounds. If cigarettes ignited and the smoke sucked, the nicotine in the blood increases
around 40 - 50 mg / ml of blood. Lung specialist doctor from Friendship Hospital, Agus Dwi Susanto
said, cigarettes contain more than 4000 substances chemistry, as many as 60 of them are carcinogenic
or cause cancer (Kompas, May 2016). Furthermore according to Aditama (1992) there are around
4000 chemicals produced from burning cigarettes, and which are of a nature nature carcinogenic or
causing cancer including nicotine, gas carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia,
acetylene, 80 MST's Role in Supporting Quality Urban Lifestyle benzaldehyde, urethane, benzene,
methanol, koumarin, 4-ethylcatechol, orthokresol, perilene and others, which are in the form of gas
and solid components or particles. Solid components or particles are subdivided into nicotine and tar.
It is also said that tar is a collection of thousands of chemicals carcinogenic in cigarette smoke. While
nicotine, besides it can be a nitrosamine compound that is carcinogenic as well is an addictive
compound, which causes a person to be addicted and cause a feeling of dependence. It is also
important to know that the smoke caused

from the tip of the cigarette that is burned (side smoke) has a level of compound higher chemistry
compared to smoke smoked by

siperokok (main smoke), such as (Sharon et al., 2001):

1. Acetone, 2-5 times higher in side smoke.

2. Benzene, 10 times higher in side smoke.

3. CO gas (carbon monoxide), 2.5 - 4.7 times higher in smoke side.

4. Nicotine, 1.8 - 3.3 times higher in side smoke.

5. Acetic acid, 1.9 - 3.9 times higher in side smoke.

6. Hydrogen cyanide, 4.2 - 6.4 times higher in side smoke.

7. Toluene, 6 - 8 times higher in side smoke.

8. Aniline, 30 times higher in side smoke.

9. Nickel, 3 times higher in side smoke.

The presence of higher chemical compounds in smoke the side makes those who don't smoke but even
not by accidentally inhaling the smoke or passive smoking will accept the bad consequences of
smoking activities of people around him. Aditama (1992) states that a passive smoker is inside a room
full of cigarette smoke for one hour will suck nitrosamines are as much as smoking 35 cigarettes and
will sucking on benzopirin as much as smoking 4 cigarettes.

THE EFFECT OF SMOKING ON HEALTH

Tobacco is ranked as the main cause of death can be prevented in the world. Smoking is also a cause
of death of 10 adult deaths worldwide, and 5.4 million deaths in 2006, this means an average of one
death every 6.5 seconds (Jia-Xiang, 2014). Furthermore Dr. Agus revealed that the patient lung cancer
sufferers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), stroke, and coronary heart disease, mostly
smokers (Kompas, 25 May 2016). According to the current situation, almost 70% of smokers in
Indonesia start smoking before age 19, even Susenas data (Social Survey National Economy) 2003
stated that the age of 8 years had started smoking. Smoking is the biggest preventable factor cause
morbidity (comparison of the number of people who are sick with healthy in a population) and
mortility (comparison the number of people who die in a population) in developed countries like
America (Andrew WB and Neil, 2013). However, Meroko is things that have almost no prevention in
developing countries like in Indonesia.

According to data from the Indonesian cigarette situation (Wijaya, 2013) some non-communicable
diseases caused by smoking activities, among others are:

1. 90% of lung cancer in men and 70% in women.

2. 56-80% of respiratory diseases (chronic brochitis and pneumonia).

3. 22% of heart disease and other vascular diseases.

4. 50% of impotence in men.

5. Infertility in women both as active and passive smokers.

6. Spontaneous abortion, low birth weight babies, stillbirths and complications other childbirth in
women.

7. Increases respiratory tract infections, middle ear disease, asthma or sudden infant death syndrome
(SIDS) in infants and children. Furthermore, it was also stated that the number of deaths from
smoking has reached 5 million of the world's population in 2005, and is estimated this number will
reach 100 million in the 20th century. This number will continue increases and is expected to reach 8
million by 2030 smoking deaths per year if there are no efforts effective countermeasures. From the
results of conferences held by the American Cancer Society, in June 1998 concluded that (Frank,
2000):

1. Figures for consuming cigarettes by adults and adolescents increase.

2. With smoking does not reduce the risk of nicotine addiction.

3. With increasing smokers and passive smokers increasing risk death from smoking.

4. Cigarette smoke contains concentrations of toxic and carcinogenic components higher than
cigarettes and is a source of air population main from fine-particle and indoor carbon monoxide.

5. With smoking proven to be the cause of lung cancer and upper aerodigestive tract.
Based on epidemiological observations and on many studies shows that nicotine has a harmful effect
for human health. Nicotine is influential in increasing aggressive factors, weakening defense and
pressing factors influence of treatment. Although there are many observations that produce conflicting
results, but there is very much clear evidence that nicotine in fact harmful to the health of the body.

Effect of Smoking on the Respiratory Tract and Lungs

It is a very clear phenomenon that the first organ is contaminated by cigarette smoke in a person's
body is a channel breathing and lungs. Cigarette smoke with active compounds tar compounds and
nicotine, will experience reactions that start from the entry of smoke cigarettes in the lung alveoli and
have a negative effect on lung bubbles (Masashi et al., 2001; Etsuro et al., 1999; Ofulue et al., 1998;
Carnevali et al., 1998; Y-Hong and Duncan, 1999). On observation against nicotine levels contained
in cigarettes, which circulate in America under the supervision of the Federal Trade Commission
(FTC), it was obtained that in a smoker there is 48.6 mL of nicotine in one suction and 44.1 mL in
mild smokers (passive smoking) (Mirjana et al., 2001). A large enough amount of nicotine
compounds can enter into someone's body. Coupled with the nature of the alveoli has a great affinity
for nicotine absorption, which is enlarge the absorption of nicotine compounds into body tissues.
Cells fibroblasts and epithelium from the lungs show great affinity against nicotine, with the presence
of nicotinic acetylcholine binding sites soluble in cell fluids (Sharon et al., 2000). Sutau
epidemiological research shows that passive smokers are is in a cigarette smoke environment
(observation of women who married to smokers) will get and metabolize 4- (methylnitrosamine) -1-
(3-pyridyl) -1-butanone (NNK) which is specific carcinogenic compounds of cigarettes (Kristin et al.,
2001; liu et al., 1993; Alaoui-Jamali et al., 1991). It was also explained that this could be causes an
increased risk of lung cancer in smokers passive. NNK metabolism results released through urine is in
the form of compound 4- (methylnitrosamin) -1- (3-pyridyl) -1-butanol (NNAL) and NNAL-
Glucuronide (Liu et al., 1993; Alaoui-Jamali et al., 1991). Based on the calculation of NNAL and
NNAL-Gluc levels in the smoker's urine passive is known that the risk level of lung cancer in the
passive smoker is 1% -2% higher than the smoker (Kristin et al., 2001). Besides inducing cancer,
nicotine consumption can cause inflammation of the lungs and respiratory tract. Glutathione (GSH) is
an antioxidant compound as a digital protector of intra-and extra cellular in the lungs. Decrease in
deep GSH metabolism the alveoli and lungs are the main cause of many cases pneumonia (Irfan and
William, 1999). Also explained that on chronic smokers (chronic), there is an increase in GSH in the
wall fluid lung epithelium, but in acute smokers (sudden but severe) no GSH is obtained (exhausted)
in the cell. With the occurrence of inflammation in the lung and respiratory tract can induce damage
to lung elasticity.