CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

To gain a wider study, a review of related literature and studies are conducted by

the researchers.

Related Literature

Foreign Literature

What is social media?

According to social media, definition and classes of In K. Harvey (Ed.),

Encyclopedia of social media and politics (pp. 1158-1162). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage,

social media is a term often used to refer to new forms of media that involve interactive

participation. Often the development of media is divided into two different ages, the

broadcast age and interactive age. In the broadcast age, media were almost exclusively

centralized where one entity—such as radio or television station, Newspaper Company,

or a movie production studio—distributed messages to many people. With the rise of

digital and mobile technologies, interaction on large scale became easier for individuals

than ever before; and as such, a new media age was born where interactivity was placed

at the centre of new media attraction.

media into different classes as follows:

1. Collaborative Project (Wikipedia)

2. Blogs and Micro blogs (Twitter)

3. Content communities (Youtube)

4. Social Networking Sites (Facebook)

5. Virtual Game World (World of Warcraft)

6. Virtual Second World (Second Life)

Among the six classifications of social media, social networking sites ranked first unto

the latest survey conducted in United States of America followed by blogs and

microblogs (Statistica, 2019).

The social network profile is the focal point of one’s social networking existence.

Each profile page is unique to the owner and allows its purveyor to literally “type

oneself into being” (Sunden, 2003, p.3). Every members are encouraged to have their

own photograph, other personal information such as name, address, school attended,

favourite music and videos (Boyd, 2007).

Newer communication technologies have increased the possibilities for how people

can send and receive information. Social media are such technology that has seen

increased usage as information source (Pepitone, 2010). For example, social media are

being used to seek information about some serious topics, such as circulating up-to-the

minute information about cholera outbreaks in Haiti and identifying clean water sources
during this outbreak (Sutter, Harnessing Social Media as Knowledge Management Tool,

2010).

In the past, social media were viewed as distraction and offered no educational

benefit. For parents and teachers, social media is a waste of time and money and can be

a cause of bullying. Cyber bullying has been an issue of concern of social networking

sites. An online survey based on 9-19 years old and above discovered that they are

experiencing online bullying through comments. However, there is an evidence

contradiction to this. The National School Board Association reports that almost 60% of

students use social media for educational topics and more than 50% talk about school

works. Just like what James (2004) suggested that it creates a learning space for

students.

Local Literature

The latest report from Digital 2019 report from Hootsuite and We Are Social shows

Philippines is the top country worldwide for the most time spent on the internet with an

average of ten hours and two minutes daily usage. According to the report, most users

spend the most time in social media, averaging four hours and twelve minutes, while the

average time worldwide is two hours and sixteen minutes.

Today, social networking sites are very useful tool for public service delivery

according to Commission on Information and Communication Technology (CICT)

provides better access to the public”, he said on an interview that was aired over DZRB

Radyo ng Bayan of the Philippine Broadcasting Service (PBS). He also stated that for as

low as twenty pesos per hour, anyone can gain access to social media platforms.

Pangasinan Development and Training Center (2011), participated by provincial

department heads, chief of hospitals, administrative officers and staff and IT personnel

of different department of provincial government, by the instruction of Governor Amado

T. Espinosa, Jr. It aimed to bring public service given to more than two million

Pangasinenses to a higher level. Vangie Padilla said that since there are approximately

three hundred thousand Facebook users in Pangasinan, the governor has thought of

coping with the new lifestyle which means “switching from traditional to cyberspace”.

Aside from having its great importance in government transactions, it’s also been

subjected in few studies. An example of this is Tiongson’s study. It focused on assessment

on how Facebook is being utilized as health communication platform. Data from the

Department of Health (DOH) Facebook page was consolidated and compared along with

the standards defined in the Process Evaluation Framework by Neiger et. Al. (2012).

Based from the findings, the DOH Facebook Page has not been fully utilized.

Having so much freedom and resources provided by social media, it comes to a

point that it is being abused by the users. Recently, Vice President Leni Robredo had been

criticized online for saying that Congress should legislate regulations on social media.

Though she did not mean to restrict our freedom of speech, what she said had been a

topic of criticism online. What she mean by her statements about regulating the social
media usage is having set of rules that will hold users accountable for spreading lies and

fake news.

Related Studies

Foreign Studies

Student’s academic performance has moved to a higher level since the introduction

of social media and it plays an important role in higher education according to the study

of Wheeler and Yeomans (2008), Rifkin, Longnecker, Leach and Ortia (2009). The study

enumerated the four major Advantages of social media usage in higher education which

are; enhancing relationships, improving learning motivation, offering personalized

learning materials and developing collaborative abilities.

On a study conducted by Davies and Cranston (2008), on one side of the study, it

shows that social media platforms creates new and better ways for students to interact

in and outside the class that should be explored further in the future studies. However,

social media seems to have negative impacts when being used in school group projects.

When using it, students engaged with variety of activities that maybe potentially

addictive. Social media addiction is an excessive use of the internet and failure to control

this usage which seriously harms a person’s life, according to Morahan-Martin and

Schumacher (2000).

According to the study of Fredrick Wilson (2003), although social media have lots

of benefits to its credit, it is important to focus more on the negative rather than the
positive. The author further states that too much usage of these would begin to interfere

with their lives, psychologist refer to this as social networking compulsion or addiction.

Some educators are concerned about its negative effects on student’s academic

performance which seems to outweigh the advantages offered by it. Disadvantages

experienced by them such as poor grammar spelling, late submission of assignments,

less study time and poor academic performance are some findings given by the study

conducted by Owusu and Agatha (2015) and is later supported by another research done

by Mingle and Musah in the country of Ghana.

Aside from poor time management which drastically affect student’s academic

performance, cyberbullying and privacy concerns also arises as a factor that contribute

to poor academic performance of a learner. Cyberbullying is a type of bullying done

through the means of internet and technology. “It is any behaviour through electronic or

digital media by individuals or group repeatedly communicates hostile or aggressive

messages intended to inflict harm or discomfort to others” (Tokunaga, 2010). While

privacy issues are part of social media which individual’s personal information are shared

publicly and other people take advantage and do harassments.

Local Studies

On a study conducted in the College of Engineering and College of Arts and

Sciences in Lyceum of the Philippines—Laguna (2012), where the majority respondents

are female of years 16-19, they found out that using a particular social networking
site(SNSs) decreases their study time and increases leisure time. Most of the respondent

use SNSs mainly for non-academic purposes or entertainment activities and for

communicating with friends and classmates about school works. But after getting the

GPA of the first semester of 2012-2013, it shows that there is no significant correlation

between usage of social media and academic performance of the respondents.

But a study a year after, conducted by Josan Tamayo and Giselle Sacha Dela Cruz,

they produced a different result. They found a significance relationship between social

media usage and academic performance and therefore accept the null hypothesis. Based

from the sample population, 51.4% of the respondents reached below satisfactory grade

average.

Another findings from a research done in New Era University in 2013, covering

only the courses of Biological Sciences. It is not social media responsible for any changes

in academic performance, it is academic works that increases the respondents’ usage of

social media. Majority of the students strongly agreed and agreed with alms 100%

equivalent that they have better learning experience using social media.