8/28/2019 CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes : Electrostatics – AglaSem Schools

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CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes :

Electrostatics
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Class 12 Physics Electrostatics – Get here the Notes for Class 12 Physics Electrostatics. Candidates who are ambitious to qualify the Class 12
with good score can check this article for Notes. This is possible only when you have the best CBSE Class 12 Physics study material and a smart
preparation plan. To assist you with that, we are here with notes. Hope these notes will helps you understand the important topics and
remember the key points for exam point of view. Below we provided the Notes of Class 12 Physics for topic Electrostatics.

Class: 12th

Subject: Physics 

Topic: Electrostatics

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CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes: Electrostatics

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Electrostatics

Charge

Charge is that property of an object by virtue of which it apply electrostatic force of interaction on other objects.

Charges are of two types

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(i) Positive charge

(ii) Negative charge

Like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other.

Quantization of Charge

Charge on any object can be an integer multiple of a smallest charge (e).

Q = ± ne

where, n = 1, 2, 3,……. and e = 1.6 * 10-19 C.

Conservation of Charge

Charge can neither be created nor be destroyed. but can be transferral from one object to another object.

Recently a new particle has been discovered called ‘Quark’. It contains charge ± e / 3, ± 2e / 3.

[The protons and neutrons are combination of other entities called quarks, which have charges 1 / 3 e. However, isolated quarks have not been
observed, so, quantum of charge is still e. ]

Coulomb’s Law of Electrostatics

Electrostatic force of interaction acting between two stationary charges is given by

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where q1, q2 are magnitude of point charges, r is the distance

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permittivity
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Here, 1 / 4πεo = (10-7 N – s2 / C2)C2

Substituting value of c = 2.99792458 X 108 m/s,

We get 1 / 4πεo = 8.99 x 109N-m2/C2

In examples and problems we will often use the approximate value,

1 / 4πεo = 9 * 109N-m2/C2

The value of εo is 8.85 * 10-12 C2 / N-mC2.

If there is another medium between the point charges except air or vacuum, then εo is replaced by εoK or εoεr or ε.

where K or εr is called dielectric constant or relative permittivity of the medium.

K = εr = ε / εo

where, ε = permittivity of the medium.

For air or vacuum, K = 1

For water, K = 81

For metals, K = ∞

Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form

Force on q2 due to q1,

The above equations give the Coulomb’s law in vector form.

Force on q1 due to q2 = – Force on q2 due to q1

F12 = – F21

F12 = q1q2 / 4πε . r1 – r2 / |r1 – r2|3

The forces due to two point charges are parallel to the line joining point charges; such forces are called central forces and electrostatic forces
are conservative forces.

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Electric Field
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The space in the surrounding of any charge in which its in uence can be experienced by other charges is called electric eld. 
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“An electric eld line is an imaginary line or curve drawn through a region of space so that its tangent at any point is in the direction of the
electric eld vector at that point. The relative closeness of the lines at some place give an idea about the intensity of electric eld at that point.”

Two lines can never intersect.

Electric eld lines always begin on a positive charge and end on a negative charge and do not start or stop in mid space.

Electric Field Intensity (E)

The electrostatic force acting per unit positive charge on a point in electric eld is called electric eld intensity at that point.

Electric eld intensity E =

Its SI unit is NC-1 or Vim and its dimension is [MLT-3 A-1].

It is a vector quantity and its direction is in the direction of electrostatic force acting on positive charge.

Electric eld intensity due to a point charge q at a distance r is given by

E = 1 / 4π εo q / r2

Electric Potential (V)

Electric potential at any point is equal to the work done per positive charge in carrying it from in nity to that point in electric eld.

Electric potential, V = W / q

Its SI unit is J / C or volt and its dimension is [ML2T-3A-1].

It is a scalar quantity.

Electric potential due to a point charge at a distance r is given by

v = 1 / 4π εo q / r

Potential Gradient

The rate of change of potential with distance in electric eld is called potential gradient.

Potential gradient = dV / dr

Its unit is V / m.

Relation between potential gradient and electric eld intensity is given by

E = – (dV / dr)

Equipotential Surface
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Equipotential surface is an imaginary surface joining the points of same potential in an electric eld. So, we can say that the potential di erence
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between any two points on an equipotential surface is zero. The electric lines of force at each point of an equipotential surface are normal to 
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(i) Equipotential surface may be planer, solid etc. But equipotential surface can never be point size.

(ii) Electric eld is always perpendicular to equipotential surface.

(iii) Equipotential surface due to an isolated point charge is spherical.

(iv) Equipotential surface are planer in an uniform electric eld.

(v) Equipotential surface due to a line charge is cylindrical.

Electric Lines of Force

Electric lines of force are the imaginary lines drawn in electric eld at Which a positive test charge will move if it is free to do so.

Electric lines of force start from positive charge and terminate on negative charge.

A tangent drawn at any point on electric eld represents the direction of electric eld at that point.

Two electric lines of force never intersect each other.

Electric lines of force are always perpendicular to an equipotential surface.

Electric Flux (φE)

Electric ux over an area is equal to the total number of electric eld lines crossing this area.

Electric ux through a small area element dS is given by

φE = E. dS

where E= electric eld intensity and dS = area vector.

Its SI unit is N – m2C-1.

Gauss’s Theorem

The electric ux over any closed surface is 1 / εo times the total charge enclosed by that surface, i.e.,

If a charge q is placed at the centre of a cube, then

total electric ux linked with the whole cube = q / εo

electric ux linked with one face of the cube = q / 6 εo

(i) Electric Field at Any Point on the Axis of a Uniformly Charged Ring A ring-shaped conductor with radius a carries total charge Q
uniformly distributed around it. Let us calculate the electric eld at a point P that lies on the axis of the ring at distance x from its centre.

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Ex = 1 / 4π εo * xQ / (x2 + a2)3/2

The maximum value of electric eld

Ex = 1 / 4π εo (2Q / 3√3R2

(ii) Electric Field due to a Charged Spherical Shell

(a) At an extreme point (r > R)

E = 1 / 4π εo q / r2

(b) At the surface of a shell (r = R)

E = 1 / 4π εo q / R2

(c) At an internal point (r < R)

E=0

(iii) Electric Potential due to a Charged Conducting Spherical Shell

(a) At an extreme point (r > R)

V = 1 / 4π εo q / r

(b) At the surface of a shell (r = R)

V = 1 / 4π εo q / R

(c) At an internal point (r < R)

V = 1 / 4π εo q / R

Therefore potential inside a charged conducting spherical shell equal to the potential at its surface.

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(iv) Electric Field and Potential due to a Charged Non-Conducting Sphere
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At an extreme point, (r > R)

(v) Electric Field Intensity due to an In nite Line Charge

E = 1 / 2 π εo λ / r

where λ is linear charge density and r is distance from the line charge.

(vi) Electric Field Near an In nite Plane Sheet of Charge

E = σ / 2 εo

where σ = surface charge density.

If in nite plane sheet has uniform thickness, then

E = σ / εo
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Electric Dipole
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An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite

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water etc.

Electric Dipole Moment p = q * 2 l

Its SI unit is ‘coulomb-metre’ and its dimension is [LTA).

It is a vector quantity and its direction is from negative charge towards positive charge.

Electric Field Intensity and Potential due to an Electric Dipole

(i) On Axial Line

Electric eld intensity E = 1 / 4 π εo * 2 pr / (r2 – a2)2

If r > > 2a, then E = 1 / 4 π εo * 2 p / r3

Electric potential V = 1 / 4 π εo * p / (r2 – a2)

Ifr > > 2a, then V = 1 / 4 π εo * p / r2

(ii) On Equatorial Line

Electric eld intensity E = 1 / 4 π εo * p / (r2 + a2)3 / 2

If r > > 2a, then E = 1 / 4 π εo * p / r3

Electric potential V = 0

(iii) At any Point along a Line Making θ Angle with Axis

Electric eld intensity E = 1 / 4 π εo * p √1 + 3 cos2 θ / r3

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Torque

Torque acting on an electric dipole placed in uniform electric eld is given by

τ = Ep sin θ or τ = p * E

When θ = 90°, then ‘τmax = Ep

When electric dipole is parallel to electric eld, it is in stable equilibrium and when it is anti-parallel to electric eld, it is in unstable equilibrium.

Work Done

Work done is rotating an electric dipole in a uniform electric eld from angle θ1 to θ2 is given by

W = Ep (cos θ1 – cos θ2)

If initially it is in the direction of electric eld, then work done in rotating through an angle θ, W = Ep (1 – cos θ).

Potential Energy

Potential energy of an electric dipole in a uniform electric eld is given by U = – pE cos &theta.

Dipole in Non-uniform Electric Field

When an electric dipole is placed in a non-uniform electric eld, then a resultant force as well as a torque act on it.

Net force on electric dipole = (qE1 – qE2), along the direction of greater e ecmc eld intensity.

Therefore electric dipole undergo rotational as well as linear motion.

Potential Energy of Charge System

Two point charge system, contains charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is given by U = 1 / 4 π εo * q1q2 / r

Three point charge system

U = 1 / 4 π εo * [q1q2 / r1 + q2q3 / r2 + q3q2 / r3

Important Points

When charge is given to a soap bubble its size gets increased.

In equilibrium for a charged soap bubble, pressure due to surface tension

= electric pressure due to charging

4T / r = σ2 / 2 εo

or 4T / r = 1 / 2 εo (q / 4 πr2)2

or q = 8 πr √2 εo rT

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where, r is radius of soap bubble and T is surface tension of soap bubble.
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(i) Electric eld at any point inside the conductor is zero. 2019 Registration Open !!
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(ii) Electric eld at any point on the surface of charged conductor is directly proportional to the surface density of charge at that point, but
electric potential does not depend upon the surface density of charge.

(iii) Electric potential at any point inside the conductor is constant and equal to potential.

Electrostatic Shielding

The process of protecting certain eld from external electric eld is called, electrostatic shielding.

Electrostatic shielding is achieved by enclosing that region in a closed metallic chamber.

Dielectric

Dielectrics are of two types Non-polar Dielectric The non-polar dielectrics (like N2, O2, benzene, methane) etc. are made up of non-polar
atoms/molecules, in which the centre of positive charge coincides with the centre of negative charge of the atom/molecule.

Polar Dielectric

The polar dielectric (like H2O, CO2, NH3 etc) are made up of polar atoms/molecules, in which the centre of positive charge does not coincide with
the centre of negative charge of the atom.

Capacitor

A capacitor is a device which is used to store huge charge over it, without changing its dimensions.

When an earthed conductor is placed near a charged conductor, then it decreases its potential and therefore more charge can be stored over
it.

A capacitor is a pair of two conductors of any shape, close to each other and have equal and opposite charges.

Capacitance of a conductor C = q / V

Its 81 unit is coulomb/volt or farad.

Its other units are 1 μ F = 10-6 F

1 μμ F = 1 pF = 10-12 F

Its dimensional formula is [M-1L-2T4A2].

Capacitance of an Isolated Spherical Conductor

C = 4 π εo K R

For air K = 1

∴ C = 4 π εo R = R / 9 * 109

Parallel Plate Capacitor

The parallel plate capacitor consists of two metal plates parallel to each other and separated by a distance d.

Capacitance C = KA εo / d

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For air capacitor C = A εo / d 
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When a dielectric slab is inserted between the plates partially,

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C = A εo / (d – t + t / K)

If a conducting (metal) slab is inserted between the plates, then

C = A εo / (d – t)

When more than one dielectric slabs are placed fully between the plates, then

The plates of a parallel plate capacitor attract each other with a force

F = Q2 / 2 A εo

When 9. dielectric slab is placed between the plates of a capacitor than charge induced on its side due to polarization of dielectric is

q’ = q (1 – 1 / k)

Capacitors Combination

(i) In Series

Resultant capacitance = 1 / C = 1 / C1 + 1 / C2 + 1 / C3 + ….

In series charge is same on each capacitor, which is equal to the charge supplied by the source.

If V1, V2, V3,…. are potential di erences across the plates of the capacitors then total voltage applied by the
source

V = V1 + V2 + V3 + ….

(ii) In Parallel

Resultant capacitance C = C1 + C2 + C3 + ….

In parallel potential di erences across the plates of each capacitor is same.

If q1, q2, q3 are charges on the plate of capacitors connected in parallel then total charge given by the source

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q = q1 + q2 + q3 + ….
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Redistribution of Charge

When two isolated charged conductors are connected to each other then charge is redistributed in the ratio of their capacitances.

Common potential V = q1 + q2 / C1 + C2 = C1V1 + C2V2 / C1 + C2

Energy loss = 1 / 2 C1C2 (V1 – V2)2 / (C1 + C2)

This energy is lost in the form of heat in connecting wires.

When n, small drops, each of capacitance C, charged to potential V with charge q, surface charge density σ and potential energy U coalesce to
from a single drop.

Then for new drop

Total charge = nq

Total capacitance = nl/3C

Total potential = n2/3 V

Surface charge density = nl/3 σ

Total potential energy = n2/3 U

Van-de-Graa Generator

It is a device used to build up very high potential di erence of the order of few million volt.

Its working is based on two points

(i) The action of sharp points (corona discharge)

(ii) Total charge given to a spherical shell resides on its outer surface.

Lightning Conductor
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building. Thus to protect the tall building lightning, the lightning conductors, (which are pointed metal roe passes over the charge on the clouds
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