8/28/2019 CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes : Heating and Chemical Effects of Current – AglaSem Schools

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CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes : Heating

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Class 12 Physics Heating and Chemical E ects of Current – Get here the Notes for Class 12 Physics Heating and Chemical E ects of Current.
Candidates who are ambitious to qualify the Class 12 with good score can check this article for Notes. This is possible only when you have the
best CBSE Class 12 Physics study material and a smart preparation plan. To assist you with that, we are here with notes. Hope these notes will
helps you understand the important topics and remember the key points for exam point of view. Below we provided the Notes of Class 12
Physics for topic Heating and Chemical E ects of Current.

Class: 12th

Subject: Physics 

Topic: Heating and Chemical Effects of Current

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CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes: Heating and Chemical Effects of

Current
Candidates who are pursuing in Class 12 are advised to revise the notes from this post. With the help of Notes, candidates can plan their
Strategy for particular weaker section of the subject and study hard. So, go ahead and check the Important Notes for Class 12 Physics Heating
and Chemical E ects of Current.

Heating E ects of Current

When current 1 ows through a conductor of resistance R for a time t then heat generated in it is given by

where, V = potential di erence applied across the end, of the conductor.

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Electric Power

The electrical energy produced or consumed per unit time is called electric power.

or

The rate at which work is done by the source of emf in maintaining the electric current in a circuit is called electric power of the circuit.

Electric Power, P = VI = I2R

= (V2/R)

where, V is the potential di erence across the conductor, I is owing through the conductor and R is the resistance.

Its SI unit is watt (W).

The other units of electric power are kilowatt and horse power.

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1 kW = 1000 W

1 HP = 746
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The energy supplied by any source in maintaining the current in the electric circuit is called electric energy consumed by the electric circuit.

Its SI unit is joule (J) but another unit is watt-hour. The bigger unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kWh). It is known as board of trade (SOT)
unit.

1 kilowatt hour = 1000 watt x 1 hour

= 1000 J/s x 3600 s
= 3.6 x 106 J
1 Horse power = 746 watt

The electric energy consumed in kWh is given by

The electrical resistance of the wires supplying current is very small, therefore these wire do not heat up when current passes
through them.

The electrical resistance of filament of a lamp is very high, therefore it shows more heating effect, when electric current passes
through it.

A heater wire must be of high resistivity and of high melting point.

Electric Fuse

An electric fuse is a safety device used for protecting electric circuits bum demaging it due to excess ow of current. It is made of tin-lead alloy
(63% tin + 37% lead).

It should have high resistance and low melting point and should be connected in series with the live wire.

Maximum safe current which can be passed through a fuse wire is it dependent of its length. However, it depends on the radius r of wire as

I ∝ r(3/2)

Short Circuiting

When accidentily the live wire comes in contact with nutral wire, resistance of the circuit decreases and a high current ows through circuit. This
phenomena is called short circuiting.

Overloading

When a high current ows through the wire which is beyond the ra of wire, then heating of wire takes place. This phenomena is ca overloading.

Rating of Electrical Appliances

The values of power and voltage taken together for an el appliance is called rating of the appliance.

When a 40 W and a 100 W bulbs are connected in series, then 40 W bulb will glow brighter than 100 W bulb.

When a 40 W and a 100 W bulbs are connected in parallel, then 100 W bulb will glow brighter than 40 W bulb.

In series, if any bulb gets fused, then others will not glow.

In parallel, if any one bulb get fused, then others will continue to glow.

All switches should be connected in series with a live wire.

Fusing of Bulb When it is Switched On

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Usually lament bulbs get fused when they are switched on. This is because with rise in temperature the resistance of the bulb increases and
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glows more brightly in beginning and may get fused.

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Chemical E ect of Electric Current

When a direct current ows through a acidic or basic solution it dissociate into positive and negative ions. This phenomena is called electrolysis
and these liquids are called electrolytes.

Some Terms of Electrolysis

1. Anode The electrode connected to the positive terminal battery is called an anode.

2. Cathode The electrode connected to the negative terminal of the battery is called a cathode.

3. Anions The ions carrying negative charge and move towards the anode in electrolysis are called anions.

4. Cations The ions carrying positive charge and move towards the cathode in electrolysis are called cations.

5. Voltameter The vessel in which the electrolysis is carried out is called a voltameter.

Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis

First Law

The mass of the substance liberated at each electrode is directly proportional to the total charge passed through the electrolyte.

m∝q

Or M = Zq = ZIt

where, Z = electrochemical equivalent of the substance deposited on electrode,

q = total charge passed through the electrolyte,

I = electric current and t = time.

Second Law

The mass of each substance liberated at the electrodes in electrolysis by a given amount of change is proportional to the chemical equivalents
of the substances.

where m1 and m2 are masses of the substance liberated on electrodes by passing same amount of current for the same time and E1, E2 are
chemical equivalents of these substances.

Faraday’s constant is equal to the amount of charge required to liberate one chemical equivalent (in gram) of mass of a substance at a
electrode during electrolysis.

lta value is 96500 C/g equivalent.

Faraday’s constant, (F)= Ne

where N = Avogadro’s number and e = electronic charge.

Electroplating

The process of coating an object, that conduct electricity, with another metal is called electroplating. The article of cheep metal are coated with
precious metal like silver and gold to make them look attractive,

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The process of coating aluminium with its oxide electrochemically to protect

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Electrolysis is used for local anaesthesia. For it current is passed through a nerve, due to which it becomes insensitive to pain. Electrolysis is
used for nerve stimulation of polio patients.

Electrochemical Cell

An electric cell is a device which maintains a continuous ow of charge in a circuit by a chemical reaction.

1. Primary Cell

Primary cell is an electrochemical cell, which once discharge cannot be put to use again by passing electric current from an external source.

(i) Voltaic This cell was rst discovered in 1791 by scientist Galvani and Copper 1 i Zin:Rod 1800 by scientist Volta. To set up a simple cell, take a
glass vessel containing dilute sulphuric cell, acid as the electrolyte. Two rods, one of copper and the other of zinc are kept immersed in the
electrolyte. These rods are kept separated from each other. The” are called the electrodes. Due to chemical reaction a potential di erence of
1.08 V is developed between these rod.

(ii) Dainel Cell It consists of a Zinc Rod copper vessel in which a porous pot containing dilute sulphuric acid is placed. An amalgamated zinc rod
(which acts as the negative electrode) is put in the porous pot. The copper vessel contains a Dii. concentrated solution of copper sulphate which
acts as an oxidising agent. To maintain the strength of copper sulphate solution, crystals of the copper sulphate are placed on the perforated
shelf, partly immersed in the solution.

(iii) Leclanche Cell In this cell, anode is a carbon rod placed in a porous pot containing a mixture of powdered carbon and manganese dioxide.
The carbon powder is used to make the manganese dioxide conducting or to increase the surface area of the carbon electrode. An
amalgamated zinc rod is used as a negative electrode.

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(iv) Dry Cell It is modi ed form of a Leclanche cell. The electrolyte in a dry cell is in the form of a jelly composed of starch, our and ammonium
chloride. The positive electrode is a carbon rod surrounded by a mixture of manganese dioxide and carbon contained in a cloth bag. This bag is
placed in a zinc can and the space in between is lled with the ammonium chloride jelly. The zinc can itself acts as the negative electrode.

2. Secondary Cell

Secondary cell is an electrochemical cell, which has to be char initially by passing electric current from an external source, so as convert the
stored chemical energy into electrical energy.

Lead accumulator, Ni-Fe or alkali accumulator are the secondary ce

Comparison of lead accumulator and Ni-Fe cell

S.No. Lead Accumulator Ni-Fe cell

(i) It can be used to draw strong current. It can not be used to draw strong current.

(ii) When it is completely charged its emf is 2.2 V. When it is completely charged its emf is 1.35 V.

(iii) Its efficiency is nearly 70%. Its efficiency is nearly 50%.

Thermoelectric E ect

Thermocouple

The assembly of two di erent metals joined at their ends to have junctions in a circuit, is called a thermocouple.

Uses of Thermocouple

Thermometer to measure temperature.

Thermoelectric current-meter to measure current.

Thermoelectric generator

Thermoelectric refrigerator.

Seebeck E ect

When the two junctions of a thermocouple are kept at di erent temperatures, then an emf is produced between the junctions, which is

aglasem emf and this phenomena is called Seeback e ect.

called,thermo
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Thermoelectric Series or Seeback Series

Seeback form a series of metals for which thermoelectric current ows a thermocouple through the hot junction from a metal occuring earlier,
to a metal occuring later, in series.

The series is given below

Bi, Ni, Co, Pd, Pt, Cu, Mn, Hg, Pb, Sn, Au, Zn, Cd, Fe, Sb, Te

Neutral Temperature (Tn)

The temperature of the hot junction at which thermo emf in a thermocouple is maximum, is called neutral temperature.

The value of neutral temperature is a constant for thermocouple.

Its value depends upon the nature of material forming the thermocouple.

Its value is independent of the temperature of the cold junction.

Temperature of Inversion ( Ti)

The temperature of the hot junction at which the thermo emf in a thermocouple becomes zero and beyond it, reverses its direction is called
temperature of inversion.

Its value depends upon the temperature of the cold junction as well as the nature of the materials forming the thermocouple.

Relation between neutral temperature (T„) and temperature of inversion ( Ti) is given by

Where T0 is the temperature of cold junction.

When cold junction is at 0°C, then thermo emf changes with temperature of hot junction (T) at follows.

where α and β are constants depending upon nature of metals forming thermocouple.

Thermoelectric Power

The rate of change of thermo emf with temperature, thermoelectric power.

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Thermoelectric Thermometer
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It is a device used to measure both low and high temperatures. Thermoelectric

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temperature (from —200°C to 1600°C). They are quite sentitive and can measure temperature accurately upto 0.05°C. Disadvantage of
thermometer is that it does not give direct reading and hence it cannot be used in experiments on calorimetry.

Peltier E ect

When current is passed through a thermocouple, then heat is generated at its one junction and absorbed at another junction. This
phenomena is called Peltier effect.

Peltier effect is the reverse effect of Seeback effect.

Peltier Coe cient

The ratio of heat energy absorbed or evolved at a junction of a thermocouple to the charge owing through it called Peltier coe cient.

Peltier coe cient,

Its SI unit is JC-1‘.

Thomson’s E ect

If two parts of a single conductor are maintained at di erent temperatures, then an emf is produced between them, which is calico Thomson’s
emf and this phenomena is called Thomson’s e ect.

Thomson’s Coe cient

The ratio of Thomson’s emf and temperature di erence between two points is called Thomson’s coe cient.

Thomson’s coe cient, (σ) = (dV/dT)

where, dV = potential di erence between two points and dT = temperature di erence between the two same points.

Thermopile

It is a combination of a large number of thermocouples in series. A’ such, it is able to detect the heat radiation and to note small variation or
di erence in temperature.

Hope these notes helped you in your schools exam preparation. Candidates can also check out the Key Points, Important Questions &
Practice Papers for various Subjects for Class 12 in both Hindi and English language form the link below.

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