Climatic Change and Mass Media 1

Chapter 1

Introduction

The most serious problem world will face in coming days is climatic change. There is a steady

increment in temperature of earth air and its sea day by day, a change that is accepted to be for all

time changing the earth atmosphere. There is always a debate over this issue, that whether it is a

myth or a reality. But climate scientists agreed that planet is warming by looking at the data and

facts. The concern over this issue is increasing and according to the facts revealed by NASA the

average increase in earth temperature has ascended from 0.4 and 0.8 °C over the past 100 years.

The arrival of carbon dioxide and discharge of other greenhouse gasses released by flaming of

fossils fills, land agribusiness, land cleaning and other human exercises that are really the essential

driver of a dangerous atmospheric deviation in the course of the most recent fifty years.

Joshi and Sovani (1998, p.271) stated “Environmental issues exist in all nations and at all phases of

improvement however they change in nature, extent and multifaceted nature. Environmental issues not only

prevail in the under-developed or developing nations but also in developed countries.” Although it is

believed that climatic issues are only faces by under-developed or developing countries. But George Carey,

Archbishop of Canterbury, U.K, stated, “A child conceived in an affluent nation is liable to expend,

squander and contaminate more in his lifetime than fifty child conceived in the creating countries. Our

vitality smoldering ways of life are pushing our planet to the final turning point. It is drawing on us finally

that the life of our reality is as powerless as the youngsters we raise. “Thus, the environment from the local

to global level has become a risk.”

According to Ramlogan (cited in Said et al.2003) the world is unpredictable natural issues that

have brought about ecological degradation. The result of natural degradation have brought about,

in addition to other things, an Earth-wide temperature boost, consumption of stratospheric ozone

Climatic Change and Mass Media 2

layer, contamination of ocean and streams, commotion and light contamination, corrosive

downpour and desertification.

Scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate a worldwide temperature alteration

research foresee that there would be an expansion in worldwide temperature somewhere around

1.4 and 5.8 °C by the year 2100. It might results in rising ocean levels because of the liquefying

of polar ice top, and additionally increment in seriousness of storms and other and other natural

disasters. Henceforth, Climate change is the most imperative existential risk that humankind faces

right now. There is a dire requirement for a structure for worldwide collaboration, innovative work,

innovation, finance, market contraption, and additionally accord on the part of business in tending

to the issue.

The scientific community has warned that if greenhouse gas emissions keep escalating, the planet

will achieve a final turning point. An unnatural weather change will get to be disastrous and

irreversible. A few people propose that it is really human exercises that are contributing climatic

change.

2015 gave us the methodology and impetus we need to address these problems. The United

Nations Sustainable Development Goals provide a global policy framework to eradicate poverty

without putting natural resources at risk, and the Paris Agreement to combat climate change,

agreed to by 195 nations, set a new direction and scale for global climate action.

Temperature of the earth depends in a critical position between energy that is entering and leaving

the earth. At the point when approaching energy from the sun is ingested from the earth framework

then it warms. At the point when the sun's energy is reflected once again into the space, earth
Climatic Change and Mass Media 3

abstains from warming. At the point when assimilated energy is discharged once more into space,

Earth cools. Numerous variables both normal and human, can bring about changes earth's energy

equalization.

Late atmosphere changes, in any case, can't be clarified by characteristic causes alone. Research

shows that common causes don't clarify most watched warming, particularly warming subsequent

to the mid-twentieth century. Or maybe, it is to a great degree likely that human exercises have

been the predominant reason for that warming. "It has been shown past sensible uncertainty that

the atmosphere is changing because of man-made greenhouse gases. We are as of now dedicated

to future considerable change throughout the following 30 years and change is liable to quicken

over whatever remains of the 21st century." The met office, Hadley focus, UK. Also as per

secretary general Ban Ki Moon said "Environmental change has happened as a result of human

conduct, hence its exclusive regular it ought to be us, people, to address this issue. It may not be

past the point of no return on the off chance that we take unequivocal activities today."

The nearness of greenhouse gasses is a characteristic marvel which makes earth a chronic spot to

live. Greenhouse gasses are moderately straightforward to approaching sun oriented radiation,

permitting the energy of sun to go through the climate to the surface of the Earth. The energy is

then consumed by the earth or some is discharged in type of radiations. A portion of the transmitted

radiation goes through the air and goes back to space, yet some is consumed by nursery gas

particles and after that re-discharged in all bearings. The impact of this is to warm the Earth's

surface and the lower air. Water vapors and carbon dioxide are the two primary benefactors in the

nursery impact while methane (CH4), ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), chloro-fluorocarbons (CFCs) and

other nursery gasses are available in follows yet because of their warmth tapping capacities, they
Climatic Change and Mass Media 4

can have capable destroying impacts and can inconceivably expand the earth temperature. Without

greenhouse gases impact earth normal temperature would be - 0.4°F (-18°C), instead of the present

59°F (15°C).

Increase of carbon dioxide in the air, have ascended in the course of the last two hundred and fifty

years, to a great extent because of the burning of fossil energizes noticeable all around. After the

modern upset, the convergence of carbon dioxide ascended from around 270 sections for every

million (ppm) to around 370 ppm. Convergences of methane have likewise ascended because of

discharge from landfills. Almost 33% of human-actuated nitrous oxide discharges are a

consequence of global warming. Rapid increase of chloro-floro carbons because of the increase in

usage of refrigerants and air conditioners are also contribute in rapid increase of climatic change.

Aerosols are also the cause of climatic change as they scattered and absorb solar and infrared

radiations from the sun or may change the chemical properties of clouds and possibly their life

time and extend. The absorption of solar radiation by the aerosols warms the air directly instead

of allowing the earth to absorb the sunlight. Human activity contributes a lot in increase of aerosols

in atmosphere in several ways as it is a by-product of agricultural processes; burning of biomass

produces a combination of organic droplets and soot particles; Industrial processes contributes

depending on what is produced or burned in manufacturing process; emission from transport

produce a large amount of aerosols as they converted into it, by a chemical reaction.

The combustion of fossils fuels is not the only factor that contributes the increase in carbon

dioxide. The carbon in ecosystems turned to increase when environment system are changed and

vegetation is either burned or take out. Urban growth and agriculture are the principal reasons of
Climatic Change and Mass Media 5

deforestation what's more, reaping timber for fuel, development and paper. As of now, up to a

fourth of the carbon dioxide outflows to the climate can be ascribed to land-use change.

According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a gathering of 1,300 autonomous

exploratory scientists from all nations throughout the world under the umbrella of the United

Nations, concluded that there's a more than 90 percent of human exercises in the course of recent

years contributing the climatic change.

The mechanical exercises that our cutting edge human progress relies on have raised air carbon

dioxide levels from 280 sections for each million to 400 sections for every million in the most

recent 150 years. The board likewise finished up there's a superior than 90 percent likelihood that

human-created greenhouses gasses, for example, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have

brought on a significant part of the watched increment in Earth's temperatures in the course of

recent years.

They said the rate of expansion in an Earth-wide temperature boost due to these gasses is liable to

be extraordinary inside the previous 10,000 years or more. Thus understanding and solving

environmental problems, that have increased with time and have actually turned into issues, is

extremely important for the survival of mankind.no doubt the environment is deteriorating rapidly.

As it was quoted in the time magazine “don’t waste it – good planets are difficult to discover.”

There are many other ways that each person can contribute to save the environment and climatic

change as human beings are actually the main reason of contributing it. Deforestation should be

avoid and there should be some alternative means used in industries which help to prevent the
Climatic Change and Mass Media 6

accommodation of carbon dioxide in the air. This would help to spread the pollutants in the air.

Our efforts will help to reduce the environmental issues and climatic change.

Here, many questions that arise are, for example, how can good climate with the best living

conditions be established and maintained? Taking care of our environment and climate, no doubt,

means taking care of ourselves. Our lifestyles are modernized as compared to the past. Today, we

have all the luxuries of life but failed to resolve the dilemma that we have failed to control the

declining environment and increasing climatic change.in other words, we are failed to establish

the ideal environment and standardized surroundings. It is certainly important to find out the reason

behind the problems. What are the actual cause of climatic change? Is it the lack of awareness

among the people? Do we actually understand that what is climatic change and issues that we faced

because of it? Is media is playing a responsible role in giving coverage to it? Whether the media

has the potential to create awareness among the people about this major issues? All these questions

need to be answered in order to tackle with the climatic change and the problems are causing

because of it and find appropriate solutions to it.

Blashfield and black(1991) predicted, “A standout amongst the most imperative instructive centers

for the following decade will tidy up and sparing of our planet from careless decimation by its

occupants not through atomic war but rather through the neglectful disintegration of the earth

purchase our own behavior . Up to this time, a great many people have viewed the issue as

something that another person could alter, however the cutting edge must discover that the issue

is the territory of each and everybody one us to determine, by our minding and our insight.” So

awareness about the environmental issues especially the climatic change is very important for the
Climatic Change and Mass Media 7

betterment of human beings. One of the most important aspect is to make people realize that

industries, vehicles and people themselves are responsible for climatic change.

Among the full scale natural crises perceived by UNDP are water supply, land corruption, tropical

woodland pulverization and loss of biodiversity, urban air contamination and an Earth-wide

temperature boost that is really the aftereffect of expanded nursery gas discharge. Thus, each

individual is responsible for today’s degradation of environment and hence environmental

awareness should be a prime concern of everyone (Said et al. 2003)

It is said that climatic change is a primary concern of the people in west and is still gaining

popularity due to the rapid changes take place in various communities, societies and states. Still it

is perceived that the environmental issues are given more importance in the western media as

compared to the media in the Asian or developing countries. This is one of the reason that people

in the west are more conscious about their environment. This is particularly where the respective

role of media can make a difference in highlighting environment problems and issues so that

effective change can be brought in the behavior of the consciously aware but ignorant people are

harming the planet Earth.

But how the coverage given to the climatic change in the international media is the major concern

of the study as many claim that west are mostly more conscious about their climate, which is one

of the most serious topic under discussion in now-a-days. It is expected that expanded scope relates

to expanded public awareness and that "ecological implications stream from specific sources

through the media to the more general public” (Hansen, 1991, p.446). This research intends to

examine the treatment or coverage of climatic issues in the popular local and international
Climatic Change and Mass Media 8

environmental magazines and to examine that if they are playing a responsible role in giving

coverage to this issues.

1.1 Rationale for study

1.1.1 Statement of the problem

The major focus of this research is primarily to investigate the treatment of climatic issues in the

local and international environmental magazines and also to examine the main reason behind this

change in temperature of earth’s atmosphere. Developed countries claim that they are well aware

of the climatic change. Therefore, this research is being conducted to understand whether the local

and international environmental magazines are playing significant role in the dissemination of

climatic change information that is able to create awareness among its readers.

Usually it is considered that whenever an incident occurs it is only than that climatic news make

the headlines. The disasters caused by climatic like flooding and hurricanes shows that how much

climate is effecting our lives. Accepting and forecasting what the next season will bring and

predicting how much climatic change in coming years is of vigorous importance- both for our

economy and society. According to the WWF Global, climate of the planet changes tremendously

over the last few decades mainly because of pollution, greenhouse gases and ozone layer depletion

that gives protection to the earth. Global warming is one of the main purpose of climatic change,

leading to natural disasters such as flooding, forest fires and rise in temperature of earth.

Scientists know that people are effecting climatic because of the emission of greenhouse gases

from fossils fuels. NCAC- climatic research is focusing on the changes on climatic change at local
Climatic Change and Mass Media 9

and regional level and how the risks from extreme weather are changing because we can clearly

observe that there is a clear cut increase in summer and decrease in winters. In coming years, this

would be the most important issues in under discussion.

Another reason to understand the coverage of climatic issues is to know more about all those issues

that are not so visible in local media like ozone layer depletion, acid rain etc. But the damage they

will cause will be clear after sometime and then it might be too late to control the situation. So

studying the climatic change will help us to understand the actual reasons behind it, prepare us for

the future calamities or prediction of extreme changes, help us to understand the man-made and

natural causes for the changes in earth’s atmosphere. It would also help us in understanding that

how climatic change can effect human health and on environment. Hence, by analyzing the

frequency and prominence of the coverage given to climatic change will also help us to examine

the importance of media associates with the climatic change.

Various studies have been conducted on media and coverage of climatic change in the west but

using different research methods and theoretical wisdom to check issues salience. Almost all of

these studies have predominantly on a particular issue that was highlighted in the media for a

specific period. On the other hand, the researcher for this study is not focusing on one issue but on

multiple and major issues. The researcher has selected five issues that are the cause of climatic

issues, i.e. ozone layer depletion, greenhouse gas emission, global warming, pollution and

plantation and deforestation.

Climatic Change and Mass Media 10

1.1.2 Significance of the study

Climatic change has been the topic of discussion since 18 century. According to the national

Research Council, scientists have been measuring the earth temperature since 1880. These data are

getting improved day by day and today the data are recorded on various sites both on the land and

in the oceans with the help of different measurement scales. Different research institutes like

NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, the Japan Meteorological Agency Britain’s Hadley

Centre for Climate Change, and NOAA’s National Climate Data Center are using these raw

measurements to collect different types of data on this slowly increasing of earth surface

temperature. Their measurements suggest that earth surface has drastically increased by 1.4°F

(0.8°C) over the last 100 years, with the most of this increase take place only in 35 years. An

increased in temperature of 1.4°F may seems nothing but it can be a serious concern when it’s

going to be a permanent increase of the entire earth surface.

In spite of the efforts made by the scientists about the climatic change, there are many facts that

are still unknown. As Trofimenko (2011) cited it in the book Climate Change: Current Issues “we

are unaware of the effects of greenhouse gasses on our earth, environment and oceans. Even the

climatic change also has an effect on our economic activities like agriculture, tourism and

recreation. So this issue would be a major concern in coming eras”. The earth physical environment

has deteriorated remarkably since 18 century and one has fail to solve the major problem, instead

we are adding fueled to it day by day. They are increasing because of growth rate, deficiency of

resources, and lack of knowledge, awareness and concern. This increasing climatic change are

causing lot of health issues due to which there is rapid increase in number of ill people.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 11

“A worldwide temperature alteration has numerous adverse impacts, for example, more regular

and extreme normal debacles, dry seasons and surges, a rising ocean level, and a lessening in

biodiversity that especially influences species whereupon the world's poor depend for their jobs.

Hence, a dangerous atmospheric deviation will advance strain the "conveying limit" of biological

communities in substantial parts of the world, i.e. diminish their capacity to give nourishment,

water and haven for the general population who right now live there. As a result, many individuals

will be compelled to migrate. The most generally referred to gauge puts their number at 200 million

people by 2050 – like the present aggregate number of global work vagrants, and more than five

times the quantity of evacuees and inside uprooted persons represented by the United Nations High

Commission on Refugees (UNHCR). How dependable are these numbers? What challenges do we

confront in attempting to anticipate the effect of environmental change on the development of

individuals? Which approach reactions could lessen the requirement for relocation or breaking

point its degree? Do we require an organization that would give a multilateral structure to

managing vagrants?” Luecke cited in Climatic Chance.

So there are several reasons that make this study important. Firstly, the significance of this research

is that it analyzes the coverage of climatic change in four international environmental magazines.

This will help to reveal the treatment given to the climatic issues in local and international

environmental magazines. Secondly, this study will help us to illustrate that what are the primary

cause of climatic change and which factor is actually contributing it. Thirdly, it will help to analyze

that whether the stories that are published related to the environment related news are enough to

cause awareness among the people. According to Hessing (2003)” Media scope does not make

environment issues. It does, be that as it may, shape and direct the path in which these issues are

seen and caught on.”

Climatic Change and Mass Media 12

This study is conducted with special reference to analyze the coverage of climatic change on global

perspective since there is a need to arouse the awakening regarding this sensitive issue

international level because, generally it is assumed that only a few people take interest in these

activities or are even aware of them. Environmental awareness, is here, is referred to as the

information or knowledge of the respondents about environment issues. Awareness means to be

knowledgeable, informed, conscious, awake, alert, watchful and vigilant. Therefore this study

examine how much local and international environmental magazines are giving awareness to the

people about this most sensitive issue. The inclusion of analysis of international especially

environmental magazines along with local magazines make this study even more important.

Environmental awareness is that “It is the capacity to watch every day conditions and

surroundings, and settle on-the-spot choices to either keep away from threat, or exploit the open

door advertised” (Parker, 2016). It is seen as the wholeness of perception, states of mind, wishes,

trepidation and gratefulness and any connections between them. A man who knows about the

ecological issues and has engaging and translating learning about particular certainties and

wonders and cause-reaction connections in environment. He or she comprehends the natural issue

and knows about the impacts of individuals on environment. (Kestava Kehitys, 1955 cited in

Jeronen, 2000).

According to some environmentalists, awareness about the climatic change in recent years has

grown considerably in different segments of society. Climatic change has and still gaining

popularity worldwide due to the rapid changes taking place in various communities, societies and

state. However, a large population still remains uneducated about the sources of climatic change

and the environmental health risks associated with it. Thus, there is the want to increase the
Climatic Change and Mass Media 13

environmental information base as means to secure basis for sustainable environment and natural

resources management.

Another reason that enhances the significance of the study, is that it is the first research of this kind

to be conducted on the climatic change with special reference to its coverage in international

environmental magazines in the Department of Mass communication. Besides this, a check was

made to see whether this type of study has ever been conducted in the Department of the

Environmental Sciences, Punjab University, since the coverage of climatic change is analyzed. It

is found that no study prior to this one has been conducted in the department mentioned. The

Department of Environmental law, WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and Department of

Environmental Sciences was also visited to any information that could be obtained which would

be useful for this research.

1.1.1.1 Selection of Climatic issues

Generally five issues has been selected for this research. The environmental issues and problems

that have been selected are global warming, ozone layer depletion, greenhouse effect, plantation

and deforestation and pollution (land, air and water).

All these environmental issues are injurious and may directly or indirectly affect human health

regardless of gender, age or status. Those environmental issues which are seen as most ‘tangible’

and ‘visible’ and which has the most immediate ‘impact’ on people live tend to be ranked highest

(Young, 2002). The public respond more to the issues that they can see, touch and smell or those

having an immediate effect on them (Diagnum, 1999 cited in Young, 2002). There climatic issues

like pollution (water, land and air) and global warming are the issues that directly affect human
Climatic Change and Mass Media 14

health and the quality of life at grassroots level, while the situation is different as far as

biodiversity, acid rain, ozone depletion and greenhouse effect are concerned.

All the news stories related to these five climatic issues are briefly described one by one and these

are as under.

A) Global warming: - Global warming is the warming of the planet earth instigated by the

emission of greenhouse gases and human activities. This is largely due to the emission of

greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and other warmth catching contamination from

autos, power plants and the commercial ventures that smolder gas, coal and different fossils

fills. These emitted by-products make a blanket like layer surrounding the earth and

preventing dissipation of heat into the atmosphere. Consequently, they increase the

temperature of earth and its ocean. People can contribute to reduce such activities through

which global warming can be avoided or at least controlled to some extend since it also

occurs due to manmade interventions. All the news stories concerned with global warming

and climatic change like fog, rain, rise and fall of temperature; whether informative,

research reports and opinions or statements will be included in this study.

B) Ozone depletion: - This is the second most intense sterlilant on the planet and its capacity

is to devastate microbes and infections. Ozone likewise happen regularly in nature as an

aftereffect of lightning strikes amid electrical storms and is additionally made by waterfalls.

If ozone stopped to exist, life on this planet will likewise stop to exist as well. The ozone

layer protect human beings from the sun’s harmful UV rays. But now ozone layer is

depleting due to the increase in pollution of chemicals like Chlorine and Bromine. Such

deterioration allows the UV radiations to reach earth and are responsible for various type
Climatic Change and Mass Media 15

of diseases. Although this also a climatic issue but its effect are long term and are also

visible to humans. The main purpose of including this issue is to analyze the treatment

given to climatic issues that are not directly linked to human beings or may have

devastating effect in the long run. All stories related to ozone and illness from increased

UV radiation will be included in this study.

C) Pollution: - This is the also one of the most important climatic issue that prevails

worldwide and mainly in the developing world and the under-developed nations. There are

various kinds of pollution like air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution etc. One of the

most important type of pollution that is actually contributing to climatic change is air

pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. They are causing various health diseases. So all

the news stories related to land pollution, acid rain, ammonia gas, water pollution, auto

emission and manufacturing emissions, health problem caused by air pollution and their

control will be analyzed.

D) Plantation and deforestation: Deforestation is the conversion of forests into non forests.

Historically, this means the conversion to the grassland or to its artificial counterpart, grain

fields; however, the industrial revolution has added development and technical uses.

Generally, this exclusion or destruction of significant areas of forest cover has resulted in

a simplified (or degraded environment) with reduced biodiversity. In developing countries,

enormous deforestation is a leading cause of environmental ruin. The grassland is an

immensely profitable asset and the misfortune or corruption of the backwoods can bring

about serious and hopeless harm to untamed life natural surroundings and to the next

financial and environmental administrations to the woodland give. Truly, deforestation has
Climatic Change and Mass Media 16

went with humankind's advancement and has molded atmosphere and geology All the news

stories related to tree cutting or planting for development projects, preservation of parks

will be included.

E) Natural disasters: Natural disasters is caused because of the earth’s natural processes. The

damage caused by them has devastating and sometimes long-lasting effects. Now, Climatic

change is responsible for the abrupt changes in earth atmosphere and hence they are number

is increasing day by day. All the news stories related to natural disasters like floods,

volcanoes, drought, tornado, earth quake etc will fall in this category.

F) Endangered Species: Endangered species are those which are at verge of extension from

the earth. They need to be highly protected. Their extension more or less depends upon the

climatic change and human activities. They need to be protected as some species play a

vital role in controlling earth’s atmosphere. All the news stories related to extension of

species, protection of endangered species and species that are extinct will be included in

this category.

G) Ecological Sustainability: Ecosystem is the relationship of living with the non-living and
its sustainability is examined by the relationship between productivity, diversity, reliance

and disturbance. The sustainability of ecosystem is very important as most of it is badly

affected by the climatic change. If there would be a slight disturbance in the ecosystem,

then the entire circle would be imbalance.so its sustainability is very important. All the

news stories concerning to water conservation, solid waste management, sustainability of

environment, adaptation of climatic change, disaster management, poverty reduction,

Climatic Change and Mass Media 17

management of waste products and oil spills and all the development projects regarding

ecological sustainability will fall under this category.

H) Others: others include all the news that are irrelevant to climatic issues like innovations,
discoveries, tourism, fishing, hunting and interviews.

1.1.1.2 Selection of time period:

The duration of the study is based on the period of two years 2014- 2015 of the local and

international environmental magazines selected for this research. The significance of the time

period selected, helped the researcher to investigate the treatment media gives to the climatic

issues. This also helped the researcher to understand that what happens when an environmental

hazard take place and which is the main factor that is actually contributing to the climatic change.

1.1.1.3 Selection of Print Media:

Mass communication often plays a crucial role in giving shape top our complex and often

disorganized world. It is a term used to portray the scholarly investigation of different means by

which people exchange data to the expansive sections of the populace at the same time through

the broad communications. Mass correspondence includes individuals, field of impact, messages,

channels, commotion, criticism, impacts and setting. (Gamble, & Gamble, 1989)

Media is referred to as organized means of dissemination of facts, opinions, entertainment and

other information, such as television, newspaper, magazines, films, radio, internet, books, etc. it
Climatic Change and Mass Media 18

helps to organize, connect and comprehend data. The media, in general, plays a role in shaping our

attitudinal structures (Althusser, 1995).

Media coverage of climatic issues have been criticized by many scholars and researchers while

others have credited media’s role in the dissemination of information (Chawla & Hart, 1995; Chan,

1998). Others have revealed that the uneducated rely more on television for news and information

while the educated class depends more on the newspaper. Keeping this in view, four international

magazines have been selected to analyze the coverage of environmental issues. They are National

Geographic, Environment (Science and policy for sustainable development), Down to Earth,

Natura.

Rationale behind the Selection of the magazines: -The reason behind the selection of these

magazines is that all the four magazines belong to big news media corporate locally and

internationally. Secondly, it is the general view that they can influence the public opinion and

definitely among the most widely circulated in our country. Thirdly, no one has ever done the

research on the content of international or local environmental magazines for the analysis of

climatic issues and how they are interpreting it. Natura, Wildlife & Environment, Our Planet and

Planet Earth are one of the most leading magazines circulated worldwide. The brief introduction

of the selected magazines is summarized below as additional information.

1.1.2 Introduction of magazines

Natura: Natura is a quarterly publication of WWF (World Wildlife Fund). It has been published

since forty years. It includes the articles related to environmental issues and opinion and
Climatic Change and Mass Media 19

suggestion from the experts, interviews from experienced person and environmentalist and

solutions to conserve the environment.

Policy:

Their aim is to educate people related to environmental issues and conservation in Pakistan. The

point of the magazine is to instruct and edify individuals about ecological issues, activism and

preservation in Pakistan, while making them more aware conscious about their environment.

Mission:

WWF-Pakistan expects to preserve nature and environmental procedures by:

 Protecting hereditary, species, and biological system differing qualities

 Guaranteeing that the utilization of renewable normal assets is economical, both now and

in future as well.

 Elevating activity to lessen contamination and the inefficient misuse and utilization of

assets.

Wildlife & environment: It is a quarterly publication magazine of Koshish foundation in

Karachi whose articles are related to wildlife and environmental issues.

Policy:

They aim to protect the environment and the species which are at verge of extinction because of

climatic change by giving objective article related to the climatic issues.

Climatic Change and Mass Media 20

Mission:

 To protect the environment from climatic change.

 To maintain ecological stability.

 To secure wild life and provide protection to them.

Our Planet: It is a quarterly publication of United Nation Environmental Program (UNEP). Our

Planet contains articles by pioneers of United Nations associations, national governments, non-

administrative associations, specialists, business pioneers and assessment formers.

Our Planet provides details regarding worldwide advancements and activity. It surveys current

considering, proposes arrangements, and debate over the key issues of ecologically economic

improvement.

Policy:

UNEP advances ecologically solid practices universally and in its own exercises.

This magazine is printed on recycled papers while utilizing vegetable-based inks and other eco-

accommodating practices. Their aim to reduce carbon from the environment.

Mission:

 Their mission is to maintain ecological sustainability.

 To reduce greenhouse gases emission and pollution in the air.

 To educate the people regarding climatic change and the the factors that are contributing

to it.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 21

Planet Earth: It is quarterly publication of Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).

NERC provides funds to the research, training and environment science department in UK. It put

support to the world-driving science, intended to help profit by their regular assets, foresee and

react to common dangers and comprehend ecological change. It work intimately with

policymakers and industry to ensure our insight can bolster reasonable financial development

and wellbeing in the UK and around the globe

Policy: They are being responsible towards climatic issues and ecological sustainability and

introduce such methods which can lessen the pollution and greenhouse gas emission.

Mission

 To educate public from environmental issues.

 To reduce pollution in the air.

 To produce the knowledge that can support economic stability.

1.1.1.4 Selection of content:

All the news stories on the selected climatic issues appearing on the magazines of the selected

international magazines will be analyzed. The purpose of selecting the international environmental

magazines is that it only contain the content regarding to climatic issues as compared to other

magazines may or may not give properly coverage to this issue. Secondly, they are easily available

and their language is simple and easy to comprehend. Considering these facts, the researcher has

decided to analyze these international magazines only.

Climatic Change and Mass Media 22

1.1.1.5 Research methodology

The present study involves one research method that is content analysis to test the hypothesis and

research question.

Content analysis: - This is one of the most effective method of research methodology. Berelson

defined content analysis as “a research technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative

description of the manifest content of communication.” The major advantage of content analysis

is that it enables prediction to be made about the communication procedure. It allows the

investigation to deal with larger questions of the process and effects of communication (Watson,

1998). In this study, the quantitative method is employed only for the better results. The main

purpose of utilizing this research method is to investigate the treatment of climatic issues in the

international environmental magazines selected for this research. The steps are briefly described

below.

1.1.5 Scope of the study

The scope or objectives of this study are: -

1. To examine the role of international media in highlighting the climatic issues.

2. To find out how much international media is giving coverage to this issue.

3. To find out the comparison on the climatic issues coverage between different international

environmental magazines.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 23

4. To find out the analysis of the coverage of climatic change and its issues in the

international environmental magazines.

1.2 Research questions

The research question for this study are: -

RQ1: Is climatic change is a dominating issue in the selected editions of magazines?

RQ2: Which climatic issue is highlighted the most among all the five issues selected?

1.3 Hypothesis

The hypothesis for this study are: -

H1: Issues covered regarding climatic change in international environmental magazines is

significantly different from local environmental magazines.

H2: Local environmental magazines considered pollution as the actual cause of climatic change.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 24

Chapter 2

Literature review

Shanahan (2007) paper reviews that how media report this sensitive issue and what is the opinion

of people regarding this issue. Climatic change exists worldwide and it’s going to the biggest

problem in the few coming years. Media does not give enough coverage to this issue nor it’s the

agenda of the media but there is a problem that how media report this issue. Although media should

always not to be blamed but it can perform its role to create awareness among the people by giving

coverage to this issue. This research paper illustrate that climatic change is different and new topic

for the journalist but the way they report the issue has an effect on the opinion of people. So the

challenges to the media are to report the issue in such a way that give clear understanding to the

people. In the next few year, climatic change will have devastating effects but this is the media

which can decide whether the revolution happens or the situation still remain the same.

Becon (2011) illustrate in this research paper that policy change on climatic issue has been an

Australian media’s agenda but their quantity of coverage is significantly different from their

quality of coverage. The Australian center for independent journalism’s research deal with climatic

change issues but their media give only negative coverage to this issue and suppressing the efforts

made by the center to deal with this issue. This has an effect on public opinion. This thesis has a

research on climate change policy and carbon policy. Their analysis was on Australian newspaper,

when the research has been done then, then they find that media coverage toward the climatic

change policy was significantly different and it has a direct impact on the views of public which

make their opinion negative. Proof in this report recommends that numerous Australians did not
Climatic Change and Mass Media 25

get reasonable, exact and fair reporting in general society enthusiasm for connection to the carbon

strategy in 2011. This proposes rather an open and aggressive business sector that can be trusted

to convey quality media, this may have an instance of their business sector failure.

The Int. J. Biodiversity Conservation (2013) explain that that low level of information and

familiarity with the protection endeavors and exercises of Nigeria National Parks in more extensive

Nigerian open have been watched and incited this study. Five print media (daily papers) and four

electronic media (TV and radio) were examined. Articles selected in the print media and projects

on the inspected electronic media which cover nature preservation and assurance and other

ecological issues were dissected. It shows media had no particular projects on nature protection.

Is media gives proper coverage then there will be an increase in public awareness and knowledge

and corruption in Nigeris’s biodiversity can be halt.

Boykoff and Roberts (2007) illustrate in their research article that this paper gives a thorough

overview of the part of the media in educating and imparting environmental change. This paper

explains how media scope has molded talk and activity – in mind boggling, dynamic and non-

straight courses – at the interface of atmosphere science and arrangement. In addition, this work

investigates impacts of media on practices, governmental issues and general supposition and

comprehension identified with environmental change. Research on these connections are depicted

through work that has been attempted in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France,

Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Australia, Honduras, Mozambique, Jamaica, Sri Lanka and

Zambia, and investigations of daily paper scope in forty English-dialect daily papers in seventeen

nations, crosswise over five landmasses. Through these examinations of media scope of

environmental change, connections are made to related work on public opinion and the link
Climatic Change and Mass Media 26

between international assistances. This research find out that media coverage to the climatic issues

is not sufficient to create awareness among the people of climatic change and its adaptation.

Mayer (2011) stated in his research article that climatic change has been a serious topic of

discussion in the first decade of the century but slowly the concern of the scientists on this issue

was decrease. By 2007, scientists started their discussion and consider this issue as one of the most

important topic. With the election of 2008, the US was confident that they will bring the whole

nation together on this global agreement. But by the end of this decade, the emission of

greenhouses gases going to be increased. A research was conducted to know the opinion of people

to check whether they feel the change in climate and 70 percent of the Americans answer yes. So

it is the human nature to sense those issues only that is subscribe to them.

Tagdo (2010) in his study illustrate that specialists say environmental change will significantly

affect Africa's as of now bargained sustenance security. The relationship between environmental

change and nourishment security in Africa is mind boggling. This influences their money related

circumstance. It additionally impacts their wellbeing as individuals regularly purchase less

expensive sustenance oftentimes less nutritious. This is especially the case for the individuals who

require a nutritious eating routine the constantly sick. Researchers say the outcomes of

environmental change won't be similarly circulated. Temperature on the climatic change is

increasing. The aspiration of the study is to set up the significance or generally of more noteworthy

scope of environmental change in the African media yet, the media can do significantly more in

molding open comprehension of environmental change and open approaches. The reporting style

of the media needs to be corrected. Established researchers ought to work with news coverage

schools and expert social orders to guarantee that news-casting preparing programs incorporate
Climatic Change and Mass Media 27

some establishing how is, and especially environmental change. Science and news coverage are

not outsider societies. They are based on the same establishment: the conviction that conclusions

require proof.

Godwin O (2012) states in his research proposal that since man's movement is done in the earth

and the resultant impact is either negative or positive to man, the press is a watchdog of the general

public, which relied on the media to draw conclusion. By consideration of all and Daily Sundry to

ecological issues around them; one is natural contamination. Subsequently, the study examined

press scope of ecological contamination in the Niger Delta area by substance dissecting four

national daily papers. This study uncovers that little scope and low translation was given to the

topic. Additionally, that no story on the topic made the front or back pages of the daily papers

concentrated on inside of the 9 months study period. At long last, that the most reported part of

ecological contamination in the area is oil contamination and related exercises. The discoveries

prompted the recommendations that media associations should hire more reporters who covers the

environmental issues. Additionally proposed is the presentation of natural instruction in the school

educational programs from essential to tertiary organizations to instill in the masses ecological

well-disposed states of mind.

Boykoff (2010) stated in his research article that as the fall of the year of 2010, there was a

significant coverage given to the environmental issues in India media. But there was the reduction

in coverage in last years. There is lack of understanding this issue, climatic change as well as lack

of media organizations that do not give enough coverage to this issue. That is why there is a lack

of staff as well regarding this department. Evaluations of Indian media representational practices

against this scenery of worldwide patterns may give blended sentiments of both trust and misery.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 28

Shifts in media talks in the India—planet Earth's biggest majority rules system—might be a

harbinger of the shape and size of the continuous difficulties of N–S relations, view of danger,

inquiries of obligation, and issues of moderation, adjustment, equity and equity. While multi-scale

political financial powers may precipitate this media light to glint and vacillate, it keeps on

enlightening conceivable outcomes for the collective future.

(Tilt & Xiou, 2010) have utilized a prominent contamination episode to inspect media covering

natural issues in China. Media scope in China's authentic Xinhua News Agency, on CCTV and in

the New York Times concentrated on a wide scope of topics, from the quick impacts of the benzene

spill, to its suggestions for worldwide relations, and to more profound and more politicized issues.

The aftereffects of his quantitative examination demonstrate that these three media sources

differentiated phenomenally in the power of scope on three topics: 'impacts on framework',

'obligation or fault' and 'government treatment of data', the last two of which focus on the most

antagonistic and politically delicate parts of the episode. Their investigation similarly exhibits a

case of reporting power on these subjects, with the New York Times demonstrating the best force,

trailed by CCTV, and with Xinhua News Agency showing the most insignificant force.

Shockingly, CCTV and the New York Times were genuinely tantamount in their reporting

intensities on these subjects.

Alexander and Brunnengraber (2012) illustrate in their article about the perception of people for

the climate change and how they can adapt it. A conceivable presumption would be that such

various implications are passed on by different sorts of media which take into account different

portions of the general group of onlookers. In the rest of the article, we show some preparatory

aftereffects of our exploration. Examining the yield of two standard daily papers and two liberal-
Climatic Change and Mass Media 29

radical media outlets inside of the United States and Germany, we find some proof that the standard

media in fact recreate environmental change as an ecological issue first. As such it seems to be, as

indicated by the standard perusing, subject to judicious arrangement administration. Alternative

media, nonetheless, while conveying more basic records of the relationship between environmental

change and market-based arrangements, are much more quieted in their feedback than anticipated.

This is particularly genuine concerning the embedded of environmental change into structures of

entrepreneur creation and utilization.

The research article “Science impacts” illustrates that researchers now know for sure that the earth

has been warming form the past century. They realize that human exercises, for the most part the

blazing of coal and oil, have drastically expanded convergences of warmth catching gasses in the

environment. What's more, they comprehend the investigation of how these gasses are creating the

watched warming. Accordingly, they foresee that the world will keep on warming in the hundreds

of years ahead, with huge effects on ocean levels and climate examples, and results for human

wellbeing, environments, and the economy. For this, the world needs to decrease the amount of

greenhouse gas emissions in the environment up to 40 to 70 percent immediately.

“Climate change: impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation in developing countries” illustrate that

how climate is drastically effect the health of people and how people can adapt themselves with

this climatic change. This book plots the effect of environmental change in four creating nation

areas: Africa, Asia, Latin America and small island creating States; the powerlessness of these

districts to future environmental change; current adjustment arrangements, procedures and

activities; and future adjustment alternatives and needs. Developing nations are the most

defenseless against climatic change on the grounds that they have less assets to adjust: socially,
Climatic Change and Mass Media 30

innovatively and economically. Climatic change is foreseen to have expansive consequences for

the supportable advancement of creating nations including their capacity to accomplish the United

Nations Millennium Development Goals by 2015 (UN 2007). Numerous building up nations'

legislatures have given adjustment activity a high, even pressing, need. Environmental change

requires a worldwide structure for universal collaboration. Activities to empower adjustment to

environmental change posture chances to advance economic improvement. An effective system

should involve to include help for adjustment in developing nations, especially the small island

creating States, so that they do not bear the brunt of it.

Riebeek (2007) illustrate in his research article that In the course of the most recent five years, 600

researchers from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change put through a large number of

articles about climatic change because of increase in industries and vehicles. A long way from

being some future apprehension, a dangerous atmospheric deviation is occurring now, and

researchers have proof that people are to blame. Global warming is likewise putting weight on

environments, the plants and creatures that exist together in a specific atmosphere. Hotter

temperatures have as of now moved the developing season in numerous parts of the Sea levels

crawled up around 20 centimeters amid the twentieth century. Ocean levels are anticipated to go

up somewhere around 0.18 and 0.59 meters throughout the following century, however the

expansion could be more noteworthy if ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica dissolve more

rapidly than anticipated. So global warming has an impact on life from each and every angle.

Ciceron and Nurse illustrate in their book that greenhouse Gasses, for example, carbon dioxide

(CO2) retain heat (infrared radiation) discharged from Earth's surface. Increments in the climatic

groupings of these gasses cause Earth to warm by absorbing a greater amount of this warmth.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 31

Human exercises—particularly the burning of fossil fills subsequent to the begin of the Industrial

Revolution—have expanded barometrical CO2 fixations by around 40%, with more than a large

portion of the expansion happening subsequent to 1970. Since 1900, the worldwide earth

temperature has increased by around 0.8 °C (1.4 °F). This has been joined by warming of the sea,

an ascent in ocean level, a solid decrease in Arctic Ocean and numerous other related atmosphere

impacts. Much of this warming has happened in the most recent four decades. Itemized

investigations have appeared that the warming amid this period is for the most part an aftereffect

of the expanded centralizations of CO2 and other greenhouse gasses. Nonetheless, long haul

environmental change over numerous decades will depend for the most part on the human

activities that will contribute to climatic change.

According to Anderson (2002), the emission of greenhouses gases is increasing day by

day. This is one of the most crucial realities in the world. The number of increasing

percentage of greenhouse gases is due to human activities. Some believe that it’s a

rhetoric, while some suggest that it’s a reality. But it is important that people should face

the realities because climatic change is causing serious damages to human health and

even the whole ecosystem. The gases emitted from the cars and dust from the industries

cause a lot of pollution in the environment, which ultimately leads to climatic change. It

essentially implies not too bad enactment driving the infiltration of existing innovations.

There is immense potential, whether for autos or refrigerators, over the board, to make

radical conformities with suitable enactment to bring outflows down in accordance with

what is essential.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 32

Climatic change is natural and is caused by the interaction between the ocean, earth surface and

land. This is also because of the amount of radiation from the sun reaches to the earth is

significantly different. This minor amount of change in temperature is acceptable but from the last

few decades climatic change is changing drasticall. The greater part of our present learning of

worldwide change originates from General Circulation Models (GCMs). At present, GCMs can

give us with a mean yearly temperature for the planet that is changing. Territorial and nearby

temperature and precipitation data from GCMs is, at present, is questionable. A significant part of

the worldwide change research exertion is centered on the improvement of this models. (“NOAA

National Weather Service,” 2007)

According to Voilant (2013), in this world of climatic change, the storm may be fewer but stronger

from the past. Sandy is not by any means the only late tempest to make individuals make inquiries

about environmental change and climate. In 2010, an epic winter storm named "Snowmageddon"

dumped more than a large portion of a meter (2 feet) of snow crosswise over numerous parts of

the U.S. East Coast. Generally, investigate on tornadoes, typhoons, and different sorts of

hurricanes has concentrated on transient determining, not on seeing how tempests are changing

after some time. Dependable, long haul records of tempests are rare, and the distinctive reporting

and watching strategies have left numerous researchers and meteorologists feeling doubtful. In any

case, the investigation of storms and atmosphere has started to develop, says Del Genio, and an

Earth-wide temperature boost may make preparations to deliver less yet more stronger storms

Deciding the part of atmosphere in the spread of specific maladies can help wellbeing authorities

in "determining" plagues. New research on meningitis frequency in sub-Saharan Africa pinpoints

wind and tidy conditions as indicators of the malady. The outcomes may help in creating
Climatic Change and Mass Media 33

inoculation systems that plan to avoid meningitis flare-ups, for example, the 1996-1997 plague

that killed 25,000 individuals. Numerous sicknesses turn out to be more unmistakable at specific

times of the year. A typical case is flu, which crests in colder months. Meningitis — a disease of

the dainty coating encompassing the mind and spinal code — is likewise regular. In the Sahel (a

semi-bone-dry district extending through Mali, Niger, Chad and Sudan), meningitis occurrence is

most astounding in the dry season from November to May. This is all because of the change in

climate and earth atmosphere which is a cause of spread of the different diseases. The spread of

many diseases depend of the temperature of the climate like Malaria. (Shirbir, 2014)

According to Voiland (2014), on the off chance that you take after Earth and atmosphere science

nearly, you have seen that the media is swirling each December and January with stories about

how the previous year positioned as far as worldwide temperatures. Is it safe to say that this was

the most sizzling year on record? Truth be told, it was. The Japanese Meteorological Agency

discharged information on January 5, 2015, that indicated 2014 was the hottest year on its record.

NASA and NOAA made a comparative declaration on January 16. The UK Met Office, which

keeps up the fourth major worldwide temperature record, posts its information here. Different

countries used different methods to record the temperature. Yet it is assumed that 2014 declared

one of the hottest year by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and NOAA

(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Information).

The idea of "risky climatic change" constitutes a vital improvement of the 1992 United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change. It endures, be that as it may, as an equivocal

expression, managed by various meanings of threat. It likewise certainly contains the topic of how

to react to the complex and multi-disciplinary danger issues that climatic change postures. The
Climatic Change and Mass Media 34

important part of the atmosphere science group, which depends on danger appraisals to portray

framework instabilities and as far as possible past which changes may get to be perilous, is

recognized. This article investigates connections and cross-overs between the atmosphere science

and danger correspondence and observation ways to deal with characterizing peril. Drawing upon

nine articles in this Special Issue of Risk Analysis, the researchers inspect on different topics

related to climate change. The article endless supply of the challenges intrinsic in reacting to the

issue in a sound, interdisciplinary manner, that is becoming the "threat." The requirement for new

strategy instruments is stressed, while research on settled arrangements ought to be gone for

defeating the disjuncture obvious in understandings of environmental change dangers. (Lorenzoni,

Pidgeon, & O’Connor, 2005)

According to researcher (Kakonge, 2011) climatic change keeps on being a standout amongst the

most vital worldwide issues going up against the universal group. Yet in creating nations,

environmental change is ineffectively secured by local media, and hence the overall population

needs comprehension of both the science and the strategy ramifications of climatic change. Rural

groups, which are especially powerless, are regularly the slightest educated. Why does the issue

of environmental change get such quick and shallow treatment by nearby media in creating nations

when it is absolutely those nations that are prone to be affected generally intensely? In what

capacity can the media in the creating scene turn out to be more dynamic in instructing general

society about environmental change and forming open approach? These are not facetious inquiries.

This article proposes some handy approaches to expand open comprehension of the issues, and

anxieties the key part the media ought to play in this process. Media support in educating the public

change can less the damage risks create by the climatic change.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 35

According to Oreskes, 2004, strategy creators and the media, especially in the United States, as

often as possible attest that atmosphere science is exceptionally questionable. Some have utilized

this as a contention against receiving solid measures to lessen greenhouse gas emissions. In its

latest evaluation, IPCC states unequivocally that the agreement of exploratory sentiment is that

Earth's atmosphere is being influenced by activities: "Human exercises are altering the grouping

of climatic constituents that ingest or dissipate brilliant vitality. Most of the watched warming

throughout the most recent 50 years is prone to have been because of the expansion in greenhouse

gas emission". On the off chance that the historical backdrop of science instructs anything, it is

modesty, and nobody can be blamed for neglecting to follow up on what is not known. However,

in the future people will clearly blame the scientists on the off chance that they observe that we

comprehended the truth of anthropogenic climatic change and neglected to make a move.

Numerous insights about atmosphere cooperation are not surely knew, and there are sufficient

justification for proceeded with examination to give a superior premise to comprehension climatic

change.

According to Boykoff and Rajan (2007) media play a very important role in educating people

about global happenings. Whether scientists like it or not, media play a crucial role in creating

awareness among the people. Whatever the topic is, public opinion is formed by media only, so

scientists’ policies depend upon the role of media. Now scientists are get aware by the role of

media day by day. The important role play by media is to educate the people about the climatic

change and this issues caused by it, form the opinion of the public.so the media of the US has

significantly low coverage regarding climatic change. But they both come cross together in 1950s.

And now the media is giving negative coverage to this issue and people are forming the negative

perception in their mind regarding this issue. There is a link between the US policy of climate
Climatic Change and Mass Media 36

change and media. Sometimes policy shaped the coverage of the media and sometimes media

reporting shaped the policy.

The UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assumes a gigantic part in forming how

climatic science gets interpreted into approach in nations around the globe, yet so does the media.

Another report finds that, while the IPCC could have dealt with the rollout of its Fifth Assessment

Report (AR5) better, absence of convincing scope, particularly in US media, is prompting less

open interest for activity and consequently political will to receive arrangements to manage

climatic change. The report, distributed in Nature Climate Change, inspects how the IPCC's

discharge procedure around AR5 added to consistent losses as far as media scope, and also the

ways media outlets surrounded the issue and how that effects open view of atmosphere issues. The

report suggests that the IPCC give careful consideration to discharge dates and how those fit in

with news cycles to augment scope in the media. In any case, O'Neill says there's significantly

more the IPCC could do to all the more viably impart atmosphere science to the masses and

policymakers. (Gaworeki, 2015)

Boykoff, an environmentalist talked amid a board discourse titled "Understanding Climate Change

Skepticism: Its Sources and Strategies." Boykoff's section was titled "Misrepresenting Denialism:

Media Representations of Outlier Views on Climate Change" and examined conspicuous pitfalls.

"One issue happens when exception perspectives are not independently assessed in setting," said

Boykoff. "An assortment of impacts and points of view regularly have been crumpled by broad

communications into one general class of distrust. This has been inconvenient both as far as

releasing true blue evaluates of climatic science or approach, and in addition intensifying great and

dubious cases." Such claims are enhanced when customary news media position no credible
Climatic Change and Mass Media 37

contrarian sources against those with investigative information, in a fizzled push to speak to

restricting sides, said Boykoff. "Lessening climatic science and approach contemplations to a one

good turn deserves another between dueling identities comes to the detriment of evaluating major

difficulties with respect to the essential de-carbonization of industry and society” he added.("Role

of mass media in climate change skepticism", 2010)

News media depictions of environmental change have unequivocally impacted individual and

worldwide endeavors to relieve it through news creation, singular media utilization, and individual

engagement. Media depictions of environmental change have emphatically affected individual and

worldwide endeavors to moderate it through news generation, singular media utilization, and

individual engagement. This part investigates the media surrounding of relief procedures,

including the impacts of media schedules, considers that drive news scope, the impacts of cases

creators, researchers, and other data sources, the part of logical proficiency in deciphering

environmental change stories, and particular messages that activate activity or loss of motion.

(Swain, 2009)

According to Revelson (2015), the false illusion of a two-sided issue is one of the best ruins of the

media's depiction of environmental change. Our press ought to be objective, fair and investigative,

yes, however environmental change wariness is none of these. Giving atmosphere deniers an

equivalent seat at the table is uncouth reporting and more regrettable destructive. As people, we

are affected by the distinctiveness of an issue, and it's hard to ignore climatic change. The more

particular the portrayals of its belongings, the more we respond. The fundamental reason of

climatic change dissent is embedding questions or studies into the discussion. This bogus parity of

two sides to each issue is inconvenient to environmental change activity since it expands an unsafe
Climatic Change and Mass Media 38

equivocalness encompassing the issue. Toward the day's end, an adjusted depiction of climatic

change implies two sides debating what to do about the issue, not regardless of whether the issue

exists.

Boykoff (2011), illustrate in his book that the general population depend upon media

representations to decipher and comprehend the numerous complexities identifying with climatic

science and administration. Media representations of atmosphere issues – from news to diversion

– are effective and vital connections between individuals' ordinary substances and encounters, and

the courses in which they are talked about by researchers, policymakers and scientists. A dynamic

blend of impacts – from interior workings of broad communications, for example, journalistic

standards, to outside political, monetary, social and social variables – shape what turns into an

atmosphere 'story'. Giving a scaffold between scholarly contemplations and true advancements,

this book helps understudies, scholastic analysts and intrigued individuals from people in general

understand media giving an account of climatic change as it investigates 'who speaks for the

climate' and what impacts this may have on the range of conceivable reactions to contemporary

atmosphere challenges.

According to Moser,(2008) the requirement for compelling correspondence, open effort and

instruction to build support for strategy, aggregate activity and conduct change is ever present, and

is maybe most squeezing with regards to anthropogenic environmental change and climatic issues.

This book is the first to examine correspondence and social change particularly focused to

environmental change. It is a one of a kind accumulation of thoughts looking at the difficulties

connected with conveying environmental change keeping in mind the end goal to encourage

societal reaction. It offers very much established, down to earth proposals on the best way to
Climatic Change and Mass Media 39

convey environmental change and how to approach related social change. The other authors of this

book originate from a differing scope of foundations, from government and the educated

community to non-administrative and metro segments of society. The book is accessibly

composed, and any particular phrasing is clarified. It will be of awesome enthusiasm to scholarly

analysts and experts in environmental change, ecological arrangement, science correspondence,

brain science, sociology and geology.

According to Brain (2015) climatic change adjustment is different. It considers climatic change as

more than an issue that can be tended to exclusively through specialized ability. Rather, it

approaches climatic change as a versatile test that is on a very basic level connected to convictions,

values and perspectives, and additionally to power, legislative issues, personalities and hobbies.

Drawing on contextual analyses from high-pay nations, the book contends that the time has come

to consider adjustment to climatic change as a test of social, individual and political changes. The

author speak to an assortment of fields and points of view, showing the significance of

interdisciplinary ways to deal with the issue. The book will bear some significance with scientists,

strategy producers and propelled understudies in the ecological sciences, sociologies and

humanities, and in addition to practitioners and specialists inspired by new thoughts regarding

adjusting to climatic change.

According to Adger, Lorenzoni and Brein (2011) adjusting to climatic change is a basic issue

confronting humankind. This includes reexamining our ways of life, and is connected to our

activities as people, social practitioners and governments. This book presents top science and

sociology research on whether the world can adjust to environmental change. Composed by

specialists, both scholastics and professionals, it looks at the dangers to environments, showing
Climatic Change and Mass Media 40

how values, society and the compelling strengths of administration go about as hindrances to

activity. As a survey of science and an all-encompassing appraisal of adjustment alternatives, it is

fundamental perusing for those worried with reactions to environmental change, particularly

specialists, policymakers, experts, and students. Noteworthy elements incorporate chronicled,

contemporary, and future bits of knowledge into adjustment to environmental change; scope of

adjustment issues from alternate points of view: atmosphere science, hydrology, designing,

biology, financial aspects, human topography, human studies and political science; and

commitments from driving specialists and professionals from around the globe.

According to Jorden et al. (2011) the European Union (EU) has risen as a main overseeing body

in the global battle to represent environmental change. The change that has happened in its

arrangements and establishments has significantly influenced climatic change governmental issues

at the worldwide level and inside of its 27 Member States. Yet, how has this been accomplished

when the EU includes such a large number of levels of administration, when political initiative in

Europe is so scattered and the arrangement decisions are particularly troublesome? Drawing on an

assortment of itemized contextual analyses spreading over the interlinked difficulties of alleviation

and adjustment, this book offers an unrivaled record of how diverse on-screen characters grappled

with the mind boggling administration situations connected with atmosphere arrangement making.

Opening up the EU's inward workings to non-practitioners, it gives a point of view in transit that

the EU represents, and additionally investigating its capacity to keep up a main position in

universal climatic change governmental politics.

(Biermann, Pattberg & Zelli, 2010) An evaluation of strategy alternatives for future worldwide

atmosphere administration, composed by a group of driving specialists from the European Union
Climatic Change and Mass Media 41

and creating nations. Worldwide atmosphere administration is at a junction. The 1997 Kyoto

Protocol was just an initial step, and its center responsibilities terminate in 2012. This book

addresses three inquiries which will be integral to any new atmosphere assertion. What part ought

to non-state performers play, including multinational companies, non-legislative associations,

public–private organizations and business sector components by and large? In what manner would

we be able to manage the developing test of adjusting our current organizations to a generously

hotter world? This essential asset offers arrangement experts inside and out subjective and

quantitative appraisals of the expenses and advantages of different strategy alternatives,

furthermore offers scholastics from colossal orders understanding into creative interdisciplinary

methodologies towards worldwide atmosphere talks.

Climatic change, advancement and improvement participation are, independently and mutually,

three politically different, complex issues, particularly with regards to relations in the middle of

created and creating nations. This book handles these issues by consolidating hypothetical,

political, and useful viewpoints, examining the prevailing ideal models and investigating the

significance of the idea of mainstreaming. At the useful level, it exhibits the consequences of

contextual investigations concentrating on help gave by the European Union and key part states

and the atmosphere needs verbalized by creating nations. At the political level, it highlights the

sensitivities in the middle of created and creating nations and looks at the mainstreaming banter in

different fora. This book is profitable for policymakers, scholastics, government officials and non-

state performing artists working in the fields of improvement studies, worldwide law, legislative

issues, global relations, financial matters, environmental change, and natural studies. (Grijp, 2014)
Climatic Change and Mass Media 42

Lorenzoni et al. (2007) in this paper investigates the hindrances that individuals from the UK open

see to drawing in with environmental change. It draws upon three blended strategy concentrates

on, with an accentuation on the subjective information which offer an inside and out knowledge

into how individuals comprehend environmental change. The paper characterizes engagement as

an individual's state, including three components: subjective, full of feeling and behavioral.

Various basic obstructions rise up out of the three studies, which work extensively at "individual"

and "social" levels. These real limitations to individual engagement with environmental change

have suggestions for accomplishing noteworthy diminishments in nursery gasses in the UK. They

contend that focused on and customized data procurement ought to be upheld by more extensive

auxiliary change to empower natives and groups to diminish their carbon reliance. Arrangement

suggestions for viable engagement are talked about.

Research in the impacts of environmental change on plant infection keeps on being constrained,

however some striking advancement has been made. At the genomic level, progresses in

innovations for the high-throughput investigation of quality expression have made it conceivable

to start separating reactions to various biotic and abiotic stressors and potential exchange offs in

reactions. At the size of the individual plant, enough trials have been performed to start combining

the impacts of atmosphere variables on contamination rates, however pathos stem-particular

attributes make amalgamation testing. Models of plant infection have now been produced to fuse

more complex atmosphere forecasts. At the populace level, the versatile capability of plant and

pathogen populaces may turn out to be a standout amongst the most vital indicators of the extent

of climatic change impacts. Biological system scientists are presently tending to the part of plant

ailment in environment forms and the test of scaling up from individual contamination

probabilities to plagues and more extensive effects. (Garrett et al. 2006)

Climatic Change and Mass Media 43

While current projections of future environmental change connected with expansions in

barometrical greenhouse gasses have a high level of instability, the potential impacts of

environmental change on woods are of expanding concern. Various studies taking into account

woodland reproduction models anticipate significant modification of timberland structure,

backwoods dieback, or even loss of woodland spread in light of expanded temperatures connected

with expanding environmental carbon dioxide focuses. This demonstrating approach overlooks the

way that the geographic scope of an animal groups mirrors the impact of both atmosphere and

other ecological variables, incorporating rivalry with other tree species, soil attributes, obstructions

to dispersal, and disseminations of nuisances and pathogens. Subsequently, any change of

atmosphere must result in a genuinely quick decrease of species close to their extent breaking

points and fast modification of backwoods synthesis and structure. There is significant proof, in

any case, that some tree species can survive, and even flourish, in climatic conditions outside their

present extent limits. Thus, there is motivation to associate that distributed projections with

backwoods reactions to environmental change taking into account woodland recreation models

may overstate the immediate effect of atmosphere on tree development and mortality. (Loelhle &

LeBlanc, 1996)

The Kyoto convention has centered the consideration of general society and policymakers on the

world's carbon (C) spending plan. Past evaluations of the effects of vegetation change have been

restricted to balance "depictions" that couldn't catch nonlinear or edge impacts along the direction

of progress. New models have been intended to supplement harmony models and reproduce

vegetation progression through time while assessing variability in the C spending plan and

reactions to rambling occasions, for example, dry season and fire. What's more, a plenty of future

atmosphere situations has been utilized to deliver a baffling assortment of recreated environmental
Climatic Change and Mass Media 44

reactions Both models demonstrate that there is a potential for either positive or negative inputs to

the air contingent upon the level of warming in the climatic change situations.( Bachelet et al,

2001)

Environmental change consequences for a few biological systems are still ineffectively known,

especially where they cooperate with other climatic marvels or stressors. We utilized information

spreading over 25 years (1981–2005) from calm headwaters at Llyn Brianne (UK) to test three

theories: (1) stream macro invertebrates fluctuate with winter atmosphere; (2) natural impacts

inferable from directional environmental change and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are

recognizable and (3) climatic consequences for macro invertebrates rely on upon whether streams

are affected by fermentation. Positive NAO stages were joined by lessened internal strength in

macro invertebrate collection in all streams, however related varieties in piece happened just in

corrosive moorland. The NAO and directional environmental change together clarified 70% of

internal variety in temperature, yet woods and moorland streams warmed separately by 1.4 and

1.7°C somewhere around 1981 and 2005 in the wake of representing NAO impacts. Critical

reactions among macro invertebrates were restricted to circumneutral streams, where future warm

projections recommended significant change. These outcomes bolster each of the three theories

and outline how headwater stream biological systems are touchy to climatic change. Adjusted

piece and wealth could influence protection and environmental capacity, with the NAO

aggravating environmental change impacts amid positive stages. We recommend that

fermentation, in affected streams, overrides climatic impacts on macro invertebrates by

disentangling gatherings and diminishing extravagance. Climatic procedures may, by and by, fuel

fermentation or counterbalance organic recuperation. (Durance & Ormerod, 2007)

Climatic Change and Mass Media 45

Little uncertainty is left that environmental change is in progress, emphatically influencing the

Earth's biodiversity. A percentage of the best difficulties ahead concern the marine domain, yet it

is vague to what degree changes will influence marine biological systems. The Mediterranean Sea

could give us a portion of the answers. Information recouped from its shores and profundities have

demonstrated that ocean temperatures are relentlessly expanding, great climatic occasions and

related infection flare-ups are turning out to be more continuous, faunas are moving, and obtrusive

species are spreading. This smaller than usual sea can serve as a goliath microcosm of the world's

seas, with different wellsprings of aggravations communicating synergistically and along these

lines giving a knowledge into a noteworthy obscure: how strong are marine biological systems,

and by what means will their flow working adjusted? (Lejeusne et al, 2009)

This paper investigates the worldwide outcomes to harvest yields, creation, and danger of craving

of connected financial and atmosphere situations. Potential effects of climatic change are evaluated

for environmental change situations created from the HadCM3 worldwide atmosphere model

under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios

(SRES). Anticipated changes in yield are ascertained utilizing exchange capacities got from

product model recreations with watched atmosphere information and anticipated environmental

change situations. The essential connected framework (BLS) is utilized to assess ensuing changes

in worldwide oat creation, oat costs and the quantity of individuals at danger from yearning. The

utilization of the SRES situations highlights a few non-linearity on the planet sustenance supply

framework, both in the biophysical sense, where the levels of environmental CO2 tried achieve

new levels, and the financial sense, where changes in populace elements and monetary and political

structures confound the interpretation of biophysical environmental change sways into social lists,

for example, the quantity of individuals at danger of appetite. (Parry et al, 2003)
Climatic Change and Mass Media 46

This article portrays new methodologies for control of temperature and water information in the

field. Nighttime warming was made by impression of infrared radiation. Consequently worked

intelligent shades secured the vegetation around evening time to diminish heat misfortune to the

climate. This methodology imitated the way climatic change, brought on by expanded shadiness

and expanded nursery gas emanations, modifies the warmth parity of biological systems. Dry spell

conditions were made via naturally covering the vegetation with straightforward blinds amid

downpour occasions over a 2–5-month period. The information displayed show that the

methodology minimizes unintended antiquities as for water parity, dampness conditions, and light,

while bringing on a little yet huge diminishment in wind speed by the drapes. Temperature

estimations exhibited that the edge impacts connected with the medicines were little. Our strategy

gives an important instrument to examining the impacts of climatic change in remote areas with

negligible ancient rarities. (Beier et al, 2004)

The goal of this study was to progressively reenact the reaction of vegetation appropriation,

carbon, and flame to the chronicled atmosphere and to two differentiating situations of

environmental change in California. The aftereffects of the reenactments for the verifiable

atmosphere contrasted positively with free gauges and perceptions, yet approval of the outcomes

was confounded by the absence of area use impacts in the model. The reaction to expanding

temperatures under both situations was described by a movement in strength from needle-leaved

to wide leaved life-frames and by expansions in vegetation profitability, particularly in the

moderately cool and mesic areas of the state. The reproduced reaction to changes in precipitation

were intricate, including not just the impact of changes in soil dampness on vegetation profitability,

additionally changes in tree–grass rivalry interceded by flame. Summer months were hotter and

industriously dry under both situations, so the patterns in reenacted fire region under both
Climatic Change and Mass Media 47

situations were principally a reaction to changes in vegetation biomass. All out biological

community carbon expanded under both atmosphere situations, however the extents dispensed to

the wood and grass carbon pools contrasted. The consequences of the reenactments underscore the

possibly expansive effect of environmental change on California biological systems, and the

requirement for further utilize and advancement of element vegetation models utilizing different

gatherings of environmental change situations. (Lenihan et al, 2003)

According to the researchers Kitaysky and Golubova (2000) this article illustrate eight years of

perceptions on seabird conceptive achievement and oceanographic change in Tauyskaya Bay

(Okhotsk Sea, north-western Pacific) were utilized to assess the theory that interannual

environmental change causes inverse patterns in regenerative exhibitions of planktivorous auklets

(Aethia cristatella and Cyclorhinchus psittacula) versus piscivorous puffins (Lunda cirrhata and

Fratercula corniculata). The environmental change was evaluated by analyzing changes in ocean

surface temperature (SST), time of perpetual ice vanishing (ID), wind (WV) and ebb and flow

vectors (CV). Changes in the conveyance of zooplankton biomass in the study area were utilized

to survey changes in prey groups. Winged animal conceptive achievement was resolved as the

quantity of chicks fledged per home possessed. Conceptive achievement of planktivorous auklets

was contrarily connected with the SST in the western piece of Tauyskaya Bay, though regenerative

accomplishment of piscivorous puffins was decidedly associated with the SST. The "chilly" season

in 1988 was described by a solid in-stream of water masses into the sound region while the "warm"

season in 1989 was portrayed by very much blended warm water inside the inlet that were isolated

from colder water masses outside the cove.

Climatic Change and Mass Media 48

Crowley (2007) illustrate that late reproductions of Northern Hemisphere temperatures and

atmosphere compelling in the course of recent years permit the warming of the twentieth century

to be put inside of a chronicled setting and different components of environmental change to be

tried. Examinations of perceptions with recreations from a vitality equalization atmosphere model

show that as much as 41 to 64% of preanthropogenic (pre-1850) decadal-scale temperature

varieties was because of changes in sun based irradiance and volcanism. Expulsion of the

constrained reaction from reproduced temperature time arrangement yields residuals that show

comparable variability to those of control keeps running of coupled models, in this manner loaning

backing to the models' worth as appraisals of low-recurrence variability in the atmosphere

framework. A 21st-century a dangerous atmospheric deviation projection far surpasses the

common variability of the previous 1000 years and is more prominent than the best gauge of

worldwide temperature change for the last interglacial.

Both st al. (2005) investigate that Phenological reactions to climatic change vary crosswise over

trophic levels which may prompt fowls neglecting to breed at the season of maximal sustenance

wealth. Here they examine the populace results of such confounding in the transient pied

flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca. In an examination of nine Dutch populaces, the researchers find

that populaces have declined by around 90% in the course of recent decades in zones where the

nourishment for provisioning nestlings’ crests right on time in the season and the feathered

creatures are at present confused. In zones with a late sustenance crest, early-reproducing winged

creatures still breed at the ideal time, and there is, at most, a powerless populace decay. On the off

chance that sustenance phenology propels further, we likewise foresee populace decreases in

territories with a late nourishment crest, as in these regions acclimation to a propelled nourishment
Climatic Change and Mass Media 49

crest is insufficient. Confounding as a consequence of climatic change is most likely a far reaching

phenomenon, and the researchers confirm that it can prompt populace decreases.

Tingley et al. (2012) explains in his research article that anticipated impacts of climatic change on

creature disseminations essentially concentrate on outcomes of temperature and generally

overlook effects of adjusted precipitation. While much confirmation underpins temperature-driven

extent shifts, there is significant heterogeneity in species' reactions that remaining parts

ineffectively caught on. Over the previous century, rising temperature pushed species upslope

while expanded precipitation pulled them downslope, bringing about extent moves that were

heterogeneous inside of species and among locales. While 84% of species moved their elevational

dissemination, just 51% of upper or lower range limit movements were upslope. By correlation,

82% of reach movements were in a heading anticipated by changes in either temperature or

precipitation. Their outcomes represent the unpredictable interaction between species-particular

and area particular elements that structure examples of rearing reach change over long time

periods. Future projections of increasing temperature and very variable precipitation

administrations make a solid potential for heterogeneous reactions by species at extent edges.

This book abridges cutting edge information on the potential effects of environmental change on

agribusiness. The book starts by acquainting the nonspecialist with the reasons for environmental

change, and audits the primary climatic change drivers and effects. It then goes ahead to audit

every single real part of climatic change sway on horticulture in subtle element. The extension is

extremely wide in fact - the creators consider agrarian nursery gas emanations; the impacts of

raised CO and climatic change on harvest yield); conceivable effects on nuisances, weeds, and

ailments; sways on soils; and the consequences for water assets and ocean level ascent. The last
Climatic Change and Mass Media 50

four sections grow the science portrayed in before parts to the worldwide level, giving an

examination of effects of environmental change, then inspecting in point of interest the areas at

most serious danger from environmental change and conceivable ramifications for future

nourishment security, and completing with a part on adjustment, financial aspects, and

arrangement.( C & D, 1998)

(Nebojsa & Robert, 2000) in their article emphasized that in what capacity will the world's

climatic change in the coming century? The response to this inquiry relies on upon how human

social orders create as far as demographics and financial advancement, mechanical change, vitality

supply and request, and land use change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Special Report on Emissions Scenarios portrays new situations without bounds, and predicts

greenhouse gas discharges connected with such advancements. The situations give the premise to

future evaluations of environmental change and conceivable reaction systems. This volume is the

most extensive and cutting edge appraisal accessible of greenhouse gas outflows situations, and

gives important data to industry, arrangement creators, natural associations, and specialists in

worldwide change, innovation, researchers and financial matters.

Earlier studies have found that substituting biofuels for gas will diminish nursery gasses in light

of the fact that biofuels sequester carbon through the development of the feedstock. These

investigations have neglected to number the carbon discharges that happen as agriculturists overall

react to higher costs and change over timberland and meadow to new cropland to supplant the

grain (or cropland) occupied to biofuels. By utilizing an overall agrarian model to gauge outflows

from area use transform, we observed that corn-based ethanol, rather than creating a 20% funds,

almost duplicates nursery discharges more than 30 years and expansions nursery gasses for a long
Climatic Change and Mass Media 51

time. Biofuels from switch grass, if developed on U.S. corn lands, build outflows by half. This

outcome raises worries about substantial biofuel commands and highlights the benefit of utilizing

waste items. (Searchinger et al, 2008)

Climatic Change and Mass Media 52

Chapter 3

Theoretical Frame work

The suitable theory for analyzing climatic change and mass media is framing theory. The reason

behind it is that it exhibits how frames are applied while doing media coverage to specific issue.

Framing is actually the basic constituent of news reporting and the concept of framing in mass

media has come from agenda setting as its form. Similarly, McCombs, Shaw, and Weaver (1997)

states that the notions of framing and agenda setting merged at specific points and there are many

points common in those, and framing is actually part of agenda setting. And the concept of framing

is explained as the second level of agenda setting (Jasperson et al., 1998; McCombs, 1994;

McCombs & Bell, 1996; McCombs & Evatt, 1995; McCombs, Shaw, & Weaver, 1997).

Intrinsically, theory of framing demonstrates that how news is presented to the audiences and how

they affect the choices of people to process that information. Frames are concepts that deals with

notions and work to manage and organize the concrete meaning of message in news. The typical

way to use the frames is, how news or mass media use the information and how they set that

information up which they convey. Giving frames to the messages means to affect the way of the

audience in which they perceive the news, so in this way it could be said as a form of agenda-

setting. This not only tell the audience what to think about, but how to think about any certain issue

(second level agenda setting, framing theory).

Obad (2003) claims that the process of framing of news was first bid by Tuchman in 1978. So after

Tuchman a large amount of media scholars have been doing their parts in framing theory according

to their knowledge and further experiences. Reese (2000) opinionated framing as well managed
Climatic Change and Mass Media 53

principle that is socially a common thing and constant over time. Framing work figuratively to

construct the social world implicitly (p.11).

Frames are rational structures which help people to comprehend reality. Goffman (1974) defines

the term framing in a way like “the principles of organization, which govern social events” (p.

232). Tuchman (1978) describes it as, framing gives an event a subjective interpretation to an

event. Norris (1995) states that news frames are insightful representations which actually work

rationally and journalists typically use the news frames to streamline, arrange and configure the

current happenings. This whole process of Framing can’t be avoided in news making. It helps

journalist to identify issues, analyze them and rational conclusions (Akhavan-Majid and

Ramaprasad, 2000). Entman (1991) says, “News frames are embodied in key words, metaphors,

concepts, symbols and visual images emphasized in a news narrative” (pp. 7).

At the massive level, frame construction is associated with message producers which organize

structures and use framing to frame complicated events and issues and after that all this process

give their stories a meaning (Kosicki, 2003; Scheufele & Tewksbury, 2007).

Entman (1993) explained that framing is actually to choose some parts of apparent reality and

making them notable in conveying content, so that it becomes easy to get a specific definition of

the issue, its underlying understanding, moral assessment, and treatment suggestions for the issue

portrayed.

Framing takes part in the construction of a social phenomenon. Researchers use the term of framing

to signify that how an event or issue was depicted in a certain way. Hackett (1985) states that

“framing is not necessarily a conscious process on the part of journalists; it may well be the result
Climatic Change and Mass Media 54

of the unconscious absorption of assumptions about the social world in which the news must be

embedded in order to be intelligible to its intended audience” (pp. 262-263).

Scheufele (1999) organized a model of framing to represent the effects it have on individual and

society. This model has six stages. First is "Frame building" when journalists are going through

constructing stories, then comes "frame setting,” which works as how frames are set for the

audience by mass media? And then all set frames overcome our thoughts and insights in a stage

called as "individual level effects framing," after that stage there comes the last stage, called

"societal frames." Societal frames as a reaction make a reverse action and influence the journalist

frames which were constructed at the stage of “frame building" at first (p.p. 103-1).

This study is based on frame building and frame setting, analyzing the framing of climatic issues

elite print media. This study uses all the framing notions quoted by renowned researchers, and

intrinsically on the model developed by Scheufele (1999), and further tends to explore the coverage

to news related to climate.

3.1 ASSUMPTIONS

Considering theoretical frame work and literature review researcher assumes that there would be

sufficient coverage of climatic issues in local and international environmental magazines. Climatic

issue is not only a concern of a single person only, it is a global problem. Global warming has

devastating effects on ecosystem. But efforts are being made by scientists for sustainability of

environment. In addition to that it is more often said that international environmental magazines

is giving more coverage to the climatic change than local environmental magazines as international

media is more concerned with their environment. This can be true to some extend as developed
Climatic Change and Mass Media 55

countries are advanced and their media play a significant role in educating people. These are just

before results assumptions.

Climatic Change and Mass Media 56

Chapter 4

Research Methodology

The technique of content analysis has been adopted for this study. Under the methodology selected

content is analyzed under the objectives. Researcher tends to inquire the treatment of climatic issue

in the four local and international environmental magazines: Natura, Wildlife & environment, Our

Planet, Planet Earth. Besides this, the difference in awareness of local and international

environmental magazines is also analyzed.

Conceptualization

Some of the important terms included in this research are conceptualized as follows:

1). Media coverage or treatment in this study is referred to the coverage of print media i.e

environmental magazines, given to the climatic issues that will be analyzed through three measures

which are frequency, prominence and framing of news.

2). Climatic issues that are selected for this research are global warming, ozone layer depletion,

pollution, plantation and deforestation, natural disaster, endangered species and ecological

sustainability.

3). Awareness is exclusively referred to the coverage of the climatic issues in environmental

magazines which are capable of creating awareness among the people.

4.1 Research Questions and hypothesis

Climatic Change and Mass Media 57

This study will inquire about the coverage of climatic issues in four local and international

environmental magazines named as Natura, Wildlife & environment, Our Planet, Planet Earth.

The questions of interest to this study are:

RQ1: Is climatic change is a dominating issue in the selected editions of magazines?

RQ2: Which climatic issue is highlighted the most among all the five issues selected?

H1: Issues covered regarding climatic change in international environmental magazines is

significantly different from local environmental magazines.

H2: Local environmental magazines considered pollution as the actual cause of climatic change.

The study of media coverage of climatic issues in local and international environmental magazines

is analyzed by content analysis: frequency, prominence and framing of news. The advantage of

using this research method can be considerable since it aloow a particular topic to be approach

from different angles, thus enhancing the validity of overall analysis. Content analysis is used to

investigate the type and extent of coverage of climatic issues get in the environmental magazines

and thematic analysis will be analyzed to examine the treatment of news.

4.2 CONTENT ANALYSIS

Paisley, J. A. (1964) states that content analysis is a procedure in which correspondence message

is recorded through methodical use of categories into information that can be precise and

replicated. Content analysis technique is a standout amongst the most vital research procedures in

social sciences. It makes legitimate replications and conclusions from information to their

contexts.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 58

Berelson (1952) states that "a research technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative

description of the manifest content of communication" (p. 18).

Krippendorff (1980) describes that content analysis is a method by which replicable and legitimate

induction from data can be made. Unlike other methods, Krippendorff (1980) claims that content

analysis has four attributes:

(1) Content analysis is an unpretentious method and examines unobtrusively.

(2) Content analysis allows un organized material for research.

(3) Content analysis believes in context and in this manner can process figurative text.

(4) Content analysis can deal with considerable amount of data or text.

4.2.1 Strengths

Content analysis methodology is effectively comprehended strategy. It is not vague. It goes

straightforwardly deep in the text. Both qualitative and quantitative operations can be applied in

content analysis. It permits a profound association with down into the content .It can then

essentially breaks down the coded form of text by reaching down to categories it contains. It gives

knowledge of the complex human thought and more about language used in content. It is

considered as a generally precise method of analysis, in light of hard actualities, rather than

Discourse Analysis. It is easy to develop reliability test via content analysis. Content analysis is

considered worthy regarding replication process among all other methods. It turns out to be more

intense research if consolidated with other methods like interview, and utilization of historical

records. It is extremely valuable for inquiring chronicled material, particularly for classifying

patterns after over time.

Climatic Change and Mass Media 59

4.2.3 Limitations

Content analysis also has few limitations. It is a simply a descriptive method. It depicts, instead of

clarifying. It is restricted by accessibility of material. Mere observed examples in media may not

be an exact impression of reality, for instance, sudden occasions get more scope than less

emotional events. And it may be not exact as it seems. According to work the analyst must choose

and document information precisely. But the analyst must do selection on his own while selecting

information as per prerequisite. For instance, the Researcher chooses things like, what categories

will be utilized and regardless of whether everything be placed perfectly into a specific

classification. It could stand lengthy to examine daily papers. Errors could be expected, especially

when achieving a larger amount of inferences. It can be hard to automate.

4.3 Universe

The most obvious and easy sources for data which could be appropriate for content analysis are

texts to which meanings are typically attributed. Mass media researchers always have been using

this methodology content analysis. The study includes the examination and analysis of news stories

including hard news in four local and international environmental magazines for a period of two years

from 2014 to 2015 to obtain an unbiased and representative sample.

4.3.1 Sampling technique

Sampling is a process by which units are selected from the selected population to fraw wider

conclusions about it. Chaudary and Kamal (1996) have defined sampling as “A statistic that is

used in every field in order to collect information and on the basis of that information interferences

about the characteristics of a population are made.” Sampling is vital in light of the fact that it

diminishes cost, spares time, gives point by point and exact data, and particularly if the information
Climatic Change and Mass Media 60

to be watched is unbounded, replication is simple, gives the scientist a bearing for study. The

sample is all the climate- related news stories available on the hard copies of four local and

international environmental news during the given time frame throughout the year are analyzed.

4.3.2 Unit of analysis

It is the smallest element of content and is something that can be counted. In this research, the

content of analysis includes all the selected local and international environmental magazine from

2014 to 2015.

4.3.4 Categories for Analysis

Defining analytic categories is the important task in this method.The precision of the specialist's

work and aftereffects of the concentrate primarily rely on upon the exactness of the information

gathered. This is the phase when the analyst needs to characterize every one of the classifications

for examination. It is an extensive procedure that should be finished with full focus. Be that as it

may, the general planning shifts as indicated by the way of the examination theme.

The main category, in this research, for analysis is based on the frequency, prominence and framing

of news stories related to climatic issues in the environmental magazines that determines the type

and extent of coverage given to climatic issues. Likewise, the subcategories for analysis focus on

articles concerning the six climatic issues that are:

 Global warming

 Ozone layer depletion

 Pollution
Climatic Change and Mass Media 61

 Plantation and deforestation

 Natural disaster

 Endangered species

 Ecological sustainability.

 Others

All the articles included in the study are read carefully and the overall direction of the content in

the related stories is defined.

4.3.5 Categories Defined

All articles were coded into a set of categories generated from the literature reviewed. In this study,

the researcher has devised three major categories coded by numbers. The codes are as follows.

1= Frequency of articles concerning climatic issues in Natura, Wildlife & Environment, Our Planet

and Planet Earth

2= Prominence of articles concerning climatic issues in Natura, Wildlife & Environment, Our

Planet and Planet Earth

3= Thematic analysis of articles concerning climatic issues in Natura, Wildlife & Environment,

Our Planet and Planet Earth

The researcher has further devised subcategories keeping in view the seven climatic issues selected

for this research which are global warming, ozone layer depletion, pollution, plantation and

deforestation, natural disaster, endangered species and ecological sustainability in regard to their

importance. They are:

A= Articles concerning Global warming

Climatic Change and Mass Media 62

B=Articles concerning Ozone layer depletion

C= Articles concerning Pollution
D=Articles concerning Plantation and deforestation
E= Articles concerning Natural disasters
F= Articles concerning Endangered species
G= Articles concerning Ecological sustainability
H=Others

4.3.5 Operationalization:

In this section, the term used in the research and all the categories are operationalized. Before the selection

of the final study began, a pilot study was conduct to check that categories are sufficient to reveal the actual

purpose for which this research is being conducted. Besides this, they are defined so that the other

researchers can understand and use them whenever required. The categories are operationalized here as:

1= Frequency: this is referred to as the number of environment related news articles appearing on the four

local and international environmental magazines. All the news articles appearing on climatic issues selected

are counted and coded individually in order to draw interferences regarding how frequently such issues are

being covered or projected in the local newspaper. It revealed which climatic issue is mostly highlighted in

the environmental magazines as compared to the other selected environmental issues.

2= Prominence: By analyzing the prominence of a news story, the researcher has tried to investigate the

value or importance that the selected newspaper relate to a particular climatic issue or issues. Prominence

means important, weight and magnitude. The prominence of the climatic related article in this research is

generally assessed by analyzing.

A) Articles in this study only refers to the articles (related to the climatic issues) appearing the four

local and international environmental magazines. Number of pages in a magazines may vary,

therefore, for an ideal sample all the pages in the magazines are analyzed.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 63

B) Headline is operatized as to whether it is appeared on the top of the page and how many sub

headlines are there to prominent the article.

C) Photographs are also included to analyze the value of article. The more pictures an article have,

the more important the article is.

D) Length is refer to the pages covered by an article on the specific issue.

3= Framing: This can be useful for rationalizing self-interest, convincing a broader audience, building

coalitions, or lending preferentiality to specific outcome (Kaufman, Elliot, & Shmueli, 2003). A powerful

component of journalism is the construction of news themes and frames. The theme of the article is the idea

that connects various semantic elements of a story such as description of actions, quotations and background

information, into a concrete whole (Pan, & Kosicki, 2003, p.59)

Framing of an issue in a news story is very important. It explains how the media can attribute salience to

an issue by developing its own frames and symbol. By analyzing the frames of articles appearing in the

newspaper, it’s become easy for a researcher, to a certain extent, to analyze the importance media is giving

to a story. Here framing is referred to as thematic framing only, in which there is a proper theme in a topic

contextualized by background information.

In this study, the content of each article is analyzed to see the theme of the article. Thematic issues

are issue-oriented that includes background data, reports and expert opinion. They rely on multiple

sources and emphasize on the why, who, how, solutions and concerns of an issue. Such issue

oriented stories provide more information to the readers. According to Iyenger (Mercer and

Prishbery, 2004), thematic coverage is a coverage of the historical and institutional context of

proximate event. Therefore, chiefly the articles with the highest number of thematic frames will

be analyzed.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 64

Climatic issues that are selected for this research are global warming, ozone layer depletion,

pollution, plantation and deforestation, natural disaster, endangered species and ecological

sustainability.

A) Global warming: - All the news stories concerned with global warming and climatic

change like fog, rain, rise and fall of temperature; weather informative, research reports

and opinions or statements will be included in this study.

B) Ozone depletion: - All stories related to ozone and illness from increased UV radiation

will be included in this study.

C) Pollution: - All the news stories related to land pollution, acid rain, ammonia gas, water

pollution, auto emission and manufacturing emissions, health problem caused by air

pollution and their control will be analyzed.

D) Plantation and deforestation: All the articles related to tree cutting or planting for

development projects, preservation of parks will be included.

E) Natural disasters: All the articles related to natural disasters like floods, volcanoes,

drought, tornado, earth quake etc will fall in this category.

F) Endangered Species: All the articles related to extension of species, protection of

endangered species and species that are extinct will be included in this category.

G) Ecological Sustainability: All the articles concerning to water conservation, solid waste
management, sustainability of environment, adaptation of climatic change, disaster
Climatic Change and Mass Media 65

management, poverty reduction, management of waste products and oil spills and all the

development projects regarding ecological sustainability will fall under this category.

H) Others: others include all the news that are irrelevant to climatic issues like innovations,
discoveries, tourism, fishing, hunting and interviews.

4.4 Data Analysis

All the categories that have been defined are analyzed. This study will present the facts about the

treatment of climatic issues in the local and international environmental magazines by examining

the frequency, prominence and framing of news.

Climatic Change and Mass Media 66

Chapter 5

Findings

The findings of this study, climatic change and mass media, is based on the data collected by using

methodology: content analysis mentioned in chapter 4.the main purpose of this research is to

investigate the coverage given to the climatic issues in local and international environmental

magazines. Moreover the difference in coverage in local and international magazines are examine

as well.

Initially the finding of the three measurements- frequency, prominence and framing of the

climatic-related articles in all the four local and international environmental magazine are

discussed magazine wise and then issue wise. Further, a comparative analysis of all the magazines

is given individually and collectively as well. Finally, direction of content of the climatic issues in

all the four magazines is also studied.

5.1 Content analysis results

According to the findings, the total number of articles traced in all the four magazines for all the

eight categories is 224 during a period of two years from 2014 to 2015. The frequency of the news

is also analyzed. The coverage of the news stories is basically measured by analyzing the total

frequency, prominence and framing of the eight climatic issues selected for this study.

5.1.1 Frequency of climatic issues:

Frequency is referred to the number of times an environmental issue appears in the selected

newspapers. The finding in the frequency is measured through numbers that shows the difference
Climatic Change and Mass Media 67

in the coverage of climatic issues in the four local and international environmental magazines.

Tables and graphs are included in this chapter for the better understanding.

Table: 1 Natura

Year Sr.no A B C D E F G H Total no

of Articles
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (N*)
2014 Vol1 1 0 1 2 1 5 3 2 15
Vol2 2 0 2 1 2 4 2 2 15
Vol3 1 0 3 0 0 5 2 4 15
Vol4 3 0 0 0 0 1 6 5 15
2015 Vol1 2 0 1 1 1 2 5 5 17
Vol2 5 0 1 0 0 2 4 6 20
Vol3 4 0 1 0 1 5 7 1 20
Vol4 3 1 1 1 2 3 4 3 18
Total(N) 21 1 11 5 7 27 32 27 135
n refers to the number of news in each climatic issue category.
N* refers to the total number of articles in a magazine.
N refers to the total number of articles on climatic issues appearing in 2 years and in each climatic sub
category as well
A= Global warming; B= Ozone layer depletion; C= Pollution; D= Plantation and deforestation; E=
Natural disasters; F= Endangered species: G=Ecological sustainability: H=Others

In a year wise analysis, Vol 2 and 3 of 2015 has maximum number of articles (N*=20) then the

other publications. The finding shows that maximum coverage was given to the Ecological

stability (N=32) issue among all the eight categories and lowest coverage is given to ozone layer

depletion while sufficient coverage was given to endangered species which are at verge of

extension because of climatic change. The total number of stories appearing in Natura during the

selected time frame (2014-2015) is 135.

Climatic Change and Mass Media 68

Natura
30
25
20

15
23.7
10 20 20
15.56,
5 8.14
3.7 5.19
0
-5
Plantatio
Ozone Endanger Ecological
Global n and Natural
layer Pollution ed sustainab Others
warming deforesta disaster
depletion species ility
tion
Percentage of Articles 15.56 0.74 8.14 3.7 5.19 20 23.7 20

Percentage of Articles

Figure 1: Graphical representation of the result

The percentage of appearance of Global warming issues in the Natura magazine is 15.56%(21)

while maximum coverage is given to the ecological stability 23.7%(32) which is highly disturbed

because of climatic change and scientists are finding the ways to reduce the pollution and emission

of greenhouse gases in the air to obtain sustainability in the environment. While the percentage of

endangered species is 20%(27) which are at verge of extension because of climatic change. Then

the percentage of pollution related articles are 8.14%(11) and percentage of natural disasters which

are cause by climatic changes are 5.19%(7) while the minimum coverage is given to the ozone

layer depletion which is 0.74%(1).

Climatic Change and Mass Media 69

Table: 2 Wildlife & Environment

Year Sr.no A B C D E F G H Total

no of
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) Articles
(N*)
2014 Vol1 2 0 2 4 2 1 3 6 20
Vol2 1 0 2 5 0 2 2 7 19
Vol3 1 0 1 4 2 2 2 5 17
Vol4 1 0 2 4 2 2 4 3 18
2015 Vol1 1 0 1 4 1 4 0 7 20
Vol2 0 0 0 4 1 2 5 8 20
Vol3 2 2 0 4 0 1 2 7 18
Vol4 1 0 0 3 0 1 3 10 18
Total(N) 11 2 8 32 8 15 21 53 150
n refers to the number of news in each climatic issue category.
N* refers to the total number of articles in a magazine.
N refers to the total number of articles on climatic issues appearing in 2 years and in each climatic
sub category as well
A= Global warming; B= Ozone layer depletion; C= Pollution; D= Plantation and deforestation;
E= Natural disasters; F= Endangered species: G=Ecological sustainability: H=Others

In a year wise analysis of Wildlife & Environment Vol 1 of 2014 and 2 and 3 of 2015 has maximum

number of articles (N*=20) then the other publications. The finding shows that maximum coverage

was given to the others (N=53) issue among all the eight categories and lowest coverage is given

to ozone layer depletion while sufficient coverage was given to plantation and deforestation which

are at verge of extension because of climatic change. The total number of stories appearing in

Natura during the selected time frame (2014-2015) is 135.

Climatic Change and Mass Media 70

Wildlife & Environment

45
40
35
30
25
20
35.33
15
10 21.3
14
5 7.33, 10
5.33 5.33
0
-5
Plantatio
Ozone Endanger Ecological
Global n and Natural
layer Pollution ed sustainab Others
warming deforesta disaster
depletion species ility
tion
Percentage of Articles 7.33 1.33 5.33 21.3 5.33 10 14 35.33

Percentage of Articles

Figure: 2 Graphical representation of the result

The percentage of appearance of Global warming issues in the Wildlife & Environment magazine

is 7.33 %( 11) while maximum coverage is given to the others 35.33(53) which is related to articles

are not concerned with climatic change issues. While the percentage of articles of endangered

species is 10 %( 15) which are at verge of extension because of climatic change and ecological

sustainability is given 14 %( 21) coverage. Then the percentage of pollution related articles are

5.33%(8) and percentage of natural disasters which are cause by climatic changes are 5.33%(8)

while the minimum coverage is given to the ozone layer depletion which is 0.74%(1).
Climatic Change and Mass Media 71

Table: 3 Our Planet

Year Sr.no A B C D E F G H Total

no of
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) Articles
(N*)
2014 Vol1 5 2 7 4 1 2 7 5 33
Vol2 2 0 9 1 0 0 10 8 31
Vol3 3 2 3 0 2 2 9 5 26
Vol4 4 1 4 6 0 4 5 2 26
2015 Vol1 5 0 2 1 2 0 14 1 25
Vol2 1 0 9 4 1 0 11 1 27
Vol3 0 0 13 0 0 0 9 2 24
Vol4 6 0 10 0 1 0 9 2 28
Total(N) 26 5 57 16 7 8 74 26 220
n refers to the number of news in each climatic issue category.
N* refers to the total number of articles in a magazine.
N refers to the total number of articles on climatic issues appearing in 2 years and in each climatic
sub category as well
A= Global warming; B= Ozone layer depletion; C= Pollution; D= Plantation and deforestation;
E= Natural disasters; F= Endangered species: G=Ecological sustainability: H=Others

In a year wise analysis of Our Planet, Vol 1 of 2014 has maximum number of articles (N*=20)

then the other publications. The finding shows that maximum coverage was given to the ecological

sustainability (N=74) issue among all the eight categories and lowest coverage is given to ozone

layer depletion while sufficient coverage was given to pollution, which is promote by human

activities. The total number of stories appearing in Natura during the selected time frame (2014-

2015) is 135.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 72

Our Planet
40
35
30
25
20
33.6
15
25.9
10
5 11.8, 11.81
7.2
3.18 3.63
0
-5
Plantatio
Ozone Endanger Ecological
Global n and Natural
layer Pollution ed sustainab Others
warming deforesta disaster
depletion species ility
tion
Percentage of Articles 11.8 2.27 25.9 7.2 3.18 3.63 33.6 11.81

Percentage of Articles

Figure:3 Graphical representation of Wild life & Environment

The percentage of appearance of Global warming issue in Our Planet magazine is 11.8%(26) while

maximum coverage is given to the Ecological sustainability 33.6(74) which is related to articles

that can help in maintained and stability of ecosystem and how to reduce such factors that are

problematic and promoting climatic change . While the percentage of articles of endangered

species is 3.63%(8) which are at verge of extension because of climatic change. Then the

percentage of pollution related articles are 25.9%(57) and percentage of natural disasters which

are cause by climatic changes are 3.18%(7) while the minimum coverage is given to the ozone

layer depletion which is 2.27%(5).

Climatic Change and Mass Media 73

Table:4 Planet Earth

Year Sr.no A B C D E F G H Total

no of
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) Articles
(N*)
2014 Vol1 3 1 1 2 5 1 4 10 27
Vol2 5 0 2 0 6 2 2 13 30
Vol3 4 0 4 1 4 0 3 11 27
Vol4 3 0 3 1 2 4 9 8 30
2015 Vol1 5 0 2 0 2 3 1 11 24
Vol2 3 0 1 1 4 1 8 10 28
Vol3 5 0 1 0 3 4 4 6 23
Vol4 3 0 5 1 4 2 3 10 28
Total(N) 31 1 19 6 30 17 34 79 217
n refers to the number of news in each climatic issue category.
N* refers to the total number of articles in a magazine.
N refers to the total number of articles on climatic issues appearing in 2 years and in each climatic
sub category as well
A= Global warming; B= Ozone layer depletion; C= Pollution; D= Plantation and deforestation;
E= Natural disasters; F= Endangered species: G=Ecological sustainability: H=Others

In a year wise analysis of Planet Earth, Vol 2 and Vol 4 of 2014 has maximum number of articles

(N*=30) then the other publications. The finding shows that maximum coverage was given to the

others (N=79) which contain the articles that are irrelevant to climatic issues among all the eight

categories and lowest coverage is given to ozone layer depletion while sufficient coverage was

given to Ecological sustainability, in which method to reduce pollution and how to maintain and

enhance the sustainability of ecosystem is explained. The total number of stories appearing in

Planet Earth during the selected time frame (2014-2015) is 217.

Climatic Change and Mass Media 74

Planet Earth
45
40
35
30
25
20 36.7
15
10
14.28, 13.8 15.66
5 8.75 7.83
0 2.76
-5
-10
Plantatio Ecologica
Ozone Endanger
Global n and Natural l
layer Pollution ed Others
warming deforesta disaster sustainab
depletion species
tion ility
Percentage of Articles 14.28 0.46 8.75 2.76 13.8 7.83 15.66 36.7

Percentage of Articles

Figure 4: Graphical representation of Planet Earth

The percentage of appearance of Global warming issues in the Wildlife & Environment magazine

is 14.28%(31) while maximum coverage is given to the others 36.7%(79) which is related to

articles are not concerned with climatic change issues. While the percentage of articles of

endangered species is 7.83%(17) which are at verge of extension because of climatic change and

ecological sustainability is given 15.66%(34) coverage. Then the percentage of pollution related

articles are 8.75%(19) and percentage of natural disasters which are cause by climatic changes are

13.8%(30) while the minimum coverage is given to the ozone layer depletion which is 0.46%(1).
 Climatic Change and Mass Media 75

Table: 5 Frequency of climatic issues articles in all the four local and international
environmental magazines.

Magazine name A B C D E F G H Total

number of
articles((N*)
Natura 21 1 11 5 7 27 32 27 135
Wildlife & Environment 11 2 8 32 8 15 21 53 150
Our planet 26 5 57 16 7 8 74 74 220
Planet Earth 21 1 19 6 30 17 37 70 217
Total (N) 79 9 95 59 52 67 164 224 722
n refers to the number of news in each climatic issue category.
N* refers to the total number of articles in a magazine.
N refers to the total number of articles on climatic issues appearing in 2 years and in each climatic
sub category as well
A= Global warming; B= Ozone layer depletion; C= Pollution; D= Plantation and deforestation;
E= Natural disasters; F= Endangered species: G=Ecological sustainability: H=Others

Finding of the comparative analysis of all the four local and international environmental magazines

shows that total number of articles appear are 722 in which ecological sustainability (N164) has

given the maximum number of coverage among all the other climatic issues while minimum

coverage is given to the ozone layer depletion. Number of articles in the others is significantly

high which show that there are many other articles are covered by the magazines which are

irrelevant to climatic issues.

Climatic Change and Mass Media 76

Frequency of climatic issues in four local and international

magazines
40
35
30
25
20
15 31.02
10 22.71
5 10.94, 13.15
8.17 7.2 9.27
0
-5
Plantatio
Ozone Endanger Ecological
Global n and Natural
layer Pollution ed sustainab Others
warming deforesta disaster
depletion species ility
tion
Percentage of Articles 10.94 1.24 13.15 8.17 7.2 9.27 22.71 31.02

Percentage of Articles

Figure: 5 Graphical representation of all the four local and international environmental
magazines.

Maximum coverage among all the climatic issues article is given to ecological sustainability which

is 22.71% (164), which is necessary to control the pollution and human activities that are

contributing to climatic change while articles on pollution are 8.17%(95) which is caused by

emission of greenhouse gasses , again human activities are responsible for it. While global

warming which is the main issue of concern has 10.94%(79) and endangered species has 9.27(67)

articles. The lowest coverage is given to ozone layer depletion which is 1.24(9). Others have given

significantly high coverage, 31.02(224) in which there are irrelevant news regarding to climatic

issues.
 Climatic Change and Mass Media 77

5.2 THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF COVER STORIES

The findings of the cover pages revealed that frequency of ecological sustainability (8) is the

agenda of most of the magazines while the lowest coverage is given to natural disaster issue.

Sufficient coverage is given to the endangered species (6). Pollution and deforestation which are

somehow are the actual cause of climatic change rank on third (3) number and no coverage is

given to the ozone layer depletion issue (0).

Table: 6 Analysis of cover pages of magazines

Magazine name A B C D E F G H Total

number of
articles((N*)
Natura 1 0 1 0 0 3 1 2 8
Wildlife & Environment 0 0 0 4 0 2 1 1 8

Our planet 2 0 1 0 0 0 4 1 8
Planet Earth 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 8
Total (N) 3 0 3 5 1 6 8 6 32
n refers to the number of news in each climatic issue category.
N* refers to the total number of articles in a magazine.
N refers to the total number of articles on climatic issues appearing in 2 years and in each climatic sub
category as well
A= Global warming; B= Ozone layer depletion; C= Pollution; D= Plantation and deforestation; E=
Natural disasters; F= Endangered species: G=Ecological sustainability: H=Others

Further broadly the results indicated that out of 32 stories on cover pages ecological

sustainability ranks on first number 8(25%), because most of the articles were focused to have an

ecofriendly environment and control on the ways that are actual cause of climatic change.

Endangered species which rank on second number 6(18.75%) are given sufficient coverage as

they are at verge of extinction because of global warming. Pollution and global warming have

equal amount of coverage 3(9.38), while no coverage was given to ozone layer depletion (0).

While at the same time, 6(18.75%) were published on others.

Climatic Change and Mass Media 78

FRONT PAGE ANALYSIS

25
25
18.75 18.75
20
15.63
15
9.38, 9.38
10

5 3.13
0
0
Global Ozone Pollutio Plantati Natural Endang Ecologi Others
warmin layer n on and disaste ered cal
g depleti defores r species sustain
on tation ability
Percentage of Articles 9.38 0 9.38 15.63 3.13 18.75 25 18.75

Percentage of Articles

Figure: 6 Graphical representation of Front Page Analysis

5.2.1 Thematic analysis of front page of local magazines

Natura

Karakoram anomaly: With scientists that are finding their ways to deal with climatic change and

studying their effects and trying to come up with the new ideas for modern societies to adapt

themselves to global warming, it is remarkable to find that communities in Northern Pakistan that

have developed a symbiotic relationship with their environment. These are the communities that

are battling with climatic changes and modern world can learn lot of things from them. Water

management is absolutely crucial in this area. Ancient techniques on how to build and maintain

these canals have been improved. The idea’s that people survival is closely linked to the

environment’s wellbeing.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 79

Migratory birds- our winter visitors

The articles talk about the migratory birds are threatened in all parts of the world including

Pakistan. The International Waterbird Census (IWC) provide the status to conserve the water birds

as their population is decreasing and there is need to secure them. One of the real risk to tr flying

migratory birds is chasing as their fruitful chase is exceedingly respected. Cutting edge weapons

and enhanced openness have soured the issue. The report presumed that an aggregate of 16

debilitated and close undermined types of winged creatures having a place with 12 families and

eight requests were recorded in 50 unique destinations all over Pakistan. So as to secure long haul

preservation of transitory winged animal’s different partners ought to be tackled board to outline

fitting approaches.

Survival of the fittest?

Marine turtle are about to extinct because of climatic change. Changing climate lead to the mass

extinction of the different kind of species from our planet. In spite of the warning given, people do

not pay attention to this sensitive issue. Unfortunately marine title also find themselves at the

forefront of the battle against climatic change. They are already threatened by many other factors

including fishing or destruction of nesting beaches. Hot summers and cold winters coupled with

summer and winter monsoons in Pakistan can affect nesting temperature a great deal. The

prolonged incubation period in an indication of varying temperatures. Without any ecological

assessment and knowledge we cannot predict the capacity and the number to maintain ecosystem

health.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 80

The Myth of green marketing

The writer writes why we should implement green marketing in Pakistan. Marketing in Pakistan

has been restricted to conventional practices for time immemorial. The west has taken completely

different route. American manufacturers are demanding more for their manufacturers than ever

before. They wanted to know how a product is manufactured, what goes into production and if it

is environment friendly? In Pakistan’s case, green marketing has more context if the statistics are

considered. The pollution in Pakistan is 10 times higher than guidelines prescribed by the world

health organization (WHO). In the light of these facts one can ascertain that should be verbally

‘asking more from organizations’ that provide them with products of daily use that are eco-

friendly. The onus hence lies as consumer to propagate this idea and ask government lobbies to

push this effort, especially local players, to come up with products that have less impact on

environment. Only then can green marketing truly support our conservation efforts.

Catching butterflies: Why Butterfly Species are declining in Pakistan

Climate data of the past years shows that there is an abrupt increase in climatic change. Because

of this, it has affected the butterfly population of Pakistan. Precipitation of plants are decreased, as

a result of which, plants species are impacted, which in turn responsible of decrease in population

of butterflies. The decline in butterfly species population is an indication of ongoing global

environment crises. Climate data of the past 20 years shows a change in pattern. Precipitation has

decreased, impacting plant species which in turn are responsible for decreases in butterfly

population. There should be a dialogue between scientists and the public, biodiversity monitoring

surveys should be conducted, indigenous knowledge should be integrated in butterfly conservation

and anthropogenic stresses should be reduced.

Climatic Change and Mass Media 81

Green Zoning Lahore

The walled city in Lahore is getting a new lease of life by restoring archeological restoration and

social mobilization. This step is taken so that we may conserve our environment from pollution

and greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling of bricks and a proper drainage system is installed to

form structural foundation. Organizations such as Lahore Bachao Tehreek and trust for history art

and architecture in Punjab (THAAP) are currently engaged in work to learn from global best

practices and taking academic arguments into the practical working field to protect the oldest

landmarks in Lahore. The plan has been made to close the streets of old Delhi for all sorts of traffic

to reduce pollution.

Wildlife and environment

And no birds sing

Numerous bird species are at verge of extinction because of climatic change. Climatic change has

badly affected the species of birds. Loss of forestation and climatic change has badly effect the

species of birds. We are now descending into a loneliness that we are unable to comprehend. After

the massive deforestation at whatever point another lodging bequest is composed they planted

shrubs and intriguing species. Trees basically did not figure in the supposed advancement of this

current world. Thus, tress of the huge biomass that sequestered carbon to counteract an unnatural

weather change are no more.

Mangroves have enormous ecological, economic and aesthetic benefits

Mangroves are trees that breed in saline shore habitats in the tropics and subtropics. They have

innumerable ecological and economic benefits. The can minimize the effects of cyclones and

tsunamis and provide habitat to different birds species and are source of honey and charcoal. .
Climatic Change and Mass Media 82

Pakistan’s mangrove ecosystem is one of the largest found in an arid climate. Mangroves are

ecofriendly, so they should be planted more.

Earth day is Mothers’ Day

Spending a couple of hour with plants, giving water to them, filling them with soil and grow new

plants in garden; its mother day of earth. Celebrating it is not inappropriate at all. Who can compete

with our mother earth? Earth day always remind us to conserve our planet from pollution and

global warming. It is a reminder for the people to conserve water.

Tree plantation drive

The journey of social forestry circle Hyderabad, remain on the move in tree plantation drives.

Various organization planned to spring plantation campaign by planting lignum sapling at Rani

Bagd, Hyderabad. Students of different universities participated in the program as well.

5.2.3 Thematic analysis of front page of international magazines

Our planet

Time for Global Action

UNEP plans to start conservation program for the sustainability of ecosystem. Global warming is

not in hand, but pollution can be control. Human activities which are the actual cause of climatic

change, can help to obtain sustainability in the environment. Ecological wellbeing, nourishment

security and financial flourishing are the very quintessence of feasible advancement. Advancing

the utilization of such renewable sources as sun oriented power or twist in water pumping

frameworks could add to rationing ecological assets, and lessen their operational and upkeep costs.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 83

The reserve funds gathered could then be re-coordinated to stretch out administrations to unserved

populaces.

Climate for life

Secured territories, once considered as meager more than natural life asylums for vacationers, are

currently viewed as fundamental cradles in the middle of humankind and the effects of a portion

of the gravest dangers confronting us. The following 10 years guarantees to be the most difficult

and conceivably remunerating part of the tourism as we keep on galvanizing open and political

energy for a move to an economical type of advancement supported by a comprehensive green

economy. Secured territories, once considered as meager more than untamed life asylums for

sightseers, are currently viewed as basic supports amongst mankind and the effects of a portion of

the gravest dangers confronting us, the most eminent among them being environmental change,

alongside characteristic fiascos and sustenance insecurity. Essentially, protected areas are ensuring

us as much as they are securing the numerous declining creature and plant species that discover

place of refuge inside them.

Greening business

Greening business is essential to have sustainable and low carbon economy. Now many companies

are partners for change. There have been meetings on daily basis to discuss the issues on

environment. New technologies are being innovated to produce hybrid cars, therefore lowering the

risk of threshold for carbon. Given what we know is going on to our planet, there is a basic to

accomplish change through decoupling monetary development from expanding asset use and

ecological effects. The greening of business and the matter of greening can do much to realize it.

Global climate action

Climatic Change and Mass Media 84

This is ending up being the year in which the world not just chose that development must be

practical, evenhanded and low-carbon, however took vital steps towards the comprehensive, green

economy that can convey it. Religious pioneers approached the loyal to follow up on

environmental change and watch over the earth, while money related pioneers approached the

private part to perceive the dangers and the open doors close by. In June, the G7 pioneers swore

to eliminate fossil fills before the century's over. In September, 193 national pioneers received the

17 objectives of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and now they will close this notable

year by meeting up at COP21 in Paris to achieve concession to an arrangement to battle an Earth-

wide temperature boost.

Making Our Future Chemical-Safe

The role of chemical in our daily lives is increasing day by day. There are around 10,000 of

chemicals that are used in products. Chemical mismanagement leads to environmental issues. They

should be handled with care. Increase in industrialization cannot be apace, but we can learn from

our past mistakes of industrial revolution. The less we avoid chemical, the less there will be

pollution free environment. In the course of recent decades, some $ 40 billion has been spent on

tending to the harms from modern mishaps. Over the cost funds of these clean-ups, maintainable

ventures and sound chemicals administration strategies amplify the commitment of the chemicals

division to monetary advancement. This thusly makes ready for flourishing and prosperous green

economies.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 85

Healthy planet, healthy people

Sustainable Development Growth (SPGs) create the foundation of the new agenda that would aim

to build a bright future for mankind. UNEP along with WHO will make new initiatives that would

definitely help to improve the health of people.

Planet Earth

Ocean Acidification

Carbon dioxide (CO2) radiations are making seas acidifications (OA), which definitely sounds

horrendous. However the seas won't get the opportunity to be acidic, in the sentiment their pH

falling underneath seven, paying little mind to the way that we blast most of the wood, coal, gas

and oil on Earth. So what's the issue? The late years' work shows OA is a troublesome issue with

honest to goodness money related costs, and that marine life is currently impacted. This evidence

is stirring change as governments quit playing around about cutting releases. Placing assets into

investigation is completely defended, in spite of all the inconvenience – 'advised is forearmed'. We

understand that systems under less push are more grounded.

The future of tree health

Ancient mainstays of our forests, hedgerows and parklands are at danger from a surge of nuisances

and illnesses – yet another examination project is uniting specialists from numerous fields to

discover arrangements. Chalara fraxinea – the parasite behind slag dieback – was initially seen in

the UK in mid 2012 in a committal of trees from the Netherlands. It had effectively spread broadly,

and it's currently in all likelihood present all through quite a bit of Britain. A noteworthy

exploration system is helping us comprehend and control this forest disaster, and maybe even keep

the following one; in an undeniably globalized world, the stream of new nuisances and sicknesses
Climatic Change and Mass Media 86

is just liable to increment. Tom Marshall addressed a portion of the researchers working under the

Tree Health and Plant Biosecurity Initiative. .

Amphibians under threat

Frogs, creatures of land and water, newts and reptiles look like strong creatures and anyone

viewing a lake overflowing with frogspawn could be exonerated for hypothesis their future was

secure. Regardless, a couple rising diseases are striking the world's animals of area and water, as

a less than dependable rule with wrecking results. Regular birthing expert frogs have vanished

from a zone where in advance countless could be checked at a lone duplicating site. We are

working with the distinctive accomplices with the desire that we can develop a fruitful method

before this basic bit of Europe's biodiversity is reduced until the end of time.

Sustainable drainage

As the surges that struck Britain in mid-2014 made clear, overpowering precipitation can be

horrible news for homes, associations and the earth. Various UK waste structures are old and

partner with sewers, so overflowing storm can send sewage sluicing into diverts and over the long

haul into conduits, executing angle at the same time. On top of this ecological ruin, the sudden

beat of water routinely makes watercourses burst their banks downstream. This is all risky and

intemperate; surges in the wake of overpowering precipitation in 2007 left security net suppliers

going up against a normal £3.2 billion bill. The surges of mid 2014 obliterated basic base and

inundated no under 5,800 homes, at an ordinary repair cost of £30,000-£40,000. Our changing

environment is inclined to make such astounding atmosphere more customary, and we require

better strategies for adjusting. One is a game plan of methodologies known as Sustainable Drainage

Systems – SuDS.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 87

Chapter 6

Analysis and discussion

Presently with the passage of time there has been increase in the climatic issues locally and

globally. The finding of this study and magazines coverage of climatic issues revealed

exceptionally valuable results about the coverage given to the climatic related-issues in the local

and international environmental magazines.

The basic purpose of this study is to understand whether the local and international environmental

magazines are giving coverage to the climatic issues or not. Moreover the difference in coverage

of local and international environmental magazines is analyzed. The treatment of the climatic

issues was analyzed in the local and international environmental magazines of two years and

thematic analysis of cover pages is also analyzed.

It is important to note that this study is limited only the coverage of climatic issues appearing as

an articles in the local and international environmental magazines and no other issues in analyzed

in comparison with the environmental issues.

RQ1: Is climatic change is a dominating issue in the selected editions of magazines?

The coverage of climatic issues varies in all the four local and international environmental

magazines selected, Natura, Wildlife & Environment, Our Planet, The Earth selected for this

research. However if we analyzed the collective result of all the four magazines then total number

of articles appear in all the magazines are 722 in which the categories of others (224) are far more

higher in all the four local and international magazines than other categories. The second highest
Climatic Change and Mass Media 88

coverage is given to ecological sustainability of environment which is 22.71% (224) and the

minimum coverage is given to the ozone layer depletion issue 1.24% (9). Pollution 9.27 %( 95)

which is the actual cause of climatic change has given significant coverage is this regard. Then the

frequency of articles on global warming are 10.94 % (79), endangered species 9.27%(67)

plantation and deforestation are 8.17% (59) and on natural disasters are 7.2%(52).

RQ2: Which climatic issue is highlighted the most among all the five issues selected?

Regardless of the type of articles concerning the climatic issues for this research, it was found that articles

related to ecological sustainability which is 22.71% (164) is comparatively high as compared to

other news stories, which is necessary to control the pollution and human activities that are

contributing to climatic change while articles on pollution are 8.17%(95) which is caused by

emission of greenhouse gasses , again human activities are responsible for it. While global

warming which is the main issue of concern has 10.94%(79) and endangered species has 9.27(67)

articles. The lowest coverage is given to ozone layer depletion which is 1.24(9). Others have given

significantly high coverage, 31.02(224) in which there are irrelevant news regarding to climatic

issues.

H1: Issues covered regarding climatic change in international environmental magazines is

significantly different from local environmental magazines.

Issues covered on international environmental magazines is not so different as compared to local

environmental magazines. There will be the difference in number of articles in all the four

magazines. Natura and Wildlife & environment have total 134 and 150 articles in total respectively

out of which 77% (104) articles in natura and 64.66%(97) articles in wildlife and environment

were related to the climatic news stories. In contrast to international environmental magazines,
Climatic Change and Mass Media 89

our planet and Planet earth have total number of articles 220 and 217 respectively, excluding the

categories of others, total number of articles appear in our planet are 66%(146) and on Planet earth

are 67.7%(147) on climatic issues. Is we look at the percentages then Natura has highest number

of percentage regarding to the frequency of articles on climatic issues that is 77% while the

difference in other magazines like wildlife & environment 64.66%, Our Planet 66% and Planet

earth 67.7% which is not so high.

H2: Local environmental magazines considered pollution as the actual cause of climatic

change.

The analysis of coverage of pollution related news in all the four local and international

environmental analysis show that frequency of pollution related news in Local magazines of

Natura and wildlife & environment are 8.14% (11) and 5.33% (8) respectively. While the pollution

related news stories in international environmental magazines of Our Planet and planet earth are

25.90%(57) and 8.755% (19) respectively. The highest coverage in local magazines is given to

engendered species which is 20%(27) in natura while plantation and deforestation was the major

focus in wildlife & environment which is 21.33% (32).

In contrast to international environmental magazines, the major focus of news in our planet and

planet earth is ecological sustainability with a frequency of 33.63%(74) and 17.05%(37)

respectively.

So the hypothesis that local international magazines considered pollution as a cause of climatic

change is wrong. Their agenda is to focus on some other news stores like plantation and

deforestation and saving of endangered species. As compared to international environmental

Climatic Change and Mass Media 90

magazines there mere focus was on the sustainability of ecosystem. None of magazines focused

pollution as a major cause of climatic change.

6.1 Limitations of the study

This study has several limitations. This study cannot be applied to any other mass media like tv.

The magazines archives were downloaded from online archives. So the eminence of a story’s

display could not be determined. The time period selected for this research is limited and scope

kept confined to content analysis only. The influence of the coverage of climatic issues that

whether they are able to create awareness among the general masses or not, is not analyzed.
Climatic Change and Mass Media 91

Chapter 7

Conclusion

The study of local and international environmental magazines make this research significant and

interesting. In this research, the researcher has investigated the type and extent of coverage given

to the climatic issues in the four local and international environment magazine, Natura, wildlife &

environment, Our Planet and Planet Earth. Above research clearly demonstrate that significant

coverage given to climatic issues in all the four local and international magazines selected. There

is almost equal amount of coverage given to climatic issues in local and international

environmental magazines. It is supposed that the whole research will be quite helpful in

understanding that how all the local and international environmental magazines give coverage to

climatic issues and what is their theme behind the issue. Both local and international magazines

are giving adequate coverage to the issues but their articles were generalized, the main focus was

on sustainability of environment. . Undoubtly, more research is required at the level of news

framing and gatekeeping to investigate the elements which are taking part in the coverage of the

climatic issue or any other issue. Also, more research is needed to inquire the opinions of readers

towards the issue to conclude the effect of the magazine coverage of climatic issues on the readers.