DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL RUBY PARK

KOLKATA

STUDY MATERIAL
PHYSICS

CLASS XII

2019-20
 Page
Unit Units
No. name No

2
1 Electrostatics

2 Current Electricity

63
3 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating 105

4
Currents

109
5 Electromagnetic

Waves & Optics

132
Dual Nature of Matter
6
Atoms and Nuclei

154
7 Electronic Devices

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 UNIT–I & UNIT–II
ELECTROSTATICS AND CURRENT ELECTRICITY

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3
4
5
6
7
8
 VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
1. Draw schematically an equipotential surface of a uniform electrostatic field along x-axis.
Ans.

2. Sketch field lines due to (i) two equal positive charges near each other(ii) a dipole.
Ans.
+
+ –

3. Name the physical quantity whose SI unit is volt/meter. Is it a scalar or a vector quantity ?
Ans. Electric field intensity. It is a vector quantity.
4. Two point charges repel each other with a force F when placed in water of dielectric constant 81.
What will be the force between them when placed the same distance apart in air ?

Ans. r =  F0 = r Fm  F0 = 81 Fm

5. Electric dipole moment of CuSO4 molecule is 3.2 × 10–32 Cm. Find the separation between copper
and sulphate ions.

Ans. p = q(2a)  a = = 10–13

6. A charge q is placed at the centre of an imaginary spherical surface. What will be the electric flux
due to this charge through any half of the sphere.

Ans. =

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 7. Draw the electric field vs distance (from the centre) graph for (i) a long charged rod having
linear charge density  < 0 (ii) spherical shell of radius R and charge Q > 0.
Ans.

8. Diagrammatically represent the position of a dipole in (i) stable (ii) unstable equilibrium when
placed in a uniform electric field.
Ans.

9. A charge Q is distribution over a metal sphere of radius R. What is the electric field and
electric potential at the centre ? Ans. E = 0, V = kQ/R
Ans. Electric field inside conductor E = 0

E= = 0  V = Constant = =

10. If a body contains n1 electrons and n2 protons then what is the total charge on the body ?
Ans. Q = q1 + q2 + .... + qn. (Additive property of charge)
Q = (n2 – n1)e
11. What is the total positive or negative charge present in 1 molecule of water.
Ans. H2O has 10 electrons (2 of hydrogen and 8 of oxygen) Total charge = 10e
12. How does the energy of dipole change when it is rotated from unstable equilibrium to stable
equilibrium in a uniform electric field.
Ans. Work done = pE (cos 180° – cos 0°)
= – 2pE

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 i.e., energy decreases.

13. Write the ratio of electric field intensity due to a dipole at a point on the equatorial line to the
field at a point on the axial line, when the points are at the same distance from the centre of
dipole.

11
 2kp kp
Ans. Eaxial = 3 E =
r equatorial
r3

Eaxial = 2Eequatorial

12
14. Draw equipotential surface for a dipole.
Ans.

15. An uncharged conductor A placed on an insulating stand is brought near a

charged insulated conductor B. What happens to the charge and potential
of B ?
Ans. Total charge = 0 + q = q remains same.
P. D. decreases due to induced charge on A.
16. A point charge Q is placed at point O shown in Fig. Is the potential difference
VA – VB positive, negative or zero, if Q is (i) positive (ii) negative charge.

Ans. VA – VB > 0 for Q > 0 and VA – VB < 0 for Q < 0

As electric field lines are in the direction of decreasing potential.
17. An electron and proton are released from rest in a uniform electrostatic
field. Which of them will have larger acceleration ?

13
Ans. acceleration = , m p > me
ap < ae
18. In an uniform electric field of strength E, a charged particle Q moves point
A to point B in the direction of the field and back from B to A. Calculate
the ratio of the work done by the electric field in taking the charge particle
from A to B and from B to A.

Ans. =–1
W AB + W BA = 0
| W AB | = | – WBA |
19. If a dipole having charge ±2C is placed inside a sphere of radius 2 m, what
is the net flux linked with the sphere.

Ans. Net flux = = =0

20. Four charges + q, – q, + q, – q are placed as shown in the figure. What is

the work done in bringing a test charge from  to point 0.

OA = OB = OC = OD

Ans. V0 =
W = q × V0 = 0
21. Calculate electric flux linked with a sphere of radius 1m and charge of 1C
at its centre.
Ans. Electric flux linked with the sphare (closed surface)
e = q/e0 = V-m
22. If the metallic conductor shown in the figure is continuously charged from
which of the points A, B, C or D does the charge leak first. Justify.

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Ans. Charge leaks from A first as surface charge density () at A (sharp ends) is
more.
23. What is dielectric strength ? Write the value of dielectric strength of
air.
Ans. Maximum electric field which can be safely applied across a dielectric
before its break down is called dielectric strength.
Dielectric strength of air = 3 × 106 V/m.
24. Two charges – q and + q are located at points A (0, 0, – a) and B (0, 0, +
a). How much work is done in moving a test charge from point (b, 0, 0) to
Q (– b, 0, 0) ?

Ans. W =  Edr cos 90° = 0

 E along equitorial line of dipole is parallel to dipole, hence perpendi-
cular to displacement.
25. If an electron is accelerated by a Potential difference of 1 Volt, Calculate
the gain in energy in Joule and electron volt.
Ans. Gain in Energy = eV = 1.6 × 10–19 × 1 = 1.6 × 10–19 J
K = 1e × 1 volt = 1.6 × 10–19 C × 1 volt
1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J

= eV = 1eV.
26. Draw schematically the equipotential surface corresponding to a field
that uniformly increases in magnitude but remains in a constant (say z)
direction.
Ans.

E increases therefore, equipotential surface are closer i.e., d1 > d2.

27. Figure shows six charged lumps of plastic coin. The cross-section of a
Guassian surface S is indicated. What is the net electric flux through the
surface ?

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 S

Ans. = .

28. Without referring to the formula C = 0 A/d. Explain why the capacitance
of a parallel plate capacitor reduces on increasing the separation between
the plates ?
Ans. P. D. = V = E × d
‘d’ increases hence V increases.

as C =  C decreases.

29. Draw field lines to show the position of null point for two charges + Q 1
and – Q2 when magnitude of Q1 > Q2 and mark the position of null point.

Q2
+Q –
1 N

Ans. |Q1| > |Q2 |, N is the neutral point.

30. How does the relaxation time of electron in the conductor change when
temperature of the conductor decreases.
Ans. When temperature of the conductor decreases, ionic vibration in the
conductor decreases so relaxation time increases.
31. Sketch a graph showing variation of resistivity with temperature of (i)
Copper (ii) Carbon.

16
Ans.

32. The emf of the driver cell (Auxiliarybattery) in the potentiometer experiment
should be greater than emf of the cell to be determined. Why ?
Ans. If emf of a driver cell is less, then null point will not be obtained on the
potentiometer wire.
33. You are required to select a carbon resistor of resistance 47k + 10% from
a large collection. What should be the sequence of color bands used to code
it ?
Ans. Yellow, Violet, Orange, Silver.
34. Find the value of i in the given circuit :

Ans. On applying Kirchoff current law on junction A, B, C and D, encircled

current will flow, then finally at junction A
2+3=I+4
so, I = + 1A

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35. You are given three constants wires P , Q and R of length and area of
cross-section (L, A), respectively. Which has highest

resistance ?

l lm c Ac
c c m
A A A

Ans. RP =

RQ = RR =  RQ = 4RP, RR =

Q has the highest resistance,

36. V – I graph for a metallic wire at two different temperatures T1 and T2
is as shown in the figure. Which of the two temperatures is higher and
why ?

Ans. Slope of T1 is large, so T1 represents higher temperature as resistance

increases with temperature for a conductor

R= = slope.

37. Out of V – I graph for parallel and series combination of two metallic
resistors, which one represents parallel combination of resistors ? Justify
your answer.

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Ans. The resistance for parallel combination in lesser than for series combination
for a given set of resistors. Hence B represents parallel combination sinc

is more. Hence Resistance = is less.

38. Why is the potentiometer preferred to a voltmeter for measuring emf of a
cell ?
Ans. Emf measured by the potentiometer is more accurate because the cell is in
open circuit giving no current.
39. How can a given 4 wires potentiometer be made more sensitive ?
Ans. By connecting a resistance in series with the potentiometer wire in the
primary circuit, the potential drop across the wire is reduced.
40. Why is copper not used for making potentiometer wires ?
Ans. Copper has high temperature coefficient of resistance and hence not
preferred.
41. In the figure, what is the potential difference between A and B?

Ans. VA – VB = – 8 volt.
42. A copper wire of resistance R is uniformally stretched till its length is
increased to n times its original length. What will be its new resistance ?
Ans. R = n2R

R  = = n2R

43. Two resistance 5 and 7 are joined as shown to two batteries of emf
2V and 3V. If the 3V battery is short circuited. What will be the current
through 5

Ans. I =

44. Calculate the equivalent resistance between points A and B in the figure
given below.

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Ans. We obtain using wheatstone bridge balencing condition.

45. What is the largest voltage that can be safely put across a resistor marked
196, 1W ?

Ans. P = = P R = 1 × 196 = 196

V = 14 Volt.
46. When does the terminal voltage of a cell become (i) greater than its emf
(ii) less than its emf ?
Ans. (i) When the cell is being charged terminal potential difference (V) becomes
greater than emf (E), V = E + Ir
(ii) When the cell is discharged, then V < E
V=E–Ir
47. A car battery is of 12V. Eight dry cells of 1.5 V connected in series also
give 12V, but such a combination is not used to start a car. Why ?
Ans. Dry cell used in series will have high resistance (= 10) and hence provide
low current, while a car battery has low internal resistance (0. 1) and hence
gives high current for the same emf, needed to start the car.
48. Two electric lamps A and B marked 220 V, 100W and 220V, 60W
respectively. Which of the two lamps has higher resistance ?

Ans. As R = lamp has higher resistance.

49. Resistors of high value are made up of carbon. Why ?

Ans. High resistivity and low temperature Coefficient of resistance

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50. A metal rod of square cross-section area A having length l has current I
flowing through it, when a potential difference of V volt is applied across
its ends (figure I). Now the rod is cut parallel to its length in two Identical
pieces and joined as shown in (figure-II). What potential difference must
be maintained across the length 2l so that the current in the rod is still
remains I ?

Ans. R1 =

R2 = = 4R1

I= =

V V2
=
R1 4R1
V2 = 4V
51. (a) Define torque acting on a dipole moment Placed in a uniform electric
field Express it in the vector form and point out the direction along
which it acts.
(b) What happens if the electric field is non-uniform ?
(c) What would happen if the external field is increasing (i) Parallel to
(ii) anti-parallel to ?
52. State the condition under which the terminal potential difference across a
battery and its emf are equal.
Ans. When battery is in open circuit i.e. when no current is being drawn from
the cell. Vopen = emf of cell or battery
53. State the condition for maximum current to be drawn from a cell.

Ans. I = for I maximum R = 0 i.e., for maximum current the terminals of

a cell must be short circuited.

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SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
1. An oil drop of mass m carrying charge – Q is to be held stationary in the
gravitational field of the earth. What is the magnitude and direction of the
electrostatic field required for this purpose ? Ans.E = mg/Q, downward
2. Draw E and V versus r on the same graph for a point charge.
3. Find position around dipole at which electric potential due to dipole is zero
but has non zero electric field intensity. 
1 p
Ans. Equitorial position, V = 0, E = (a <<r)
3
4 0 r

4. Derive an expression for the work done in rotating an electric dipole

from its equilibrium position to an angle  with the uniform electrostatic
field.
5. A electrostatic field line can not be discontinuous.Why ?
6. Athin long conductor has linear charge density of 20 C/m. Calculate the
electric field intensity at a point 5 cm from it. Draw a graph to show variation
of electric field intensity with distance from the conductor.
Ans. 72 × 105 N/C
7. What is the ratio of electric field intensity at a point on the equatorial line
to the field at a point on axial line when the points are at the same distance
from the centre of the dipole ? Ans. 1 : 2
8. Show that the electric field intensity at a point can be given as negative of
potential gradient.
9. A charged metallic sphere A having charge qA is brought in contact with an
uncharged metallic sphere of same radius and then separated by a distance

d. What is the electrostatic force between them. Ans.

10. An electron and a proton travel through equal distances in the same uniform
electric field E. Compare their time of travel. (Neglect gravity)
11. Two point charges – q and + q are placed 2l metre apart, as shown in Fig.
Give the direction of electric field at points A, B, C and D, A is mid point
between charges – q and + q.

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 D

B –q A +q C
2l

12. The electric potential V at any point in space is given V = 20x3 volt, where
x is in meter. Calculate the electric intensity at point P (1, 0, 2).
Ans. 60 NC–1
13. Justify why two equipotential surfaces cannot intersect.
14. Find equivalent capacitance between A and B in the combination given
below : each capacitor is of 2 F. Ans. 6/7 F

15. What is the electric field at O in Figures (i), (ii) and (iii), ABCD is a square
of side r.

2q 4q
Ans. (i) Zero, (ii) (iii)
40r 2 40
16. What should be the charge on a sphere of radius 4 cm, so that when it is
brought in contact with another sphere of radius 2 cm carrying charge of
10 C, there is no transfer of charge from one sphere to other ?
Ans. Va = Vb, Q = 20C.
17. For an isolated parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C and potential
difference V, what will be change in (i) charge on the plates (ii) potential
difference across the plates (iii) electric field between the plates (iv)
energy stored in the capacitor, when the distance between the plates is
increased ?

23
Ans. (i) No change (ii) increases (iii) No change (iv) increases.
18. Does the maximum charge given to a metallic sphere of radius R depend
on whether it is hollow or solid ? Give reason for your answer.
Ans. No, charge resides on the surface of conductor.
19. Two charges Q1 and Q2 are separated by distance r. Under what conditions
will the electric field be zero on the line joining them (i) between the charges
(ii) outside the charge ?
Ans. (i) Charge are alike (ii) Unlike charges of unequal magnitude.
20. Obtain an expression for the electric field due to electric dipole at any point
on the equatorial line.
21. The electric field component in the figure are
Calculate the electric flux through, (1, 2, 3) the square surfaces of side
5 m.

22. Calculate the work required to separate two charges 5c and – 2cplaced
at (– 3 cm, 0, 0) and (+ 3 cm, 0, 0) infinitely away from each other.
Ans. 1.5 J
23. What is electric field between the plates with the separation of 2 cm and (i)
with air (ii) dielectric medium of dielectric constant K. Electric potential
of each plate is marked in the following figure.
150 V

(i) – 50 V Ans. E0 = 104 NC–1, E =

24. A RAM (Random access Memory) chip a storage device like parallel plate
capacitor has a capacity of 55pF. If the capacitor is charged to 5.3V, how
may excess electrons are on its negative plate ? Ans. 1.8 × 109
25. The figure shows the Q (charge) versus V (potential) graph for a combination
of two capacitors. identify the graph representing the parallel combination

24
 Ans. A represents parallel combination
26. Calculate the work done in taking a charge of 1 C in a uniform electric
field of 10 N/C from B to C given AB = 5 cm along the field and AC = 10
cm perpendicular to electric field.

Ans. WAB = WBC = 50 × 10–8 J. WAC = 0J

27. Two charges – q and + q are located at points A (0, 0, – a) and B (0, 0, + a)
respectively. How much work is done in moving a test charge from point
P (7, 0, 0) to Q (– 3, 0, 0) ? (zero)
28. The potential at a point A is – 500 V and that at another point B is + 500 V.
What is the work done by external agent to take 2 units (S.I.) of negative
charge from B to A. WBA = 2000 J
29. How does the (i) Potential energy of mutual interaction (ii) net electrostatic
P.E. of two charges change when they are placed in an external electric field.
30. With the help of an example, show that Farad is a very large unit of
capacitance.
31. What is meant by dielectric polarisation ? Why does the electric field inside
a dielectric decreases when it in placed in an external field ?
32. In charging a capacitor of capacitance C by a source of emf V, energy
supplied by the sources QV and the energy stored in the capacitor is ½QV.
Justify the difference.
33. An electric dipole of dipole moment p, is held perpendicular to anelectric
field; (i) p = E0 i (i) E = E0 × i. If the dipole is released does it have (a)

25
 only rotational motion (b) only translatory motion (c) both translatory and
rotatory motion explain?
34. The net charge of a system is zero. Will the electric field intensity due to
this system also be zero.
35. Apoint charge Q is kept at the intersection of (i) face diagonals (ii) diagonals
of a cube of side a. What is the electric flux linked with the cube in (i) &
(ii) ?
36. There are two large parallel metallic plates S1 and S2 carrying surface charge
densities 1 and 2 respectively (1 > 2) placed at a distance d apart in
vacuum. Find the work done by the electric field in moving a point charge
q a distance a (a < d) from S1 and S2 along a line making an angle /4 with
the normal to the plates.
37. Define mobility of electron in a conductor. How does electron mobility
change when (i) temperature of conductor is decreased (ii) Applied potential
difference is doubled at constant temperature ?
38. On what factor does potential gradient of a potentiometer wire depend ?
39. What are superconductors ? Give one of their applications.
40. Two copper wires with their lengths in the ratio 1 : 2 and resistances in
the ratio 1 : 2 are connected (i) in series (ii) in parallel with a battery.
What will be the ratio of drift velocities of free electrons in two wires in (i)
and (ii) ? Ans. (1 : 1, 2 : 1)
41. The current through a wire depends on time as i = i0 + at where i0 = 4A and
a = 2As–1. Find the charge crossing a section of wire in 10 seconds.
42. Three identical resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected to a battery as shown
in the figure.What will be the ratio of voltages across R1 and R2. Support
your answer with calculations. (2 : 1)
E

R2

R1
R3
43. In the arrangement of resistors shown, what fraction of current I will pass
through 5 resistor ?

26
 5

10
44. A100W and a 200 W domestic bulbs joined in series are connected to the
mains. Which bulb will glow more brightly ? Justify. (100W)
45. A 100W and a 200 W domestic bulbs joined in parallel are connected to
the mains. Which bulb will glow more brightly ? Justify. (200W)
46. A battery has an emf of 12V and an internal resistance of 2. Calculate
the potential difference between the terminal of cell if (a) current is drawn
from the battery (b) battery is charged by an external source.
47. A uniform wire of resistance R ohm is bent into a circular loop as shown
in the figure. Compute effective resistance between diametrically opposite
points A and B. [Ans. R/4]

48. In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25V gives a balance point

at 35 cm length of the wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell, then the
balance point shifts to 63 cm. What is the emf of the second cell ?
[Ans. 2.25V]
49. In a meter bridge, the balance point is found to be 39.5 cm from end A. The
known resistance Y is 12.5. Determine unknown resistance X.
[Ans. 8. 16]

50. A meterbridge is in balance condition. Now if galvanometer and cell are

interchanged, the galvanometer shows no deflection. Give reason.
[Ans. Galvanometer will show no deflection. Proportionality of the arms
are retained as the galvanometer and cell are interchanged.]

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51. If the emf of the driving cell be decreased. What will be effect on the position
of zero deflection in a potentiometer.
52. Why should the area of cross section of the meter bridge wire be uniform
? Explain.
53. Given any two limitations of Ohm’s law.
54. Which one of the two, an ammeter or a milliammeter has a higher resistance
and why ?
55. Name two factors on which the resistivity of a given material depends ? A
carbon resistor has a value of 62k with a tolerance of 5%. Give the colour
code for the resistor.
56. If the electron drift speed is so small (~ 10–3 m/s) and the electron’s
charge is very small, how can we still obtain a large amount of current in
a conductor.
57. Abattery of emf 2.0 volts and internal resistance 0.1 is being charged with
a current of 5.0 A. What is the potential difference between the terminals
of the battery ?
A B
5A 2.0V 0.1
58. Why should the jockey be not rubbed against potentiometer wire ?
59. What is meant by the sensitivity of a potentiometer of any given length ?
60. Five identical cells, each of emf E and internal resistance r, are connected
in series to form (a) an open (b) closed circuit. If an ideal voltmeter is
connected across three cells, what will be its reading ?
[Ans. (a) 3E; (b) zero]
61. An electron in a hydrogen atom is considered to be revolving around a

proton with a velocity in a circular orbit of radius If I is the

equivalent current, express it in terms of m, e, n

62. In the given circuit, with steady current, calculate the potential drop across
the capacitor in terms of V.

28
63. A cell of e.m.f. ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ is connected across a variable
resistor ‘R’. Plot a graph showing the variation of terminal potential ‘V’
with resistance ‘R’. Predict from the graph the condition under which ‘V’
becomes equal to ‘E’.
64. Winding of rheostat wire are quite close to each other why do not they get
short circuted ?
Ans. The wire has a coating of insulating oxide over it which insulate the
winding from each other.
65. Why is it necessary to obtain the balance point in the middle of bridge wire
? Explain.
66. What are the possible cause of one side deflection in Galvanometer while
performing potentiometer experiment ?
Ans. (i) Either +ve terminals of all the cells are not connected to same end
of potentiometer.
or
(ii) The total potential drop across wire is less than the emf to be measured.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

1. Define electrostatic potential and its unit. Obtain expression for electrostatic
potential at a point P in the field due to a point charge.
2. Calculate the electrostatic potential energy for a system of three point
charges placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side ‘a’.
3. What is polarization of charge ? With the help of a diagram show why
the electric field between the plates of capacitor reduces on introducing a
dielectric slab. Define dielectric constant on the basis of these fields.
4. Using Gauss’s theorem in electrostatics, deduce an expression for electric
field intensity due to a charged spherical shell at a point (i) inside (ii) on

29
 its surface (iii) outside it. Graphically show the variation of electric field
intensity with distance from the centre of shell.
5. Three capacitors are connected first in series and then in parallel. Findthe
equivalent capacitance for each type of combination.
6. A charge Q is distributed over two concentric hollow sphere of radii r
and R (R > r), such that their surface density of charges are equal. Find
Potential at the common centre.
7. Derive an expression for the energy density of a parallel plate capacitor.
8. You are given an air filled parallel plate capacitor. Two slabs ofdielectric
constants K1 and K2 having been filled in between the two plates of the
capacitor as shown in Fig. What will be the capacitance of the capacitor of
initial area was A distance between plates d ?

Ans. C1 = (K1 + K2)C0

C2 =

9. In the figure shown, calculate the total flux of the electrostatic field through
the sphere S1 and S2. The wire AB shown of length l has a liner charge
density  given  = kx where x is the distance measured along the wire
from end A.

l l 
kl 2
Ans. Total charge on wire AB = Q =  dx   k x dx  2
o o

By Gauss’s theorem.

30
 Total flux through S1 =

Total flux through S2 =

10. Explain why charge given to a hollow conductor is transferred immediately

to outer surface of the conductor.
11. Derive an expression for total work done in rotating an electric dipole
through an angle  in an uniform electric field. Hence calculate the potential
energy of the dipole.
12. Define electric flux. Write its SI unit. An electric flux of f units passes
normally through a spherical Gaussian surface of radius r, due to point
charge placed at the centre.
(1) What is the charge enclosed by Gaussian surface ?
(2) If radius of Gaussian surface is doubled, what will be the flux
through it ?
13. A conducting slab of thickness ‘t’ is introduced between the plates of
a parallel plate capacitor, separated by a distance d (t < d). Derive an
expression for the capacitance of the capacitor. What will be its capacitance
when t = d ?
14. If a dielectric slab is introduced between the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor after the battery is disconnected, then how do the following
quantities change.
(i) Charge
(ii) Potential
(iii) Capacitance
(iv) Energy.
15. What is an equipotential surface ? Write three properties Sketch equipotential
surfaces of
(i) Isolated point charge
(ii) Uniform electric field
(iii) Dipole
16. If charge Q is given to a parallel plate capacitor and E is the electric field
between the plates of the capacitor the force on each plate is 1/2 QE and

31
 if charge Q is placed between the plates experiences a force equal to QE.
Give reason to explain the above.
17. Two metal spheres A and B of radius r and 2r whose centres are separated
by a distance of 6r are given charge Q, are at potential V1 and V2. Find the
ratio of V1/V2. These spheres are connected to each other with the help of
a connecting wire keeping the separation unchanged, what is the amount
of charge that will flow through the wire ?

18. Define specific resistance. Write its SI unit. Derive an expression for
resistivity of a wire in terms of its material’s parameters, number density
of free electrons and relaxation time.
19. A potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length L and
diameter D. How are the electric field E and the resistance R of the conductor
affected when (i) V is halved (ii) L is halved (iii) D is doubled. Justify your
answer.
20. Define drift velocity. A conductor of length L is connected to a dc source of
emf E. If the length of conductor is tripled by stretching it, keeping E constant,
explain how do the following factors would vary in the conductor ?
(i) Drift speed of electrons (ii) Resistance and (iii) Resistivity
21. Define potential gradient. How can potential gradient of a potentiometers
be determined experimentally. In the graph shown here, a plot of potential
drop versus length of the potentiometer is made for two potentiometers.
Which is more sensitive – A or B ?

32
22. Define conductivity of a substance. Give its SI units. How does it vary
with temperature for (i) Copper (ii) Silicon ?
23. Two cells of emf E1 and E2 having internal resistance r1 and r2 are connected
in parallel. Calculate Eeq and req for the combination.
24. The graph A and B shows how the current varies wiht applied potential
difference across a filament lamp and nichrome wire respectively. Using
the graph, find the ratio of the values of the resistance of filament lamp to
the nichrome wire
(i) when potential difference across them is 12 V.

(ii) when potential difference across them is 4V. Give reason for the change
in ratio of resistance in (i) and (ii).
25. Electron drift speed is estimated to be only a few mm/s for currents in the
range of few amperes ? How then is current established almost the instant
a circuit is closed.
26. Give three differences between e.m.f. and terminal potential difference of
a cell.
27. Define the terms resistivity and conductivity and state their S. I. units.
Draw a graph showing the variation of resistivity with temperature for a
typical semiconductor.
28. The current flowing through a conductor is 2mA at 50V and 3mA at 60V.
Is it an ohmic or non-ohmic conductor ? Give reason.
29. Nichrome and copper wires of same length and area of cross section are
connected in series, current is passed through them why does the nichrome
wire get heated first ?

33
30. Under what conditions is the heat produced in an electric circuit :
(i) directly proportional
(ii) inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
1. Two charged capacitors are connected by a conducting wire. Calculate
common potential of capacitors (ii) ratio of their charges at common
potential. Show that energy is lost in this process.
2. Derive an expression for the strength of electric field intensity at a point on
the axis of a uniformly charged circular coil of radius R carrying charge Q.
3. Derive an expression for potential at any point distant r from the centre O
of dipole making an angle θ with the dipole.
4. Suppose that three points are set at equal distance r = 90 cm from the
centre of a dipole, point A and B are on either side of the dipole on the axis
(A closer to +ve charge and B closer to negative charge) point C which is
on the perpendicular bisector through the line joining the charges. What
would be the electric potential due to the dipole of dipole moment 3.6 ×
10 19 Cm at points A, B and C ?
5. Derive an expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with
dielectric slab of thickness t(t < d) between the plates separated by distance
d. How would the following (i) energy (ii) charge, (iii) potential be affected
(a) if dielectric slab is introduced with battery disconnected, (b) dielectric
slab is introduced after the battery is connected.
6. Derive an expression for torque experienced by dipole placed in uniform
electric field. Hence define electric dipole moment.
7. State Gauss’s theorem. Derive an expression for the electric field due to
a charged plane sheet. Find the potential difference between the plates of
a parallel plate capacitor having surface density of charge 5 × 10 –8 Cm–2
with the separation between plates being 4 mm.
8. Define current density. Give its SI unit. Whether it is vector or scalar ?
How does it vary when (i) potential difference across wire increases (ii)
length of wire increases (iii) temperature of wire increases (iv) Area of
cross-section of wire increases justify your answer.

34
 9. Using Gauss’s theorem obtain an expression for electric field intensity
due to a plane sheet of charge. Hence obtain expression for electric field
intensity in a parallel plate capacitor.
10. Write any four important results regarding electro statics of conductors.
11. State Kirchhoffs’s rules for electrical networks. Use them to explain the
principle of Wheatstone bridge for determining an unknown resistance.
How is it realized in actual practice in the laboratory ? Write the formula
used.
12. Define emf and terminal potential difference of a cell. When is the terminal
charging potential difference greater than emf ? Explain how emf and
terminal potential difference can be compared using a potentiometer and
hence determine internal resistance of the cell.
13. For three cells of emf E1, E2 and E3 with internal resistance r1, r2, r3
respectively connected in parallel, obtain an expression for net internal
resistance and effective current. What would be the maximum current
possible if the emf of each cell is E and internal resistance is r each ?
14. Derive an expression for drift velocity of the electron in conductor. Hence
deduce ohm’s law.
15. State the principle of potentiometer. How can it be used to :
(i) Compare e.m.f. of two cells
(ii) Measure internal resistance of a cell ?
16. Explain how does the conductivity of a :
(i) Metallic conductor
(ii) Semi conductor and
(iii) Insulator varies with the rise of temperature.
17. Derive expression for equivalent e.m.f. and equivalent resistance of a :
(a) Series combination
(b) Parallel combination
of three cells with e.m.f. E1, E2, E3 & internal resistances r1, r2, r3
respectively.

35
18. Deduce the condition for balance in a Wheatstone bridge. Using the
principle of Wheatstone bridge, describe the method to determine the
specific resistance of a wire in the laboratory. Draw the circuit diagram and
write the formula used. Write any two important precautions you would
observe while performing the experiment.

NUMERICALS
1. What should be the position of charge q = 5C for it to be in equilibrium on
the line joining two charges q1 = – 4 C and q2 = 16 C separated by 9 cm.
Will the position change for any other value of charge q ? (9 cm from – 4
C)
2. Two point charges 4e and e each, at a separation r in air, exert force of
magnitude F. They are immersed in a medium of dielectric constant 16.
What should be the separation between the charges so that the force between
them remains unchanged. (1/4 the original separation)
3. Two capacitors of capacitance 10 µF and 20 µF are connected in series
with a 6V battery. If E is the energy stored in 20 µF capacitor what will be
the total energy supplied by the battery in terms of E. (6E)
4. Two point charges 6 µC and 2 µC are separated by 3 cm in free space.
Calculate the work done in separating them to infinity. (3. 6 joule)
5. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 10 cm. D is the mid point of BC
charge 100 µC,– 100µC and 75 µC are placed at B, C and D respectively.
What is the force experienced by a 1 µC positive charge placed at A ?

6. A point charge of 2 µC is kept fixed at the origin. Another point charge of

4 µC is brought from a far point to a distance of 50 cm from origin. (a) Cal-
culate the electrostatic potential energy of the two charge system. Another
charge of 11 µC is brought to a point 100 cm from each of the two charges.
What is the work done ? (a) 144 × 10–3 J
7. A 5 MeV α particle is projected towards a stationary nucleus of atomic
number 40. Calculate distance of closest approach. (1.1 × 10–4 m)

36
 8. To what potential must a insulated sphere of radius 10 cm be charged so
that the surface density of charge is equal to 1 µC/m2. (1.13 × 104V)
9. A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as the plates
of parallel plate capacitor but its thickness is where d is separation
between plates, How does the capacitance change when the slab is inserted
between the plates ?
10. A point charge developes an electric field of 40 N/C and a potential
difference of 10 J/C at a point. Calculate the magnitude of the charge and
the distance from the point charge. (2.9 × 10–10 C, 25 cm)
11. Figure shows three circuits, each consisting of a switch and two capacitors
initially charged as indicated. After the switch has been closed, in which
circuit (if any) will the charges on the left hand capacitor (i) increase (ii)
decrease (iii) remain same ?

(1 remains unchanged, 2 increases, 3 decreases).

12. For what value of C does the equivalent capacitance between A and B is
1µF in the given circuit.

All capacitance given in micro farad Ans. 2 µF

13. A pendulum bob of mass 80 mg and carrying charge of 3 × 10 –8 C is
placed in an horizontal electric field. It comes to equilibrium position at an
angle of 37° with the vertical. Calculate the intensity of electric field. (g =
10m/s2) (2 × 104 N/C)
14. Eight charged water droplets each of radius 1 mm and charge 10 × 10–10 C
coalesce to form a single drop. Calculate the potential of the bigger drop.
(3600 V)

37
15. What potential difference must be applied to produce an electric field that
can accelerate an electron to 1/10 of velocity of light. (2.6 × 10 3 V)
16. A 10 F capacitor can withstand a maximum voltage of 100 V across it,
whereas another 20 F capacitor can withstand a maximum voltage of
only 25 V. What is the maximum voltage that can be put across their series
combination ?
17. Three concentric spherical metallic shells A < B < C of radii a, b, c
(a < b < c) have surface densities , –  and  respectively. Find the potential
of three shells A, B and C (ii). If shells A and C are at the same potential
obtain relation between a, b, c.
18. Four point charges are placed at the corners of the square of edge a as shown
in the figure. Find the work done in disassembling the system ofcharges.

19. Find the potential at A and C in the following circuit :

20. Two capacitors A and B with capacitances 3 F and 2 F are charged

100 V and 180 V respectively. The capapitors are connected as shown in the
diagram with the uncharged capacitor C. Calculate the (i) final charge on
the three capacitors (ii) amount of electrostatic energy stored in the system
before and after the completion of the circuit.

38
21. Fig. shows two parallel plate capacitors X and Y having same area of plates
and same separation between them : X has air while Y has dielectric of
constant 4 as medium between plates

(a) calculate capacitance of each capacitor, if equivalent capacitance of

combination is 4F (b) calculate potential difference between plate X and
Y (c) what is the ratio of electrostatic energy stored in X & Y.
Ans. (a) 5F, 20F, (b) 9.6V, 2.4V (c) 4
22.

In the following arrangement of capacitors, the energy stored in the 6F

capacitor is E.
Find :
(i) Energy stored in 12 F capacitors.
(ii) Energy stored in 3F capacitor.
(iii) Total energy drawn from the battery.

Ans. (i) E = = = 3 × 10–6 V2

V2 =

39
 Energy stored in 12F capacitor =

= 2E
(ii) Charge on 6F capacitor
Q1 =
=
Charge on 12F capacitor
Q2 =
=
=
Charge on 3F capacitor Q = Q1 + Q2
=
Energy stored in 3F capacitor

= =

= 18E
(ii)
Capacitance of parallel combination = 18F
Charge on parallel combination Q = CV
= 18 × 10–6 V
Charge on 3F = Q = 3 × 10–6 V1
18 × 10–6 V = 3 × 10–6 V1
V1 = 6V

Energy stored in 3F capacitor =

= 18E
(iii) Total eEnergy drawn = E + 2E + 18E = 21E
23. The charge passing through a conductor is a function of time and is given as
q = 2t2 – 4t + 3 milli coulomb. Calculate (i) current through the conductor (ii)

40
 potential difference across it at t = 4 second. Given resistance of conductor
is 4 ohm. Ans. I = 12A, V = 48 V
24. The resistance of a platinum wire at a point 0°C is 5.00 ohm and its resistance
at steam point is 5.40. When the wire is immersed in a hot oil bath, the
resistance becomes 5.80. Calculate the temperature of the oil bath and
temperature coefficient of resistance of platinum.
Ans. a = 0.004°C; T = 200°C
25. Three identical cells, each of emf 2V and internal resistance 0.2 ohm, are
connected in series to an external resistor of 7.4 ohm. Calculate the current
in the circuit and the terminal potential difference across an equivalent.
Ans. I = 0.75; V = 5.55 V
26. Calculate the equivalent resistance and current shown by the ammeter in
the circuit diagram given. Ans. R = 2Ω ; I = 5A

27. A storage battery of emf 12V and internal resistance of 1.5Ω is being
charged by a 12V supply. How much resistance is to be put in series for
charging the battery safely, by maintaining a constant charging current of
6A. Ans. R = 16.5 Ω
28. Three cells are connected in parallel, with their like poles connected
together, with wires of negligible resistance. If the emf of the cell are 2V,
1V and 4V and if their internal resistance are 4Ω, 3Ω and 2 Ω respectively,

find the current through each cell.

29. A 16 ohm resistance wire is bent to form a square. A source of emf 9 volt is
connected across one of its sides. Calculate the potential differenceacross
any one of its diagonals. Ans. 1V

41
30. A length of uniform ‘heating wire’ made of nichrome has a resistance 72
Ω. At what rate is the energy dissipated if a potential difference of 120V is
applied across (a) full length of wire (b) half the length of wire (wire is cut
into two). Why is it not advisable to use the half length of wire ?
Ans. (a) 200W, (b) 400W, 400W >> 200W but since current becomes large
so it is not advisable to use half the length
31. With a certain unknown resistance X in the left gap and a resistance of 8Ω
in the right gap, null point is obtained on the metre bridge wire. On putting
another 8Ω in parallel with 8Ω resistance in the right gap, the null point is
found to shift by 15 cm. Find the value of X from these observations.
Ans. 8/3 Ω
32. Figure show a potentiometer circuit for comparison of two resistances.
The balance point with a standard resistance R = 10Ω is found to be 160
cm. While that with the unknown resistance X is 134.4 cm. Determine the
value of X. [Ans. 2 Ω]

33. In a potentiometer, a standard cell of emf 5Vof negligible internal resistance

maintains a steady current through Potentiometer wire of length 5m. Two
primary cells of emf E1 and E2 are joined in series with (i) same polarity
(ii) opposite polarity. The balancing point are found at length 350 cm and
50 cm in two cases respectively.
(i) Draw necessary circuit diagram
(ii) Find the value of emf E1 and E2 of the two cells (if E1 > E2)
Ans. E1 = 2V, E2 = 1.5V

42
34. Potential difference across terminals of a cell are measured (in volt)
against different current (in ampere) flowing through the cell. A graph was
drawn which was a straight line ABC. Using the data given in the graph.
Determine (i) the emf. (ii) The internal resistance of the cell.
Ans. r = 5Ω emf = 1.4V

35. Four cells each of internal resistance 0.8Ω and emf 1.4V, d are connected
(i) in series (ii) in parallel. The terminals of the battery are joined to the
lamp of resistance 10Ω. Find the current through the lamp and each cell in
both the cases.
Ans. Is = 0.424A, Ip = 0.137A current through each cell is 0.03A
36. In the figure, an ammeter A and a resistor of resistance R = 4Ω have been
connected to the terminals of the source to form a complete circuit. The
emf of the source is 12V having an internal resistance of 2Ω. Calculate
voltmeter and ammeter reading.
Ans. Voltmeter reading : 8V, Ammeter reading = 2A

37. In the circuit shown, the reading of voltmeter is 20V. Calculate resistance
of voltmeter. What will be the reading of voltmeter if this is put across

200Ω resistance ?

43
38. For the circuit given below, find the potential difference b/w points B
and D. Ans. 1.46 Volts

39. (i) Calculate Equivalent Resistance of the given electrical network b/w
points A and B.
(ii) Also calculate the current through CD & ACB if a 10V d.c. source
is connected b/w points A and B and the value of R = 2Ω.

40. A potentiometer wire AB of length 1m is connected to a driver cell of emf

3V as shown in figure. When a cell of emf 1.5V is used in the secondary
circuit, the balance point is found to be 60 cm. On replacing this cell by a
cell of unknown emf, the balance point shifts to 80 cm. :

44
 (i) Calculate unknown emf of ε′ the cell.
(ii) Explain with reason, whether the circuit works if the driver cell is
replaced with another a cell of emf IV.
(iii) Does the high resistance R, used in the secondary circuit affect the
balance point ? Justify your answer.
41. A battery of emf 10V and internal resistance 3Ω is connected to a
resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.5A, what is the resistance of the
resistor ? What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the circuit is
closed ?
42. A network of resistance is connected to a 16V battery with internal
resistance of 1Ω as shown in Fig. on next page.
(i) Compute the equivalent resistance of the network.
(ii) Obtain the current in each resistor.
(iii) Obtain the voltage drop VAB, VBC & VCD.

43. The number density of conduction electrons in a Copper Conductor

estimated to be 8.5 × 1028 m–3. How long does an electron take to drift
from one end of a wire 3.0 m long to its other end ? The area of cross
section of the wire is 2.0 × 10–6 m2 and it is carrying a current of 3.0 A.

45
44. A voltmeter of resistance 400Ω is used to measure the potential difference
across the 100Ω resistor in the circuit shown in figure. What will be the
reading of voltmeter.

45. Find magnitude of current supplied bybattery. Also find potential difference
between points P and Q in the given fig. Ans.1A, 1.5V

46. A copper wire of length 3 m and radius r is nickel plated till its radius
becomes 2r. What would be the effective resistance of the wire, if specific
resistance of copper and nickel are ρc and ρn respectively.

[Hint : Pc = Rn =

R= .

47. In the figure, if the potential at point P is 100V, what is the potential at point
Q?

Ans. – 10V

46
48. Given two resistors X and Y whose resistances are to be determined using
an ammeter of resistance 0.5Ω and a voltmeter of resistance 20 kΩ. It is
known that X is in the range of a few ohms, while Y is in the range of
several thousand ohm. In each case, which of the two connection shown
should be chosen for resistance measurement ?

Ans. Small resistance : X will be preferred; large resistance :

Y will be preferred
49. When resistance of 2Ω is connected across the terminals of a battery,
the current is 0.5A. When the resistance across the terminal is 5Ω, the
current is 0.25A. (i) Determine the emf of the battery (ii) What will be
current drawn from the cell when it is short circuited.
Ans. E = 1.5 V, I = 1.5A
50. A part of a circuit in steady state, along with the currents flowing in
the branches and the resistances, is shown in the figure. Calculate energy
stored in the capacitor of 4µF capacitance. Ans. VAB = 20V, U = 8 × 10–4 J

51. With two resistance wires in two gaps of a meter bridge, balance point was
found to be 1/3m from zero end, when a 6Ω coil is connected in series with
smaller of two resistances the balance point shifted to 2/3m from the same
end. Find resistances of two wires. Ans. 2Ω, 4Ω
52. A voltmeter with resistance 500Ω is used to measure the emf of a cell of
internal resistance 4Ω. What will be the percentage error in the reading of
the voltmeter. Ans. 0.8%

47
 HINTS FOR 2 MARKS QUESTIONS

10. =
14.

21. φ= =
φ1 = 0, φ2 = 50 Vm, φ3 = 150 Vm
28. WBA = 90 (VB – VA) = 2 × 1000 = 2000 J

40. =   =  =1

(i) in series neA, (Vd ) = neA2(Vd)2  =1

(ii) i1R1 = i2R2  =

43. Current through 5Ω = =

48
32. In the capacitor the voltage increases from O to V, hence energy stored
will correspond to average which will be ½ QV. While the source is at
constant emf V. So energy supplied will be QV. The difference between
the two goes as heat and emf radiations.
35. Construct a closed system such that charge is enclosed within it. For the
charge on one face, we need to have two cubes place such that charge is
on the common face. According to Gauss’s theorem total flux through the

Gaussian surface (both cubes) is equal to . Therefore the fluxthrough

one cube will be equal to

36. Work done = fd cos θ = qEd cos θ =

e
51. If e.m.f. decreases  decreases  position of zero deflection increases.
52. therwise resistance per unit length of Bridge wire be different over
different length of meter Bridge.

49
54. Milliammeter. To produce large deflection due to small current we need a
large number of turns we need a large number of turns in armature coil
Resistance increases.
55. Temperature, Material Blue, Red, Orange, Gold
56. The electron number density is of the order of 1029 m–3 ,  the net current
can be very high even if the drift spread is low.
57. V = E + ir
= 2 + 0.15
= 2.15V
58. Affects the uniformity of the cross-section area of wire and hence changes
the potential drop across wire.
59. A potentiometer is said to be sensitive if :
(i) It can measure very small potential differences.
(ii) For a small change in potential difference being measured it shows
large change in balancing length.

HINTS FOR NUMERICALS

9. V= =

V=

C= = =

14. r = 1 mm

=  R = 2 mm
Q = 8q = 8 × 10 × 10–10 C

V=

= = 36000 Volt

50
21. Cx = C, Cy = KC = 4C

= C = 4  C = 5f

(a) Ceq = Cx = 5f

Cy = 20f

(b) = 12 (Vx = V, Vy = as qconstant)

V = 9.6 Volt, Vx = 9.6 Volt, Vy = 2.4 Volt

(c) = =4

31. = ...(1)

= =  Rp = 4,

= ...(2)
 u sing (1) & (2)
l2 – 85l + 1500 = 0
l = 25 cm or l = 60 cm

At l = 60 cm using (1) X =
l = 60 cm using (1) X = 12.

32. ix = = =

= = =  x = 2 .

HINTS FOR 3 MARKSQUESTIONS

16. If E be the electric field due to each plate (of large dimensions) then net
electric field between them
E = E + E  E = E/2
Force on change Q at some point between the plates F = QE
Force on one plate of the capacitor due to another plate F = QE = QE/2

51
17. V1 = =

V2 = = =

Vcommon = = = V
Charge transferred equal to

q = C1V1 – C1V =

= =

28. R1 = = = 25,000

R2 = = = 20,000.
As resistance changes with I, therefore conductor is non ohmic.
29. Rate of production of heat, P = I2R, for given l, P × R,  nichrome > cu
 RNichrome > Rcu of same length and area of cross section.
30. (i) If I in circuit is constant because H = I 2 Rt

(ii) If V in circuit is constant because H =

NUMERICALS

17. VA =
= k 4a – k4b + k4c
= 4a (a – b + c)

VB = =

52
 =

VC =

When VA = VC

ac – bc + c2 = a2 – b2 + c2
c (a – b) = (a – b) (a + b)
c=a+b
19. Q = CV
Total charge Q = Total capacitance in series × voltage

= = 10 × 10–3 coulomb

VAB = = = 10V

VBC = = = 2V.

When B is earthed VB = 0, VA = 10V and VC = – 2V.

21. Before dielectric is introduced.

EA = EB =

E = EA + EB = CV2
After disconnecting the battery and then introducing dielectric

EA =

EB = =

53
 =
E = EA + EB

33. Pot. gradient k = = 1Vm–1

l1 = 350 cm = 3.5 m
E1 + E2 = kl1 = 3.5 ...(1)
E1 – E2 = 0.5 ...(2)
E1 = 2V, E2 = 1.5 Volt
39. RAB = 2

ICD = 0, IACB = = = 2.5A

40. (i)  = = 2.0V

(i) The circuit will not work if emf of driven cell is IV,/total Voltage
across AB is 1 V, which cannot balance the voltage 1.5V.
(ii) No, since at balance point no current flows through galvanometer G.
i.e., cell remains in open circuit.

54
41. E = I (R + r)

10 = 0.5 (R + 3)

R = 17
V = E – Ir = 10 – 0.5 × 3 = 8.5V

42. Req = 7W

I4 = 1A, I1 = 2A, I12 = I6 = A,

VAB = 4V, VBC = 2V, VCD = 8V

43. I = enAVd =

t= = 2.7 × 104 s

44. I= = = 0.3A

P.d. across voltmeter & 100 combination

= = 24V.

When, I << r,

55
45. RAB = 4.5

i= = = 1A.

iAP = iAQ = 0.5A, VAP = 3  Vp = 3 Volt

VAQ = 1.5 VQ = 4.5 Volt

VQ – VP = 1.5 Volt

51. For two resistor P and Q

= = = ...(i)

Q = 2P, P < Q

Now, P = P + 6, I = 2/3

= = =

= ...(ii)

On solving (i) & (ii), P = 2, Q = 4.

56
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

1. Ways of inducing e.m.f. :

(i) By changing magnetic field, B.

(ii) By changing area of the coil, A.
(iii) By changing orientation of the coil, Q.
1 dm
2. Induced current = =–
R dt
3. e.m.f. induced in a moving conducting rod e = – B v l
4. Self inductance : m = Li

and e=

5. Self inductance of a solenoid L = r 0 n2 Al

6. Mutual inductance : 2 = Mi1 or 1 = Mi2

or e2 =

57
 7. Mutual inductance of two solenoid-coil coaxial system

M=

8. Eddy current : current induced in the body of conductor placed in a time or

space varying magnetic field.
Eddy current cause heating effect.
9. Method to reduce eddy current losses :
(i) By making slots in conductor. (ii) By using laminated sheets
10. A.C. generator.
Principle : Electromagnetic induction
Induced e.m.f. produced in a.c. generator e = NAB  sin t
11. Transformer :
Principle : Mutual induction
step up Transformer Np < Ns
Step down Transformer Np > Ns
Ratio between input and output parameters :

= =

Losses in Transformer and methods of reducing them :

1. Copper Loss (Joule heating effect) : Reduced by increasing thickness of
copper wire used in the coils.
2. Iron loss (eddy current loss) : Reduced by laminating the cores.
3. Hysteresis loss : Material should have small hysteresis loop area (i.e., soft
iron core)
4. Leakage of flux : By using material of high permeability and winding the
primary & secondary coils over each other.

58
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
1. In a.c. circuit V = V0 sin t
I = I0 sin (t + )
2. r.m.s. value of current & voltage :
V0
Irms = , Vrms =
2
3. Mean/Average value of current or voltage over a half cycle.

Im = , Vm =

4. Purely resistive a.c. circuit : V = V0 sin t

I = I0 sin t
i.e., e and I both are in same phase.
Voltage and current are in same phases :

I0 =

5. Purely capacitive circuit :

V = V0 sin t, I = I0 sin

current leads the voltage by in phase

V0
I0 =
Xc

59
 where C = [Capacitive reactance] &  = 2v

6. Purely inductive a.c. circuit :

V = V0 sin t
I = I0 sin

i.e., voltage leads the current by in phase

I0 =

where XL = L (Inductive reactance)

7. Series LCR circuit : V = V0 sin t

I = I0 sin (t + )
V0
I0 = ,Z = [Impedence]
where
Z

and tan  =

60
Phasor diagram :
Veff =

VL = IXL, VC = IXC, VR = IR

Impedence Triangle :

From  OAB :
cos  =

and tan  =

Graph impendence V/s frequency :


8. Resonance : XL = XC

r = or vr =

61
 Imax = (at v = vr)

Resonance curve

62
 UNIT–III & UNIT–IV

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

&
E.M.I. AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 Mark)

1. Every magnetic field configuration must have a north pole and a south
pole? What about the field due to a toroid?
Ans. No, pole exists only when the source has some net magnetic moment.
There is no pole in toroid. Magnetic field due to a toroid B = 0 nl
2. How are the figure of merit and current sensitivity of galvanometer
related with each other ?
Ans. Reciprocal.
3. Show graphically the variation of magnetic field due to a straight conductor
of uniform cross-section or radius ‘a’ and carrying steady currently as
a function of distance r (a > r) from the axis of the conductor.
Ans.

4. The force per unit length between two parallel long current carrying
conductor is F. If the current in each conductor is tripled, what would
be the value of the force per unit length between them?

63
Ans. F =

F= = 9 times

5. How does the angle of dip vary from equator to poles?

Ans. 0º to 90º
6. What is the effect on the current measuring range of a galvanometer
when it isshunted?
Ans. Increased.
7. An electric current flows in a horizontal wire from East to West. What
will be the direction of magnetic field due to current at a point (i) North
of wire; (ii) above the wire.
Ans.

(i) Going into the plane of the paper.

(ii) Going out of the plane of paper.
8. Suggest a method to shield a certain region of space from magnetic
fields.
Ans. By using a ferromagnetic case. Put an iron ring in the magnetic field
inside the ring field will be zero.
9. Why the core of a moving coil galvanometer is made of soft iron?
Ans. To increase magnetic flux linked and sensitivity.
10. Where on the earth’s surface is the vertical component of earth’s magnetic
field zero?
Ans. At equator.
11. If the current is increased by 1% in a moving coil galvanometer. What
will be percentage increase in deflection?
Ans. 1%.
12. Write S.I. unit of (i) Pole strength and (ii) Magnetic dipole moment.
Ans. (i) Am
(ii) Am2
13. If the magnetic field is parallel to the positive y-axis and the charged
particle is moving along the positive x-axis, which way would the
Lorentz force be for (a) an electron (negative charge), (b) a proton
(positive charge) ?

64
Ans. When velocity ( ) of positively charged particle is along x-axis and the
magnetic field ( ) is along y-axis, so × is along the z-axis
(Fleming’s left hand rule).
Therefore,
(a) for electron Lorentz force will be along -z axis;
(b) for a positive charge (proton) the force is along +z axis.
14. If a toroid uses Bismuth at its core, will the field in the core be lesser
or greater than when it is empty?
Ans. Bismuth is diamagnetic, hence, the overall magnetic field will be slightly
less.
15. An electron beam projected along + x-axis, experiences a force due to a
magnetic field along the + y-axis. What is the direction of the magnetic
field?
Ans. + Z-axis
16. What do you understand by figure of merit ?
Ans. Figure of merit is defined as the current required per division of deflection
derivation

K= , SI unit A/div
in observation for half deflection method

ig = K, ig =

k =

It enables us to find current required for full scale deflection.

17. What is the direction of magnetic dipole moment ?
Ans. S to N.
18. What is the angle of dip at a place where vertical and horizontal
component of earth’s field are equal ?
Ans. 45°

65
 19. Does a charged Particle gain K.E. when passed through magnetic
field region? Justify.
Ans. No, as the magnetic force acting on the charge particle is always
perpendicular to the velocity, hence
d   
 f . v = f v cos 90° = 0
dt
 there is no gain in KE of particle.
20. Sketch the magnetic field lines for a current carrying circular loop.
Ans.

21. Why core of a transformer is laminated ?

Ans. To reduce loss due to eddy currents.
22. What is the direction of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 seen
from the top when current I in the wire is increasing steadily ?

Ans.

23. In which of the following cases will the mutual inductance be (i)
minimum (ii) maximum?

Ans. (i) b (ii) c

66
 24. In a series L–C–R circuit, voltages across inductor, capacitor, andresistor
are VL, VC and VR respectively. What is the phase difference between
(i) VL and VR (ii) VL and VC?

Ans. (i) (ii) 
2
25. Why can’t transformer be used to step up or step down dc voltage?
Ans. In steady current no induction phenomenon will take place.
26. In an a.c. circuit, instantaneous voltage and current are V = 200 sin
300 t volt and i = 8 cos 300t ampere respectively. What is the average
power dissipated in the circuit?

Ans. As the phase difference between current and voltage is .
2

 Pav = IvEv cos =0
2
27. Sketch a graph that shows change in reactance with frequency of a
series LCR circuit. (x) ()
Ans.

28. A coil A is connected to an A.C. ammeter and another coil B to A

source of alternaing e.m.f. How will the reading of ammeter change if
a copper plate is introduced between the coils as shown.

Ans. Reading of ammeter will decrease due to eddy currents.

67
 29. In a circuit instantaneously voltage and current are V = 150 sin 314t
volt and i = 12 cos 314t ampere respectively. Is the nature of circuit is
capacitive or inductive?

Ans. i = 12 sin

i.e. Current is ahead the voltage by a phase difference of . Hence

circuit is a capacitive circuit.
30. In a series L–C–R circuit VL = VC  VR. What is the value of power
factor?
Ans. At Resonance cos  = 1.
31. In an inductor L, current passed I0 and energy stored in it is U. If the
current is now reduced to I0/2, what will be the new energy stored in
the inductor?

Ans. UL  I2  U =

32. A square loop a, b, c, d of a conducting wire has been changed into a

rectangular loop a, b, c, d as shown in figure. What is the direction
of induced current in the loop?

Ans. Clockwise.
33. Twelve wires of equal lengths are connected in the form of a skeleton of
a cube, which is moving with a velocity in the direction of magnetic
field . Find the emf in each arm of the cube.

68
Ans. emf in each branch will be zero since V & B are parallel for all arms.

 = q =0

34. Current versus frequency (I – v) graphs for two different series L–C–R
circuits have been shown in adjoining diagram. R1 and R2 are resistances
of the two circuits. Which one is greater–R1 or R2?

Ans. R1 > R2 as I is smaller in larger resistance.

35. Why do we prefer carbon brushes than copper in an a.c. generator?
Ans. Corrosion free and small expansion on heating maintains proper
contact.
36. What are the values of capacitive and inductive reactance in a dc circuit?

Ans. XC =  for dc  = 0 XC = = 

XL = 0 & XL =  L = 2L = 0
37. Give the direction of the induced current in a coil mounted on an
insulating stand when a bar magnet is quickly moved along the axis of
the coil from one side to the other as shown in figure.

69
Ans. If observer is situated at the side from which bar magnet enters the
loop. The direction of current is clockwise when magnet moves towards
the loop and direction of current is anticlockwise when magnet moves
away from theloop.
38. In figure, the arm PQ is moved from x = 0 to x = 2b with constant
speed V. Consider the magnet field as shown in figure. Write
(i) direction of induced current in rod
(ii) polarity induced across rod. 

Ans. Hint  P (+), Q (–)

39. A wire moves with some speed perpendicular to a magnetic field. Why
is emf induced across the rod?
Ans. Lorentz force acting on the free charge carrier of conducting wire hence
polarity developed across it.
40. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described in the
figure below.
Ans. Plate a will be positive with respect to ‘b’. When the observer is looking
from the side of moving bar magnet.

41. A circular coil rotates about its vertical diameter in a uniform horizontal
magnetic field. What is the average emf induced in the coil?
Ans. Zero
42. Define RMS Value of Current.

70
Ans. RMS value of ac is defined as that value of direct current which produces
the same heating effect in a given resistor as is produced by the given
alternating current when passed for the same time.

Irms = = 0.707 I0

43. In given figure three curves a, b and c shows variation of resistance, (R)
capacitive reactance (xc) and inductive (xL) reactance with frequency.
Identify the respective curves for these.

a
b
X/R ()

Frequency in Hz
44. A long straight wire with current i passes (without touching) three square
wire loops with edge lengths 2L, 1.5L and L. The loops are widely
spaced (so as do not affect one another). Loops 1 and 3 are symmetric
about the long wire. Rank the loops according to the size of the current
induced in them if current i is (a) constant and (b) increasing.

Ans. (a) No induced current

(b) Current will be induced only in loop 2.
45. In an L–C circuit, current is oscillating with frequency 4 × 10 6 Hz.
What is the frequency with which magnetic energy is oscillating?
Ans. m = 2 = 8 × 106 Hz.
46. A current carrying wire (straight) passes inside a triangular coil as shown
in figure. The current in the wire is perpendicular to paper inwards.
Find the direction of induced current in the loop if current in the wire
is increasing withtime.

71
 Ans. Magnetic field line are tangential to the triangular plane  = 90º so
=0

47. Wire carrying a study current and rod AB are in the same plane the
rod move parallel to wire with velocity v then which end of the rod is
at higher potential.
I S 5A
A



B
Ans. End A will be at higher potential.
48. The current i in an induction coil varies with time t according to the graph

Draw the graph of induced e.m.f. with time.

Ans.

49. Can a capacitor of suitable capacitance replace an inductor in an AC

circuit?
Ans. Yes, because average power consumed in both is least while controlling
an AC.

72
 50. In the given figure,

a cylindrical bar magnet is rotated about its axis. A wire is connected

from the axis and is made to touch the cylindrical surface through a
contact. Then, current in the Ammeter is.....
Ans. When cylindrical bar magnet is rotated about its axis, no change in
magnetic flux linked with the circuit take place hence no e.m.f. is induced
hence no current flows through the ammeter (A)

51. Write the dimensional formula for Flux.

Ans: [ML2T-2A-1]

52.How is gauss related weber/m2 ?

Ans: 1 Gauss = 10-4 (wb/m2)

52. Can cyclotron accelerate Neutrons?

Ans: No, it can accelerate only charged particle.
SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS (2MARKS)
1. Write the four measures that can be taken to increase the sensitivity of
galvanometer.
2. A galvanometer of resistance 120 gives full scale deflection for a
current of 5mA. How can it be converted into an ammeter of range 0
to 5A? Also determine the net resistance of the ammeter.
3. A current loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field in the following
orientations (1) and (2). Calculate the magnetic moment in each case.

4. A current of 10A flows through a semicircular wire of radius 2 cm as

shown in figure (a). What is direction and magnitude of the magnetic
field at the centre of semicircle? Would your answer change if the wire

73
were bent as shown in figure (b) ?

74
 5. A proton and an alpha particle of the same enter, in turn, a region of
uniform magnetic field acting perpendicular to their direction of motion.
Deduce the ratio of the radii of the circular paths described by the proton
and alpha particle.
6. Why does the susceptibility of dimagnetic substance independent of
temperature ?
Ans. As there is no permanent dipoles in dimagnetic substance, so, there is
no meaning of randomness of dipoles on increasing temp.
7. Mention two properties of soft iron due to which it is preferred for
making electromagnet.
Ans. Low retentivity, low coercivity
8. A magnetic dipole of magnetic moment M is kept in a magnetic field
B. What is the minimum and maximum potential energy? Also give the
most stable position and most unstable position of magnetic dipole.
9. What will be (i) Pole strength, (ii) Magnetic moment of each of new
piece of bar magnet if the magnet is cut into two equal pieces :
(a) normal to its length?
(b) along its length?
10. A steady current I flows along an infinitely long straight wire with circular
cross-section of radius R. What will be the magnetic field outside and
inside the wire at a point r distance far from the axis of wire?
11. A circular coil of n turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound
and rewound to make another square coil of side ‘a’ keeping number
of turns and current same. Calculate the ratio of magnetic moment of
the new coil and the original coil.
12. A coil of N turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound and
rewound to make another coil of radius R/2, current remaining the same.
Calculate the ratio of the magnetic moment of the new coil and original
coil.
13. At a place horizontal component of the earths magnetic field is B
and angle of dip at the place is 60°. What is the value of horizontal
component of the earths magnetic field.
(i) at Equator; (ii) at a place where dip angle is 30°
14. A galvanometer coil has a resistance G. 1% of the total current goes
through the coil and rest through the shunt. What is the resistance of
the shunt in terms of G?

75
 15. Prove that magnetic moment of a hydrogen atom in its ground state is
eh/4m. Symbols have their usual meaning.
16. Each of conductors shown in figure carries 2A of current into or out

of page. Two paths are indicated for the line integral . What is
the value of the integral for the path (a) and (b).

17. What is the radius of the path of an electron (mass 9 × 10 –31 kg and
charge 1.6 × 10–19 C) moving at a speed of 3 × 107 m/s in a magnetic
field of 6 × 10–4 T perpendicular to it? What is its frequency? Calculate
its energy in keV. (1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J).
Ans. Radius, r = mv/(qB)
= 9.1 × 10–31 kg × 3 × 107 ms–1/(1.6 × 10–19 C × 6 × 10–4 T) = 20 cm
v = v/(2r) = 1.7 ×107 Hz
E = (1/2)mv2 = (1/2) 9 × 10–31 kg × 9 × 1014 m2/s2
= 40.5 × 10–17 J = 4 × 10–16 J = 2.5 keV.
18. Why is it necessary for voltmeter to have a higher resistance?
Ans. Since voltmeter is to be connected across two points in parallel, if it
has low resistance, a part of current will pass through it which will
decrease actual potential difference to be measured.
19. Can d.c. ammeter use for measurement of alternating current?
Ans. No, it is based on the principle of torque. When ac is passing through
it (of freq. 50 Hz). It will not respond to frequent change in direction
due to inertia hence would show zero deflection.
20. Define the term magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. Write the
expression for the magnetic moment when an electron revolves at a
speed ‘v’, around an orbit of radius ‘r’ in hydrogen atom.
Ans. The product of the current in the loop to the area of the loop is the
magnetic dipole moment of a current loop.
The magnetic moment of electron

76
 21. An ac source of rms voltage V is put across a series combination of
an inductor L, capacitor C and a resistor R. If V L, VC and VR are the
rms voltage across L, C and R respectively then why is V  VL + VC
+ VR? Write correct relation among VL, VC and VR.
Ans. Hint :
VL, VC and VR are not in the same phase
VL + VC + VR > V
22. A bar magnet is falling with some acceleration ‘a’ along the vertical axis
of a coil as shown in fig. What will be the acceleration of the magnet
(whether a > g or a < g or a = g) if (a) coil ends are not connected to
each other? (b) coil ends are connected to each other?

23. The series L–C–R circuit shown in fig. is in resonance state. What is
the voltage across the inductor?

Ans. [Hint VL = I XL where I = ]

24. The division marked on the scale of an a.c. ammeter are not equally
spaced. Why?
25. Circuit shown here uses an air filled parallel plate capacitor. A mica
sheet is now introduced between the plates of capacitor. Explain with
reason the effect on brightness of the bulb B.

77
 26. In the figure shown, coils P and Q are identical and moving apart with
same velocity V. Induced currents in the coils are I1 and I2. Find I1/I2.
× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× b × × ×l × ×
V V
× × × × × ×
l
× × × × × ×
× × × × × ×
b

27. An electron moving through magnetic field does not experience mgnetic
force, under what conditions is this possible ?
Ans. when electron moving parallel to magnetic field.
28. A 1.5 F capacitor is charged to 57V. The charging battery is then
disconnected, and a 12 mH coil is connected in series with the capacitor
so that LC Oscillations occur. What is the maximum current in the coil?
Assume that the circuit has no resistance.
29. The self inductance of the motor of an electric fan is 10H. What should
be the capacitance of the capacitor to which it should be connected in
order to impart maximum power at 50Hz?
30. A galvanometer needs 50mV for full scale deflection of 50 Divisions.
Find it voltage sensitivity. What must be its resistance if its current
sensitivity is 1 Div/A.
 50Div
Ans. Vs =  = 103 div/ v Is  Current sensitivity
V 50mv

Rg = = 10–3W VS  Voltagesensitivity

31. How does an inductor behave in an AC circuit at very high frequency?

Justify.
32. An electric bulb is connected in series with an inductor and an AC
source. When switch is closed. After sometime an iron rod is inserted
into the interior of inductor. How will the brightness of bulb be affected?
Justify your answer.

78
Ans. Decreases, due to increase in inductive reactance.
33. Show that in the free oscillation of an LC circuit, the sum of energies
stored in the capacitor and the inductor is constant with time.

Ans. Hint : U = LI2 +

34. Show that the potential difference across the LC combination is zero at
the resonating frequency in series LCR circuit
Ans. Hint : P.d. across L is = IXL
across C is = IXC
 V = IXL – IXC
at resonance XL = XC
 V = O.
34. When a large amount of current is passing through solenoid, it contract,
explain why ?
Ans. Current in two consecutive turns being in same direction make them to
form unlike poles together hence, they attract each other.
35. for circuits used for transmitting electric power, a low power factor
implies large power loss in transmission. Explain.
 P = VI cos 

I=

If cos  is low I will be high  Large power loss.

36. An applied voltage signal consists of a superposition of DC Voltage and
an AC Voltage of high frequency. The circuit consists of an inductor
and a capacitor in series. Show that the DC signal will appear across
C where as AC signal will appear across L.
37. A bar magnet M is dropped so that is falls vertically through the coil
C. The graph obtained for voltage produced across the coil Vs time is
shown in figure.

79
 (i) Explain the shape of the graph.
(ii) Why is the negative peak longer than the positive peak ?
Ans. (i) When the bar magnet moves towards the coil magnetic flux passing
through the coil increases as velocity of magnet increases in downward
direction, e.m.f. induced also increases, due to formation of similar
pole repulsive force decreases the rate of increase of flux.
(ii) once the magnet has passed through the coil, flux decreases in

downward direction but increases as self induced e.m.f. in the

coil maintains its flux in the same direction. Thus due to the addition
of self induced e.m.f. in same direction according to Lenz’s law.
38. What is the significance of Q-factor in a series LCR resonant circuit ?
39. How does mutual inductance of a pair of coils kept coaxially at a
distance in air change when
(i) the distance between the coils is increased?
(ii) an iron rod is kept between them?
40. Two circular conductors are perpendicular to each other as shown in
figure. If the current is changed in conductor B, will a current be induced
in the conductor A,

41. What is a radial magnetic field? Why is it required in a galvanometer ?

Ans. Using concave shaped pole of magnet and placing soft iron cylinderical
core, A magnetic field, having field lines along radii is called as radial
magnetic field.
To make Torque independent of ‘’ (constant) radial magnetic field is
required  = NIAB sin 
for radial Magnetic Field  = 90°
 = NIAB. (independent of )

80
 42. The hysterisis loop of material depends not only on the nature of material
but also on the history of its magnetization cycles. Suggest a use of this
property of material.
Ans. The value of magnetization is record/memory of its cycles of
magnetisation. If information bits can be made correspond to these
cycles, the system displaying such hysterisis loop can act as a device
for storing information’s.
43. A wire in the form of a tightly wound Solenoid is connected to a DC
source, and carries a current. If the coil is stretched so that there are
gaps between successive elements of the spiral coil, will the current
increase or decrease ? Explain ?
Ans. When the coil is stretched so that there are gaps between successive
elements of the spiral coil i.e. the wires are pulled apart which lead
to the flux leak through the gaps. According to Lenz’s law, the e.m.f.
produced must oppose this decrease, which can be done by an increase
in current. So, the current will increase.
44. Show that the induced charge does not depend upon rate of change of
flux.

Ans. |E|=N

i=

 dq =
45. Consider a magnet surrounded by a wire with an on/off switch S(figure).
If the switch is thrown from the ‘off’ position (open circuit) to the ‘on’
position (Closed circuit) will a current flow in the circuit ? Explain.

Ans.  = BA cos  so flux linked will change only when either B or A or

the angle between Band A change.

81
 When switch is thrown from off position to the on position, then
neither B nor A nor the angle between A and B change. Thus there is
no change in magnetic flux linked with the coil, hence no electromotive
force (e.m.f.) is produced and consequently no current will flow in the
circuit.
Short answers Questions (3 marks)
1. Derive the expression for force between two infinitely long parallel
straight wires carrying current in the same direction. Hence define
‘ampere’ on the basis of above derivation.
2. Define (i) Hysterisis (ii) Retentivity (iii) Coercivity
3. Distinguish between diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic
substances in terms of susceptibility and relative permeability.
4. Name all the three elements of earth magnetic field and define them
with the help of relevant diagram.
5. Describe the path of a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic
field with initial velocity
(i)  parallel to (or along) the field.
(i) perpendicular to the field.
(ii) at an arbitrary angle  (0º <  < 90º).
6. Obtain an expression for the magnetic moment of an electron moving
with a speed ‘v’ in a circular orbit of radius ‘r’. How does the magnetic
moment change when:
(i) the frequency of revolution is doubled?
(ii) the orbital radius is halved?
7. State Ampere, circuital law. Use the law to obtain an expression for the
magnetic field due to a toroid.
8. Obtain an expression for magnetic field due to a long solenoid at a point
inside the solenoid and on the axis of solenoid.
9. Derive an expression for the torque on a magnetic dipole placed in a
magnetic field and hence define magnetic moment.
10. Derive an expression for magnetic field intensity due to a bar magnet
(magnetic dipole) at any point (i) Along its axis (ii) Perpendicular to
the axis.
11. Derive an expression for the torque acting on a loop of N turns of area
A of each turn carrying current I, when held in a uniform magnetic
field B.
12. How can a moving coil galvanometer be converted into a voltmeter
of a given range. Write the necessary mathematical steps to obtain the
value of resistance required for this purpose.

82
 13. A long wire is first bent into a circular coil of one turn and then into a
circular coil of smaller radius having n turns. If the same current passes
in both the cases, find the ratio of the magnetic fields produced at the
centres in the two cases.
Ans. When there is only one turn, the magnetic field at the centre,

B=

2a × n = 2a  a = a/n

The magnetic field at its centre, B1 = = n2B

The ratio is, B1/B = n2

14. Obtain an expression for the self inductance of a straight solenoid of
length l and radius r (l > > r).
15. Distinguish between : (i) resistance and reactance (ii) reactance and
impedance.
16. In a series L–C–R circuit XL, XC and R are the inductive reactance,
capacitive reactance and resistance respectively at a certain frequency f.
If the frequency of a.c. is doubled, what will be the values of reactances
and resistance of the circuit?

Ans. [Hint : XL = L, XC = , R independent]

17. What are eddy currents? Write their four applications.

18. In a series L–R circuit, XL = R and power factor of the circuit is P 1.
When capacitor with capacitance C such that XL = XC is put in series,
the power factor becomes P2. Find P1/P2.

Ans. [Hint P = cos  = ]

19. Instantaneous value of a.c. voltage through an inductor of inductance L

is e = e0 cos t. Obtain an expression for instantaneous current through
the inductor. Also draw the phasor diagram.
20. In an inductor of inductance L, current passing is I0. Derive an expression
for energy stored in it. In what forms is this energy stored?

83
 21. Which of the following curves may represent the reactance of a series
LC combination.

22. A sinusoidal e.m.f. device operates at amplitude E 0 and frequency

across a purely (1) resistive (2) capacitive (3) inductive circuit. If the
frequency of driving source is increased. How would (a) amplitude E0
and (b) amplitude I0 increase, decrease or remain same in each case?
23. A conducting rod held horizontally along East-West direction is dropped
from rest at certain height near Earth’s surface. Why should there be
an induced e.m.f. across the ends of the rod? Draw a graph showing
the variation of e.m.f. as a function of time from the instant it begins
to fall.
Ans. Hint : e = Bln and n = gt

24. In an LC circuit, resistance of the circuit is negligible. If time period

of oscillation is T then :
(i) at what time is the energy stored completely electrical
(i) at what time is the energy stored completely magnetic
(ii) at what time is the total energy shared equally between the inductor
and capacitor.
Ans. (i) t = 0, T/2, 3T/2,........
(ii) t = T/4, 3T/4, 5T/4...........

(iii) t=

84
 25. An alternating voltage of frequency f is applied across a series LCR
circuit. Let fr be the resonance frequency for the circuit. Will the current
in the circuit lag, lead or remain in phase with the applied voltage when
(i) f > fr (ii) f < fr (iii) f = fr? Explain your answer in each case.
Ans. (i) Current will lagbecause.
VL < VC Hence VL – VC > O
(i) Current will lead, because.
VL < VC Hence VL – VC < O
(ii) In phase
26. Figure (a), (b), (c) show three alternating circuits with equal currents.
If the frequency of alternating emf be increased, what will be the effect
on current in the three cases? Explain.

Ans. (i) No effect, R is not affected by frequency.

(i) Current will decrease as XL increase.
(ii) Current will increase as X C decrease.
27. Study the circuit (a) and (b) shown in the figure and answer the following
questions.

(a) Under which condition the rms current in the two circuits to be the
same?
(b) Can the r.m.s. current in circuit (b) larger than that of in (a) ?

Ans. Irms(a) = Irms(b) =

85
 (a) Irms(a) = Irms(b)
when XL = Xc (resonance condition)
Irms(a) Z
 1
Irms(b) R
(b) As z R
Irms(a) Irms(b)
No, the rms current in circuit (b), cannot be larger than that in (a).
28. Can the instantaneous power output of an AC source ever be negative ?
Can average power output be negative ? Justify your answer.
Ans. Yes, Instantaneous power output of an AC source can be negative.

Instantaneous power output P = EI = [cos  – cos (2t + )]

No, Pavc = Vrms Irms cos 

Pavc > 0

cos  = >0
29. A device ‘X’ is connected to an AC source. The variation of voltage,
current and power in one complete cycle is shown in fig.

(a) Which curves shows power consumption over a full cycle?

(b) What is the average power consumption over a cycle?
(c) Identify the device X if curve B shows voltage.
Ans. (a) A (a curve of power have a max. Amplitude of V and I)
(b) Zero.
(c) as average power is zero the device is a capacitor.

86
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
1. How will a diamagnetic, paramagnetic and a ferromagnetic material
behave when kept in a non-uniform external magnetic field? Give two
examples of each of these materials. Name two main characteristics of
a ferromagnetic material which help us to decide suitability for making.
(i) Permanent magnet (ii) Electromagnet.
2. State Biot-Savart law. Use it to obtain the magnetic field at an axial
point, distance d from the centre of a circular coil of radius ‘a’ and
carrying current I. Also compare the magnitudes of the magnetic field
of this coil at its centre and at an axial point for which the value of d
is .
3. Write an expression for the force experienced by a charged particle
moving in a uniform magnetic field B. With the help of diagram, explain
the principle and working of a cyclotron. Show that cyclotron frequency
does not depend on the speed of the particle.
*4. Write the principle, working of a moving coil galvanometer with the
help of neat labelled diagram. What is the importance of radial field and
phosphor bronze used in the construction of moving coil galvanometer?
5. Draw a labelled diagram to explain the principle and working of an a.c.
generator. Deduce the expression for emf generated. Why cannot the
current produced by an a.c. generator be measured with a moving coil
ammeter?
6. Explain, with the help of a neat and labelled diagram, the principle,
construction and working of a transformer.
7. An L–C circuit contains inductor of inductance L and capacitor of
capacitance C with an initial charge q0. The resistance of the circuit is
negligible. Let the instant the circuit is closed be t = 0.
(i) What is the total energy stored initially?
(i) What is the maximum current through inductor?
(ii) What is the frequency at which charge on the capacitor willoscillate?
(iv) If a resistor is inserted in the circuit, how much energy is eventually
dissipated as heat?

87
8. An a.c. i = i0 sin t is passed through a series combination of an inductor
(L), a capacitor (C) and a resistor (R). Use the phasor diagram to obtain
expressions for the (a) impedance of the circuit and phase angle between
voltage across the combination and current passed in it. Hence show
that the current

(i) leads the voltage when  <

(ii) is in phase with voltage when  = .

9. Write two differences in each of resistance, reactance and impedance

for an ac circuit. Derive an expression for power dissipated in series
LCR circuit.

NUMERICALS
1. An electron travels on a circular path of radius 10 m in a magnetic field
of 2 × 10–3 T. Calculate the speed of electron. What is the potential
difference through which it must be accelerated to acquire this speed?
[Ans. Speed = 3.56 × 109 m/s; V = 3.56 × 107 volts]
2. A charge particle of mass m and charge q entered into magnetic field B
normally after accelerating by potential difference V. Calculate radius

of its circular path. [Ans. r = ]

3. Calculate the magnetic field due to a circular coil of 500 turns and of
mean diameter 0.1m, carrying a current of 14A (i) at a point on the
axis distance 0.12 m from the centre of the coil (ii) at the centre of the
coil.
[Ans. (i) 5.0 × 10–3 Tesla; (ii) 8.8 × 10–2 Tesla]
4. An electron of kinetic energy 10 keV moves perpendicular to the direction
of a uniform magnetic field of 0.8 milli tesla. Calculate the time period
of rotation of the electron in the magnetic field.
[Ans. 4.467 × 10–8 s.]
5. If the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is increased by
20% and its resistance also increased by 50% then how will the voltage
sensitivity of the galvanometer be affected? [Ans. 25% decrease]

88
 6. A uniform wire is bent into one turn circular loop and same wire is
again bent in two circular loop. For the same current passed in both
the cases compare the magnetic field induction at their centres.
[Ans. Increased 4 times]
7. A horizontal electrical power line carries a current of 90A from east to
west direction. What is the magnitude and direction of magnetic field
produced by the power line at a point 1.5 m below it?
[Ans. 1.2 × 10–5 T South ward]
8. A galvanometer with a coil of resistance e shows full scale deflection
for a potential difference 25mV. What should be the value of resistance
to convert the galvanometer into a voltmeter of range 0V to 5V. How
should it be converted? [Ans. 1910  in series]
9. Two identical circular loops P and Q carrying equal currents are placed
such that their geometrical axis are perpendicular to each other as
shown in figure. And the direction of current appear’s anticlockwise
as seen from point O which is equidistant from loop P and Q. Find
the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field produced at the
point O.

tan  = = 1,  = /4. [Ans. ]

10. A cyclotron’s oscillator frequency is 10 MHz. What should be the

operating magnetic field for accelerating protons, if the radius of its dees
is 60 cm ? What is the kinetic energy of the proton beam produced by
the accelerator? Given e = 1.6 × 10–19 C, m = 1.67 × 10–27 kg. Express
your answer in units of MeV [1MeV = 1.6 × 10–13 J].
[Ans. B = 0.656T, Emax = 7.421 MeV]
11. The coil of a galvanometer is 0.02 × 0.08 m2. It consists of 200 turns
of fine wire and is in a magnetic field of 0.2 tesla. The restoring torque

89
 constant of the suspension fibre is 10–6 Nm per degree. Assuming the
magnetic field to be radial.
(i) What is the maximum current that can be measured by the
galvanometer, if the scale can accommodate 30° deflection?
(ii) What is the smallest, current that can be detected if the minimum
observable deflection is 0.1°?
[Ans. (i) 4.69 × 10–4 A; (ii) 1.56 × 10–6 A]
12. A voltmeter reads 5V at full scale deflection and is graded according
to its resistance per volt at full scale deflection as 5000V–1. How will
you convert it into a voltmeter that reads 20V at full scale deflection?
Will it still be graded as 5000 V–1? Will you prefer this voltmeter to
one that is graded as 2000 V–1? [Ans. 7.5 × 104 ]
13. A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 30° with an external field
1000G experiences a torque of 0.02 Nm. (i) What is the magnetic
moment of the magnet. (ii) What is the work done in turning it from
its most stable equilibrium to most unstable equilibrium position?
[Ans. (i) 0.4 Am2; (ii) 0.08 J]
14. What is the magnitude of the equatorial and axial fields due to a bar
magnet of length 4 cm at a distance of 40 cm from its mid point? The
magnetic moment of the bar magnet is a 0.5Am2 .
[Ans. BE = 7.8125 × 10–7 T; BA = 15.625 × 10–7 T]
15. What is the magnitude of magnetic force per unit length on a wire
carrying a current of 8A and making an angle of 30° with the direction
of a uniform magnetic field of 0.15T?
16. Two moving coil galvanometers, M1 and M2 have the following
specifications.
R1 = 10, N1 = 30, A1 = 3.6 × 10–3m2, B1 = 0.25T
R2 = 14, N2 = 42, A2 = 1.8 × 10–3m2, B2 = 0.50T
Given that the spring constants are the same for the two galvanometers,
determine the ratio of (a) current sensitivity (b) voltage sensitivity of
M1 & M2. [Ans. (a) 5/7 (b) 1:1]
17. In the given diagram, a small magnetised needle is placed at centre.
The arrow shows the direction of its magnetic moment. The other arrows

90
 shown different positions and orientations of the magnetic moment of
another identical magnetic needle B.

(a) In which configuration is the systems not in equilibrium?

(b) In which configuration is the system.
(i) stable and (ii) unstable equilibrium?
(c) Which configuration corresponds to the lowest potential energy
among all the configurations shown?
18. In the circuit, the current is to be measured. What is the value of the
current if the ammeter shown :

(a) is a galvanometer with a resistance RG = 60 ,

(b) is a galvanometer described in (i) but converted to an ammeter by
a shunt resistance rs = 0.02
(c) is an ideal ammeter with zero resistance?
19. An element I = x· is placed at the origin and carries a large current I
= 10A. What is the magnetic field on the y-axis at a distance of 0.5
m. x = 1 cm.
Y

0.5

X
|x|

91
20. A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 1.5 m carries a current of
2A. It is suspended in mid-air by a uniform horizontal magnetic field
B. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field?
21. A rectangular loop of sides 25 cm and 10 cm carrying current of 15A
is placed with its longer side parallel to a long straight conductor
2.0 cm apart carrying a current of 25A. What is the new force on the
loop ? [Ans. 7.82 × 10–4 N towards the conductor]
Hint :

F1 = = 9·38 × 10–4 N attractive

F2 = = 1.56 × 10–4 N repulsive

Net F = F1 – F2 = 7.82 × 10–4 N

22. In a chamber of a uniform magnetic field 6.5G is maintained. An electron

is shot into the field with a speed of 4.8 × 106 ms–1 normal to the field.
Explain why the path of electron is a circle.
(a) Determine the radius of the circular orbit (e = 1.6 × 10–19 C, me =
9.1 × 10–31 kg)
(b) Obtain the frequency of resolution of the electron in its circular
orbit.

Hint : (a) r = = 4.2 cm

(b) frequency v = = 18 MHz

23. The horizontal and vertical components of earth’s magnetic field at a

place are 0.22G and 0.38G respectively. Calculate the angle of dip and
resultant intensity of earth’s field.

92
 Hint : tan  = = 1.73 = 60º, B = = 0.44 G

24. Figure shows the path of an electron that passes through two regions
containing uniform magnetic fields of magnitude B1 and B2. Its path in
each region is a half circle. (a) which field is stronger? (b) What are
the directions of two fields? (c) Is the time spend by the electron in
the , region greater than, less than, or the same as the time spent in

region?
[Ans. (a) B1 > B2; (b) B1 inward; B2 outward (c) Time spent in
B1 < Time spent in B2]

25. In a series C–R circuit, applied voltage is V = 110 sin 314t volt. What
is the (i) The peak voltage (ii) Average voltage over half cycle ?
26. Magnetic flux linked with each turn of a 25 turns coil is 6 milliweber.
The flux is reduced to 1 mWb in 0.5s. Find induced emf in the coil.
27. The current through an inductive circuit of inductance 4mH is i = 12
cos 300t ampere. Calculate :
(i) Reactance of the circuit.
(ii) Peak voltage across the inductor.
28. A power transmission line feeds input power at 2400 V to a step down
ideal transformer having 4000 turns in its primary. What should be
number of turns in its secondary to get power output at 240V?
29. The magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit of resistance 8 varies
with time according to the expression  = (5t2 – 4t + 2) where  is
in milliweber and t in second. Calculate the value of induce current at
t = 15 s.

93
30. A capacitor, a resistor and henry inductor are connected in series

to an a.c. source of 50 Hz. Calculate capacitance of capacitor if the

current is in phase with voltage.
31. A series C–R circuit consists of a capacitance 16 mF and resistance 8.
If the input a.c. voltage is (200 V, 50 Hz), Calculate (i) voltage across
capacitor and resistor. (ii) Phase by which voltage lags/leads current.
32. A rectangular conducting loop of length l and breadth b enters a uniform
magnetic field B as shown below.

The loop is moving at constant speed v and at t = 0 it just enters the

field B. Sketch the following graphs for the time interval t = 0 to

t = .

(i) Magnetic flux – time

(i) Induced emf – time
(ii) Power – time
Resistance of the loop is R.
33. A charged 8mF capacitor having charge 5mC is connected to a 5mH
inductor. What is :
(i) the frequency of current oscillations?
(i) the frequency of electrical energy oscillations in the capacitor?
(ii) the maximum current in the inductor?
(iv) the magnetic energy in the inductor at the instant when charge on
capacitor is 4mC?
34. A 31.4 resistor and 0.1H inductor are connected in series to a 200V,
50Hz ac source. Calculate
(i) the current in the circuit
(i) the voltage (rms) across the inductor and the resistor.
(ii) is the algebraic sum of voltages across inductor and resistor more
than the source voltage ? If yes, resolve the paradox.

94
 35. A square loop of side 12 cm with its sides parallel to X and Y-axis is
moved with a velocity of 8 cm/s in positive x-direction. Magnetic field
exists in z-directions.
(i) Determine the direction and magnitude of induced emf if the field
changes with 10–3 Tesla/cm along negative z-direction.
(i) Determine the direction and magnitude of induced emf if field
changes with 10–3 Tesla/s along +z direction.
Ans. (i) Rate of change of flux = induced emf
2 –3
= (0.12) × 10 × 8
= 11.52 × 10–5 Wb/s in +z direction.
(ii) Rate of change of flux = induced emf
= (0.12)2 × 10–3 × 8
= 11.52 × 10–5 Wb/s in –z direction.
36. Figure shows a wire ab of length l which can slide on a U-shaped rail
of negligible resistance. The resistance of the wire is R. The wire is
pulled to the right with a constant speed v. Draw an equivalent circuit
diagram representing the induced emf by a battery. Find the current in
the wire.

37. A loop, made of straight edges has six corners at A(0, 0, 0), B(1, 0,
0), C(1, 1, 0), D(0, 1, 0), E(0, 1, 1) and F(0, 0, 1) a magnetic field B
= B0 (i+k) T is present in the region. Find the flux passing through the
loop ABCDEFA?

95
Ans. Loop ABCDA lie in x-y plane whose area vector A1 = where
ADEFA lie in y-z plane where are vector A2 =

 = B.A, A = A1 + A2 = ( + )

B = B0 = 2 B0L2 Wb.
38. A coil of 0.01 H inductance and 1 resistance is connected to 200V, 50
Hz AC supply. Find the impendence and time lag between maximum
alternating voltage and current.

Ans. Z = = = 3.3

tan  = = = 3.14

 72º

Phase diff.  = rad.

= , time lag t =

= s
39. An electrical device draws 2 KW power from AC mains (Voltage = 223V,

Vrms = ). The current differ (lags) in phase by 

as compared to voltage. Find
(a) R
(b) XC – XL
(c) Im

Ans. P = 2KW = 2000W ; tan  = ; Im = I0 ? R = ? XC – XL = ?

Vrms = V = 223V

Z = = 25

96
 Z=
625 = R2 + (XL – XC)2

Again tan  =

XL – XC =

using this R = 20; XL – XC = 15, I = = = 8·92 A,

Im = I = 12.6A
40. In a LCR circuit, the plot of Imax versus  is shown in figure. Find the
bandwith ?

Ans. Irms = = 0.7 At

from diagram w1 = 0.8 rad/s

w2 = 1.2 rad/s
w = 1.2 – 0.8 = 0.4 rad/s
41. An inductor of unknown value, a capacitor of 100F and a resistor of
10 are connected in series to a 200V, 50Hz ac source. It is found that
the power factor of the circuit is unity. Calculate the inductance of the
inductor and the current amplitude.
Ans. L = 0.10 H, I0 = 28.3A

97
 42. A 100 turn coil of area 0.1 m2 rotates at half a revolution per second.
It is placed in a magnetic field of 0.01 T perpendicular to the axis of
rotation of the coil. Calculate max. e.m.f. generated in the coil.
Ans. 0 = 0.314 Volt.
43. The magnetic flux linked with a large circular coil of radius R is 0.5
× 10–3 Wb, when current of 0.5A flows through a small neighbouring
coil of radius r. Calculate the coefficient of mutual inductance for the
given pair ofcoils.
If the current through the small coil suddenly falls to zero, what would
be the effect in the larger coil.
Ans. M = 1mH.
If the current through small coil suddenly falls to zero, [as, e2 = – M

] so initially large current is induced in larger coil, which soon

becomes zero.

ANSWERS OF 2 MARKS

2. S = × 120 = 0.12.

3. (i) – mB (ii) zero

4. (i) B = = 5 ×10–5 T (inwards).

(ii) B = 5p × 10–5 T (inwards).

5. rp = and r = = 2r  .

7. Low Retentivity and high permeability.

8. Minimum potential = – MB when  = 0 (most stable position)
Maximum potential = MB when  = 180º (most unstable position).
9. (a) Pole strength same; magnetic moment half.
(b) Pole strength half; magnetic moment half.

98
10. B (2r) = 0

B= (R r)

= 0I

 B= (r R)

12. = (As N2 = 2N1)

13. 2B, .

16. (a) = 0I = 20 Tm

(b) zero

22. (i) a = g because the induced emf set up in the coil does not produce
any current and hence no opposition to the falling bar magnet.
(ii) a < g because of the opposite effect caused by induced current.

23. Current at resonance I = .

 Voltage across inductor VL = I.XL = IL = (2v) L.

24. A.C. ammeter works on the principle of heating effect H  I2.

25. Brightness of bulb depends on current. P  I2 and

I = where Z = and

99
 XC =

XC  , when mica sheet is introduced capacitance C increases

,
XC decreases, current increases and therefore brightness increases.
26. Current I = /R

In coil P, I1 = E1/R =

Bvl b
In coil Q, I2 = E2/R = I2/I2 = .
R l
27. Electro magnetic energy is conserved.
E(max) = B(max)

1/2 = LI2

I = 637 mA
28. 10–6 F.
40. No current is induced in coil A since angle is 90.

100
 ANSWER FOR NUMERICALS

15. Force experienced by current carrying conductor in magnetic field.

F = = IBL sin 

Hence, force permit length, f = IB sin 30º

= 8 × 0.15 × 1/2 = 0.6 Nm–1

16. (a) Current sensitivity,

Ratio of current Sensitivity =

= = 5/7

(b) Voltage sensitivity,

Ratio of voltage sensitivity =

= =1

17. (a) For equilibrium, the dipole moment should be parallel or auto parallel
to B. Hence, AB1 and AB2 are not in equilibrium.
(b) (i) for stable equilibrium, the dipole moments should be parallel,
examples : AB5 and AB6 (ii) for unstable equilibrium, the dipole
moment should be anti parallel examples : AB3 and AB4.
(c) Potential energy is minimum when angle between M and B is 0º,
i. e, U = – MB Example : AB6.
18. (a) Total resistance, RG + 3 = 63.

Hence, I = = 0.048A

101
 (b) Resistance of the galvanometer as ammeter is

= 0.02

Total resistance R = 0.02 + 3 = 3.02

Hence, I = = 0.99A.
(c) For the ideal ammeter, resistance is zero, the current,
I = 3/3 = 1.00A.

19. From Biot-Savart’s Law, = Id sin  /r2

dI = x = 1 cm = 10–2 m, I = 10A, r = y = 0.5 m
0/4 = 10–7 Tm/A,  = 90º so sin  = 1

= 4 × 10–8 T along + z axis

20. Force experienced by wire Fm = BIl (due to map field)

The force due to gravity, Fg = mg

mg = BIl  B = mg/Il = = 0.657 T

[Earth’s mag. field 4 × 10–5 T is negligible]
25. (i) V0 = 110 volt

(ii) Vav1/2 = = = 70 volt.

26. Induced emf  = – N = –25 = 0.25 volt.

27. (i) Reactance XL = L = 300 × 4 × 10–3 = 1.2 .

(ii) Peak Voltage V0 = i0XL = 12 × 1.2 = 14.4 volt.
28. In ideal transformer Pin = P0
VPIP = VSIS

NS = × 4000 = 400

29. Induced current I = /R

102
 where  = = – 10t + 4
 = – 10(15) + 4 = – 146 mV
where  = 5t2 – 4t + 2 and R = 8

 I=– A = – .018A
30. When V and I in phase

XL = XC, v =
C=

= 2.5 × 10–5 = 25 F.

31. Current in the circuit I =

When Z= XC =

Then total voltage across capacitor and resistor.

VC = iXC’ VR = IR.

(ii) tan  = [V lags current]

32.
(i)  = Blb

(i) 0 = Bvb

(ii) P0 =

33. (i) Frequency of currentoscillations

103
 v=

(i) Frequency of electrical energy oscillation vc = 2v

q0
(ii) Maximum current in the circuit I0 = LC
(iv) Magnetic energy in the inductor when charge on capacitor is 4mC.

UL = U – UC =

Here q0 = 5mC; q = 4mC

34. Current in the circuit :

(i) I = , where Z=

(i) RMS voltage across L and R

VL = I . XL; VR = IR
(ii) (VL + VR) > V because VL and VR are not in same phase.

104
 EM WAVES

ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES

GIST
1. Conduction current and displacement current together have the property of
continuity.
2. Conduction current & displacement current are precisely the same.
3. Conduction current arises due to flow of electrons in the
conductor. Displacement current arises due to electric flux
changing with time.

ID=ε(dΦE/dt)

4.Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

Faraday’s -Lenz law of electromagnetic induction.

Ampere’s – Maxwell law

5. Electromagnetic Wave :- The wave in which there are

sinusoidal variation of electric and magnetic field at right
angles to each others as well as right angles to the
direction of wave propagation.
6. Velocity of EM waves in free space:
7. The Scientists associated with the study of EM waves are
Hertz, Jagdish Chandra Bose & Marconi.
8. EM wave is a transverse wave because of which it undergoes polarization effect.
9. Electric vectors are only responsible for optical effects of EM waves.
10. The amplitude of electric & magnetic fields are related by E = C
B
11. Oscillating or accelerating charged particle produces EM waves.
12. Orderly arrangement of electro magnetic radiation
according to its frequency or wavelength is

105
 electromagnetic spectrum.
13. Hint to memorise the electromagnetic spectrum in
decreasing order of its frequency. G X U V I M R
14. EM waves also carry energy, momentum and information.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 Mark)

1. Name the physical quantity with unit same as that of

where e  electric flux.

Ans. Current.
2. What is the source of energy associated with propagating em waves?
Ans. Oscillating/accelerated charge.
3. A plane mirror is turned through 15º. Through what angle will the
reflected ray be turned ?
Ans. 30º
4. Name the device used for producing microwaves.
Ans. Klystron valve and magnetron valve
5. Relative electric permittivity of a medium is 9 and relative permeability
close to unity. What is the speed of em waves in the medium.

Ans. V= = =

V= =

6. Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the following

wavelengths belong :
(i) 10–1 m
(ii) 10–12 m

106
 Ans. Microwave, -ray
7. Name the part of the electromagnetic spectrum of wavelength 10 –2 m
and mention its one application.
Ans. Microwave  microwave oven.
8. Which of the following act as a source of electromagnetic waves?
(i) A charge moving with a constant velocity.
(ii) A charge moving in a circular orbit with time varyinng speed.
(iii) A charge at rest.
Ans. A charge moving in a circular orbit
9. Mention the pair of space and time varying E and B fields which would
generate a plane em wave travelling in Z-direction.
Ans. Ex and By
10. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.2A. What is the displacement
current?
Ans. Remain same IC = ID
11. Give the ratio of velocities of light waves of wavelengths 4000Aº and
8000Aº in Vacuum.
12. Which physical quantity has the same value for waves belonging to the
different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum?
Ans. Speed

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks)

1. Give one use of each of the following
(i) UV ray (ii) -ray.
2. Represent EM waves propagating along the x-axis in which electric and magnetic
fields are along y-axis and z-axis respectively.
3. State the principles of production of EM waves. An EM wave of wavelength 
goes from vacuum to a medium of refractive index n. What will be the frequency
of wave in the medium?

107
4. An EM wave has amplitude of electric field E 0 and amplitude of magnetic

field is B0. The electric field at some instant become . What will be
magnetic field at this instant? (Wave is travelling in vacuum).
5. State two applications of infrared radiations.
6. State two applications of radio waves.
7. State two applications of x-rays.
8. Show that the average energy density of the electric field equals
the average energy density of the magnetics fields ?
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
1. Name EM radiations used
(i) in the treatment of cancer.
(ii) For detecting flow in pipes carrying oil.
(iii) In sterilizing surgical instruments.
2. How would you experimentally show that EM waves are transverse in
nature ?
3. List any three properties of EM waves.
4. Find the wavelength of electromagnetic waves of frequency 5 × 1019 Hz
in free space. Give its two applications.

108
 OPTICS
RAY OPTICS

1. REFLECTION BY CONVEX AND CONCAVEMIRRORS

a. Mirror formula where u is the object distance, v is the

image distance and f is the focal length.

b. Focal length of a mirror depends up only on the curvature of the

mirror . It does not depend on the material of the mirror or
on wave length of light.
2. REFRACTION
d. Ray of light bends when it enters from one medium to the other,
having different optical densities.
When light wave travels from one medium to another, the wave
length and velocity changes but frequency of light wave remains
the same.
e. Sun can be seen before actual sunrise and after actual sun set due
to Atmospheric refraction.
f. An object under water (any medium) appears to be raised due to
refraction when observed obliquely.

n= n ® refractive index
and shift in the position (apparent) of object is

x= where t is the actual depth of the medium.

g. Snell’s law states that for a given colour of light, the ratio of sine
of the angle of incidence to sine of angle of refraction is a constant,
when light travels from one medium to another.  n1
1

n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2 n2
2

109
 h. Absolute refractive index is the ratio between the velocities of light
in vacuum to velocity of light in medium. For air regractive index is
1.003 for practical uses taken to be 1

n=
3. T.I.R.
i. When a ray of light travels from denser to rarer medium and if the
angle of incidence is greater than critical angle, the ray of light is
refiected back to the denser medium. This phenomenon is called
total internal refiection. (T.I.R.)

sin C =
Essential conditions for T.I.R.
1. Light should travel from denser to rarer medium.
2. Angle of incidence must be greater than critical angle
( i > iC)
j. Diamond has a high refractive index, resulting with a low critical
angle (C = 24.40). This promotes a multiple total internal reflection
causing its brilliance and luster. Working of an optical fibre and
formation of mirage are the examples of T.I.R.
4. When light falls on a convex refracting surface, the relation among, u,
v and R is given by n2  n1  n2  n1 .
v u R
5. Lens maker formula for thin lens formula is given by

For Convex Lens R1 + ve; R2 – ve and Concave lens R1 –ve; R2 + ve.

The way in which a lens behaves as converging or diverging depends
upon the values of nL and nm.
6. When two lenses are kept in contact the equivalent focal length is given
by
1 1 and Power P = P1 + P2
= f1 f2
Magnification m = ml × m2
7. The lens formula is given by

110
 Sign convention for mirrors and lenses  Distances in the direction
of incident ray are taken as positive. All the mesurement is donefrom
pole (P).

8. When ray of light passes through a glass prism it undergoes refraction,

then A +  = i + e and, the expression of refractive index of glass prism

n=

As the angle of incidence increses, the angle of deviation decreases,

reaches a minimum value and then increases. This minimum value of
angle of deviation is called angle of minimum deviation “m”.
9.

Where d is minimum, i = e, refracted ray lies parallel to the base. For

a small angled prism min = (n – 1) A.
10. When white light is passed through a glass prism, it splits up into its
constituent colours (Monochromatic). This phenomenon is called
Dispersion.
11. Scattering of light takes place when size of the particle is very small
as compared to the wavelength of light.

Intensity of scattered light is

The following properties or phenomena can be explained by scattering.
(i) Sky is blue.
(ii) Sun looks reddish at the time of sunrise and sunset.
(iii) Red light used in danger mark.
(iv) Clouds are white.

111
Compound Microscope :

Objective : The converging lens nearer to the object.

Eyepiece : The converging lens through which the final image is seen.
Both are of short length. Focal length of eyepiece is slightly greater
than that of the objective.
4. Angular Magnification or Magnifying Power (M) :
M = Me × Mo
(a) When final is formed atleast distance of distinct vision.

(b) When final image is formed at infinity M = — L D

fO fe
(Normal adjustment i.e. image at infinity) Length of tube
L = |vo| + |ue|
5. Formation of Image by Astronomical Telescope : at infinity Normal
Adjustment Position)

112
 Focal length of the objective is much greater than that of the eyepiece.
A perture of the objective is also large to allow more light to pass through
it.
6. Angular magnification or Magnifying power of a telescope.
(a) When final image is formed at infinity (Normal adjustment)

(fo + fe = L is called the length of the telescope in normal

adjustment).

(b) When final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision.

m= and L = fo + | ue |

7. Newtonian Telescope : (Reflecting Type)

8. Cassegrain telescope refer

113
Limit of resolution and resolving power Compound Microscope

Limit of resolution d =

Resolving Power = =
Resolving power depends on (i) wavelength , (ii) refractive Index of the
medium between the object and the objective and (iii) half angle of the
cone of light from one of the objects .

Telescope : Limit of resolution d =

Resolving Power = =
D  diameter of objective.
Resolving power depends on (i) wavelength , (ii) diameter of the objective
D.

114
 Questions on Ray Optics
1 Mark question
1. A convex lens is placed in contact with a plane mirror. A point object at
a distance of 20 cm on the axis of this combination has its image
coinciding with itself. What s the focal length of the lens?
2. When an object is placed f and 2f of a concave mirror, would the image
formed be (i) real or virtual and (ii) diminished or magnified?
3. For the same value of angle of incidence the angles of refraction in three
media A, B and C are 15°, 25° and 35° respectively. In which media
would the velocity of light of light be minimum?
4. When monochromatic light travels from one medium to another its
wavelength changes but frequency remains the same. Explain.
5. State the criteria for the phenomenon of total internal reflection of light
to take place.

115
 3 MARKS QUESTION:

6. The image of a small bulb fixed on the wall of a room is to be obtained on

the opposite wall ‘s’ m away by means of a large convex lens. What is the
maximum possible local length of the lens required.
Ans. For fixed distance ‘s’ between object and screen, for the lens equation
to give real solution for u = v = 2f, ‘f’ should not be greater than
4f = s.
 f = s/4
7. The angle subtended at the eye by an object is equal to the angle subtended
at the eye by the virtual image produced by a magnifying glass. In what
sense then does magnifying glass produce angular magnification?
Ans. The absolute image size is bigger than object size, the magnifier helps in
bringing the object closer to the eye and hence it has larger angular size
than the same object at 25 cm, thus angular magnification is achieved.
8. Obtain relation between focal length and radius of curvature, of (i)
concave mirror (ii) convex mirror using proper ray diagram.

9. Water (refractive index ) is poured into a concave mirror of radius of

curvature ‘R’ up to a height h as shown in figure. What should be the
value of x so that the image of object ‘O’ is formed on itself?

10. A point source S is placed midway between two concave mirrors having
equal focal length f . Find the value of d for which only one image is
formed.

116
11.Explain (i) sparkling of diamond (ii) use of optical fibre in communication.
12.Using appropriate ray diagram obtain relation for refractive index
of water in terms of real and apparent depth.
13Complete the ray diagram in the following figure where, n1 is
refractive index of medium and n2 is refractive index of material of
lens.

13.A converging beam of light is intercepted by a slab of thickness t and

refractive index , By what distance will the convergence point shifted?

117
 14.In double slit experiment SS2 is greater than SS1 by 0.25. Calculate the
path difference between two interfering beam from S1 and S2 for minima and
maxima on the point P as shown in figure.

15.The line AB in the ray diagram represents a lens. State whether the
lens is convex or concave.

16.Use mirror equation to deduce that an object placed between the pole and
focus of a concave mirror produces a virtual and enlarged image.
17.Calculate the value of , for which light incident normally on face AB
grazes along the face BC.
glass = 3/2 and water = 4/3

118
 WAVE OPTICS
A wavelet is the point of disturbance due to propagation of light.
A wavefront is the locus of points (wavelets) having the same phase of
oscillations.
A perpendicular to a wavefront in forward direction is called a ray.

119
 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES
Young’s Double Slit Experiment

The waves from S1 and S2 reach the point P with some phase difference
and hence path difference
 = S2P – S1P

S2P2 – S1P2 =

(S2P – S1P) (S2P + S1P) = 2 yd S2P  S1P  D

 (2D) = 2 yd

=

120
Interference phenomenon
1. Resultant intensity at a point on screen
IR = R (a 12 + a 22+ 2a1a2 cos f)

IR = I1 + I2 + Where I1 =
I2 =

If I1 = I2 = Io, then IR =

2. Imax = If I1 = I2 = I0, Imax = 4I0

Imin = If I1 = I2 = I0, Imax = 0

3. =

4. =

5. = = , w1 and w2 are widths of two slits

6. Constructive interference

Phase difference,  = 2n Where


Path difference, x = n n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .......

Destructive interference 
Phase difference  = (2n + 1)


Path difference x = 

7. Fringe width (dark or bright)  =
Angular width of fringe  = =

121
Distribution of Intensity

Conditions for Sustained Interference :

2. The two sources must be coherent.
3. The two interfering wave trains must have the same plane of polarisation.
4. The two sources must be very close to each other and the pattern must be
observed at a large distance to have sufficient width of the fringe
D
b = d Angnlar width a = l/d
5. The sources must be monochromatic. Otherwise, the fringes of different
colours will overlap.
6. The two waves must be having same amplitude for better contrast between
bright and dark fringes.

DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT AT A SINGLE SLIT :

Width of Central Maximum :

y1 =

122
 Since the Central Maximum is spread on either side of O, the width is

Fresnel’s Distance :

y1 =

At Fresnel’s distance, y1 = d and D = DF

So, = d or DF =

POLARISATION OF LIGHT WAVES :

Malus’ Law : When a beam of plane polarised light is incident on an
analyser, the intensity I of light transmitted from the analyser varies directly as the
square of the cosine of the angle  between the planes of transmission of analyser
and polariser.
Intensity of transmitted light from the analyser is

I = k (a cos )2
or I = k a2 cos2 

(where I0 = ka2 is the intensity of light transmitted from the polariser)

123
 Polarisation by Reflection and Brewster’s Law :

P + r = 90º or r = 90º – P

aµb =

aµb =

Write the value of angle of reflection for a ray of light falling normally on a mirror.
Ans. Zero.
1. How does the dispersive power of glass prism change when it is dipped
in water?
Ans. Decreases.

124
 2. Light travels from glass to air. Find the angle of incidence for which
the angle of refraction is 90° if refractive index of glass is .
Ans. 45°
3. Name the phenomenon due to which one cannot see through fog.
Ans. Scattering of light.
4. What is the ratio of sin i and sin r in terms of velocities in the given
figure.

Ans. v1/v2
5. What is the shape of fringes in Youngs double slit experiment ?
Ans. Hyperbolic.
Ans. 30 cm.
6. For the same angle of the incidence the angle of refraction in three
media A, B and C are 15°, 25° and 35° respectively. In which medium
would the velocity of light be minimum?
Ans. A
7. What is the phase difference between two points on a cylindrical wave
front?
Ans. Zero.

125
 8. What is the ratio of contribution made by the electric field and magnetic
field components to the intensity of an EM wave is ?
Ans. 1 : 1.
9. An EM wave of intensity ‘I’ falls on a surface kept in vacuum. What
is the radiation pressure if wave is totally reflected?

Ans. c  Speed of light

10. In a single slit diffraction pattern, how does the angular width of central
maxima change when (i) slit width is decreased (ii) distance between
slit & screen is increased and (iii) light of smaller visible wavelength
is used ? Justify your answer.

Ans. Angular width of central maxima  = =

(i) If d  decreases Angular width increases.
(ii) Angular width remain same on increasing D
(iii) If  decreases, angular width decreases.

11. Name any two characteristics of light which do not change on polarisation.

126
12. Define diffraction. What should be the order of the size of the aperture to
observe diffraction.
13. Show that maximum intensity in interference pattern is four times the
intensity due to each slit if amplitude of light emerging from slits is same.
14. Two poles-one 4 m high and the other is 4.5 m high are situated at distance
40 m and 50 m respectively from an eye. Which pole will appear taller?
15. S1 and S2 are two sources of light separated by a distance d. A detector can
move along S2P perpendicular to S1S2. What should be the minimum and
maximum path difference at the detector?

16. If a jogger runs with constant speed towards a vehicle, how fast does
the image of the jogger appear to move in the rear view mirror when
• the vehicle is stationery
(ii) the vehicle is moving with constant speed towards jogger.
Ans. The speed of the image of the jogger appears to increase substantially
though jogger is moving with constant speed.
Similar phenomenon is observed when vehicle is in motion.
17. Define Brewstre’s angle. Show that the Brewster’s angle iB for a given
pair of media is related to critical angle ic through the relation
ic = sin–1(cot iB)
18. If angle between the pass axes of polariser & analyser is 45º. Write
the ratio of the intersities of original light and transmitted light after
passing through the analyser.

127
19. Draw a diagram to show the advance sunrise and delayed sunset due to
atmospheric refraction.
20. Define critical angle for total internal reflection. Obtain an expression for
refractive index of the medium in terms of critical angle.
21. What two main changes in diffraction pattern of single slit will you observe
when the monochromatic source of light is replaced by a source of white
light.

128
 22. Give reasons for the following
• Sun looks reddish at sunset
(ii) clouds are generally white
23. Using Huygens Principle draw ray diagram for the following :
• Refraction of a plane wave front incident on a rarer medium
(ii) Refraction of a plane wave front incident on a denser medium.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:(3 MARKS)

1.Obtain the formula for combined focal length of two thin lenses in
contact, taking one divergent and the other convergent.
2.Derive Snell’s law on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory.

4.Define total internal reflection. State its two conditions. With a ray
diagram show how does optical fibres transmit light.
5.Two narrow slits are illuminated by a single monochromatic sources.
(a) Draw the intensity pattern and name the phenomenon
(b) One of the slits is now completely covered. Draw the intensity pattern
now obtained.

129
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
1. Diagrammatically show the phenomenon of refraction through a prism.
Define angle of deviation in this case. Hence for a small angle of
incidence derive the relation  = ( – 1) A.
2. Explain the following :
(a) Sometimes distant radio stations can be heard while nearby stations
are not heard.
(b) If one of the slits in Youngs Double Slit Experiment is covered,
what change would occur in the intensity of light at the centre of
the screen ?

130
 3. Define diffraction. Deduce an expression for fringe width of the central
maxima of the diffraction pattern, produced by single slit illuminated
with monochromatic light source.
4. What is polarisation? How can we detect polarised light? State Brewster’s
Law and deduce the expression for polarising angle.
5. Draw a graph to show the angle of deviation with the angle of incidence
i for a monochromatic ray of light passing through a prism of refracting
angle A. Deduce the relation
Where, m  angle of
= minimum deviation
6. State the condition under which the phenomenon of diffraction of light
takes place. Also draw the intensity pattern with angular position.
7. How will the interference pattern in Youngs double slit experiment
change, when
(i) distance between the slits S1 and S2 are reduced and
(ii) the entire set up is immersed in water ?
Justify your answer in each case.

Ans. Fringe width  =

(i) If d decreases, fringe widtha  increases

1
d
(ii) When apparatus is immersed in water, wavelength reduces to

. Therefore, fringe width  a l decreases.

131
 Unit VIII
ATOMS AND NUCLEI

KEY POINTS
 Gieger-Marsden -scattering experiment established the existence of
nucleus in an atom.
Bohr’s atomic model
(i) Electrons revolve round the nucleus in certain fixed orbits called
stationary orbits.
(ii) In stationary orbits, the angular momentum of electron is integral
multiple of h/2.
(iii) While revolving in stationary orbits, electrons do not radiate energy.
The energy is emitted (or absorbed) when electrons jump from
higher to lower energy orbits, (or lower to higher energy orbits).
The frequency of the emitted radiation is given by hv = Ef – Ei.
An atom can absorb radiations of only those frequencies that it is
capable of emitting.
 As a result of the quantisation condition of angular momentum, the
electron orbits the nucleus in circular paths of specific radii. For a
hydrogen atom it is given by

rn =

 rn  n2

The total energy is also quantised : E n = = – 13.6eV/n2

The n = 1 state is called the ground state.
In hydrogen atom, the ground state energy is – 13.6 eV.
 de Broglie’s hypothesis that electron have a wavelength  = h/mv gave
an explanation for the Bohr’s quantised orbits.
 Neutrons and protons are bound in nucleus by short range strong nuclear
force. Nuclear force does not distinguish between nucleons.
 The nuclear mass ‘M’ is always less than the total mass of its constituents.
The difference in mass of a nucleus and its constituents is called the
mass defect.

132
 M = [Zmp + (A – Z)mn] – M
and Eb = (M)c2
The energy Eb represents the binding energy of the nucleus.
For the mass number ranging from A = 30 to 170 the binding energy
per nucleon is nearly constant at about 8MeV per nucleon.
 Radioactive Decay Law : The number of atoms of a radioactive sample
disintegrating per second at any time is directly proportional to the
number of atoms present at that time. Mathematically :

= – N or N(t) = N0e–t
where  is called decay constant. It is defined as the reciprocal of the
mean time during which the number of atoms of a radioactive substance
1
decreases to of their original number.
e
 Number of radioactive atoms N in a sample at any time t can be
calculated using the formula.

N=
Here No = no. of atoms at time t = 0 and T is the half-life of the
substance.
Half life : The half life of a radio active substances is defined as the
time during which the number of atoms disintegrate to one half of its
initial value.

T1/2 = = ln 2 × mean life

or 0.693/ =

Here = decay constant =

 Radius r of the nucleus of an atom is proportional to the cube root of
its mass number thereby implying that the nuclear density is the same.
(Almost) for all substances/nuclei.
 -decay : ZXA  Z–2YA–4 + 2He4 + Q
-decay : ZXA  Z–1YA + –1e0 + +Q
-decay : When  or -decay leave, the nucleus in excited state; the
nucleus goes to lower energy state or ground state by the emission of
-ray(s).

133
 VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
1. What is the rest mass of photon?
Ans. Zero
2. A good mirror reflects 80% of light incident on it. Which of thefollowing
is correct ?
(a) Energy of each reflected photon decreases by 20%.
(b) Total no. of reflected photons decreases by 20%. Justify your
answer.
Ans. (b) Total no. of reflected photons decreases by 20%.
3. Why in a photocell the cathode is coated with alkali metals ?
Ans. Lower work function, sensitive to visible light.
4. Name the phenomenon which shows quantum nature of electromagnetic
radiation.
Ans. Photoelectric effect.
5. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equations and specify each term.

Ans. = h – h0

Max. K.E. of Photoelectrons = Energy of incident light – work function.

6. The Stopping potential in an experiment on photo electric effect is
1.5V : What is the maximum K.E. of photoelectrons emitted.
Ans. eV0 = (K.E) max
 (K.E.)max = 1.6 × 10–19 × 1.5
= 2.4 × 10–19J
7. A metal emits photoelectrons when red light falls on it. Will this metal
emit photoelectrons when blue light falls on it? Why?
Ans. Yes, blue light has higher frequency hence possess higher energy.
8. What is the value of impact parameter for a head on collision?
Ans. Zero
9. The photoelectric cut off voltage in a certain photoelectric experiment
is 1.5V. What is the max. kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted?

134
Ans. K.E = eV, \ K.E = 1.5 e Joule
= 1.5 × 1.6 × 10–19J
= 2.4 × 10–19J
10. What is the de-Broglie wavelength of a 3 kg object moving with a
speed of 2m/s?

Ans.  = = = 1.1 × 10–34m.

11. What factors determine the maximum velocity of the photoelectrons

from a surface?
Ans. (a) frequency of incident radiation
(a) work function of surface.
12. How will you justify that the rest mass of photons is zero ?

Ans. m = , rest mass for m0 = photon v = c  m0 = 0.

13. Work functions of caesium and lead are 2.14 eV and 4.25 eV respectively.
Which of the two has a higher threshold wavelength?

Ans. Work function, 0 = hv0 = or 0

Hence caesium has a higher threshold wavelength for photoelectric

emission.
14. What is the de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron at absolute temperature
TK?

Ans.  = = = , KB  Boltzmann’s Constant

15. Define atomic mass unit. Write its energy equivalent in MeV.

Ans. 1 a.m.u is of the mass of a carbon isotope

12C 1 u = 931 MeV
6
16. What was the drawback of Rutherford’s model of atom?
Ans. Rutherford’s model of atom failed to explain the stability of atom.
17. What are the number of electrons and neutrons in atom?

135
Ans. No. of electrons 92
No. of neutrons 236 – 92 = 144.
18. Name the series of hydrogen spectrum which has least wavelength.
Ans. Lyman series
19. Any two protons repel each other, then how is this possible for them
to remain together in a nucleus.
Ans. Nuclear force between two protons is 100 times stronger than the
electrostatic force.
20. Define radioactive decay constant.
Ans. The decay constant of radioactive substance is defined as the reciprocal

of that time in which the number of atoms of substance becomes

times the atoms present initially.
21. You are given reaction : 1H2 + 1H2  2He4 + 24 MeV. What type of
nuclear reaction is this?
Ans. Nuclear Fusion.
22. After losing two electrons, to which particle does a helium atom get
transformed into?
Ans.  particle.
23. What is the ratio of velocities of electron in I, II and III Bohr
Orbits ?

Ans. or 6 : 3 : 2

24. Which atomic part was discovered by Rutherford ?

Ans. Nucleus
25. In nuclear reaction find P, Q and hence identify X.

Ans. P = 0, Q = 1
X is 1e0 a positron.
26. Binding energies of deutron and -particle (2He4) are 1.25 MeV/
nucleon and 7.2 MeV/nucleon respectively. Which nucleus is more
stable?
Ans. Binding energy of 2He4 is more than deutron 1H2. Hence 2He4 is more
stable.

136
 27. -particles are incident on a thin gold foil. For what angle of deviation
will the number of deflected -particles be minimum?
Ans. 180°
28. If the amount of a radioactive substance is increased four times then
how many times will the number of atoms disintegrating per unit time
be increased?
Ans. Four times ... R = – N
29. An electron jumps from fourth to first orbit in an atom. How many
maximum number of spectral lines can be emitted by the atom?
Ans. Possible transitions are
ni = 4 to nf = 3, 2, 1
ni = 3 to nf = 2.1
ni = 2 to nf = 1
Total transitions = 6
For many electron system.

30. Under what conditions of electronic transition will the emitted light be
monochromatic?
Ans. Only fixed two orbits are involved and therefore single energy evolve.
31. Why does only a slow neutron (.03eV energy) cause the fission in the
uranium nucleus and not the fast one?
Ans. Slow neutron stays in the nucleus for required optimum time and disturbs
the configuration of nucleus.
32. Write the relation for distance of closest approach.
Ans. 0 = .

33. In Bohr’s atomic model, the potential energy is negative and has a
magnitude greater than the kinetic energy, what does this imply?
Ans. The revolving electron is bound to the nucleus.
34. Name the physical quantity whose dimensions are same as Planck’s
constant.
Ans. Angular momentum
35. Define ionisation potential.

137
Ans. The minimum accelerated potential which would provide an electron
sufficient energy to escape from the outermost orbit.
36. The ionisation potential of hellium atom is 24.6 V. How much energy
will be required to ionise it?
Ans. 24.6 eV
37. What is the energy possessed by an electron whose principal quantum
number is infinite?
Ans. Zero n = 
... E = – eV = 0.
n

38. What is the SI unit of work function?

Ans. Joule
39. Name the spectral series of hydrogen atom which lie in uv region.
Ans. Lyman Series
40. Name two series of hydrogen spectrum lying in the infra red region.
Ans. Paschan & P fund series
41. What is the order of velocity of electron in a hydrogen atom in ground
state.
Ans. 106 ms–1
42. Write a relation for the wavelength in Paschan series lines of hydrogen
spectrum.

Ans. = , n = 4, 5...

43. Arrange radioactive radiation in the increasing order of penetrating

power.
Ans. , , 
44. Write a relation between average life and decay constant.

Ans.  = = average life

45. Write two units for activity of radioactive element and relate them with
number of disintegration per second.
Ans. 1 Curie (Ci) = 3.7 × 1010 decay/s
1 becquerel (Bq) = 1 decay/s
46. The half life of a radioactive element A is same as the mean life time
of another radioactive element B. Initially, both have same number of
atoms. B decay faster than A. Why?

138
Ans. TA = B = 1.44TB
 TA > TB
 A < B
Therefore B decay faster than A.
47. Draw the graph showing the distribution of kinetic energy of electrons
emitted during  decay.

48. Compare radii of two nuclei of mass numbers 1 and 27 respectively.

Ans. = =

R1 : R2 = 1 : 3
49. Which element has highest value of Binding Energy per nucleon.
Ans. 56Fe26
50. Mention the range of mass number for which the Binding energy curve
is almost horizontal.
Ans. For A = 30 to 120 (A is mass number)
51. What is the ratio of nuclear densities of the two nuclei having mass
numbers in the ratio 1 : 4?
Ans. 1 : 1 Because nuclear density is independent of mass number.
52. Draw a graph of number of undecayed nuclei to the time, for a radioactive
nuclei.

139
 53. Write an equation to represent  decay.

Ans.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks)

1. Write one similarity and one difference between matter wave and an
electromagnetic wave.
2. Does a photon have a de-Broglie wavelength? Explain.
3. A photon and an electron have energy 200 eV each. Which one of these
has greater de-Broglie wavelength?
4. The work function of the following metal is given Na = 2.75 eV, K =
2.3 eV, Mo = 4.14 eV, Ni = 5.15 eV which of these metal will not give
a photoelectric emission for radiation of wave length 3300 A° from a
laser source placed at 1m away from the metal. What happens if the
laser is brought nearer and placed 50 cm away.
5. Represent graphically Variation of the de-Broglie wavelength with linear
momentum of a particle.

6. In a photoelectric effect experiment, the graph between the stopping

potential V and frequency of the incident radiation on two different
metals P and Q are shown in Fig. :

(i) Which of the two metals has greater value of work function?
(ii) Find maximum K.E. of electron emitted by light of frequency
v = 8 × 1014 Hz for metal P.

140
 7. Do all the photons have same dynamic mass? If not, Why?
8. Why photoelectrons ejected from a metal surface have different kinetic
energies although the frequency of incident photons are same?
9. Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with two electrons
‘A’ and ‘B’ which are accelerated through 8V and 64 volts respectively.
10. Explain the terms stopping potential and threshold frequency.
11. How does the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons vary with
the increase in work function of metals?
12. Define distance of the closest approach. An -particle of kinetic energy
‘K’ is bombarded on a thin gold foil. The distance of the closest approach
is ‘r’. What will be the distance of closest approach for an -particle
of double the kinetic energy?
13. An a particle and a proton are accelerated by same potential. Find ratio
fo their de Broglie wavelengths. Ans. [1: 2 2]
14. Which of the following radiations ,  and  are :
(i) similar to x-rays?
(ii) easily absorbed by matter
(iii) travel with greatest speed?
(iv) similar to the nature of cathode rays?
15. Some scientist have predicted that a global nuclear war on earth would
be followed by ‘Nuclear winter’. What could cause nuclear winter?
16. If the total number of neutrons and protons in a nuclear reaction is
conserved how then is the energy absorbed or evolved in the reaction?
17. In the ground state of hydrogen atom orbital radius is 5.3 × 10 –11 m.
The atom is excited such that atomic radius becomes 21.2 × 10 –11 m.
What is the principal quantum number of the excited state of atom?
18. Calculate the percentage of any radioactive substance left undecayed
after half of half life.
19. Why is the density of the nucleus more than that of atom?
20. The atom 8O16 has 8 protons, 8 neutrons and 8 electrons while atom
8
4Be has 4 proton, 4 neutrons and 4 electrons, yet the ratio of their
atomic masses is not exactly 2. Why?

141
21. What is the effect on neutron to proton ratio in a nucleus when –
particle is emitted ? Explain your answer with the help of a suitable
nuclear reaction.
22. Why must heavy stable nucleus contain more neutrons than protons?
23. Show that the decay rate R of a sample of radio nuclide at some instant
is related to the number of radio active nuclei N at the same instant by
the expression R = – N.
24. What is a nuclear fusion reaction? Why is nuclear fusion difficult to
carry out for peaceful purpose?
25. Write two characteristic features of nuclear forces which distinguish
them from coulomb force.
26. Half life of certain radioactive nuclei is 3 days and its activity is 8
times the ‘safe limit’. After how much time will the activity of the
radioactive sample reach the ‘safe limit’?

27. Derive mvr = using de-Broglie equation.

28. Draw graph of number of scattered particles to scattering angle in

Ratherford’s experiment.
29. If the energy of a photon is 25 eV and work function of the material
is 7eV, find the value of slopping potential.
30. What is the shortest wavelength present in the (i) Paschen series (ii)
Balmer series of spectral lines?
Ans. (i) 820nm, (ii) 365 nm
31. The radius of the inner most electron orbit of a hydrogen atom 0.53 Å.
What are the radii of the n = 2 and n = 3 orbits. [Hint : r = n2r0)
32. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. What are the
kinetic and potential energies of the electron in this state?
[Hint : K.E = – (T.E), P.E. = 2T.E]
33. Why is the wave nature of matter not more apparent to our daily
observations ?
34. From the relation R = R0 A1/3 where R0 is a constant and A is the
mass number of a nucleus, show that nuclear matter density is nearly
constant.

142
Ans. Nuclear matter density =

= =

= = 2.3 × 1017 kg / m3

= Constant
35. Find the energy equivalent of one atomic mass unit in joules and then
in MeV.
Ans. E = mc2 m = 1.6605 × 10–27 kg
= 1.6605 × 10–27 × (3 × 108)2
= 1.4924 × 10–4J

= 0.9315 × 109 eV
= 931.5 MeV
36. Write four properties of nuclear force.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
1. Explain the working of a photocell? Give its two uses.
2. Find the de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron accelerated
through a potential difference V.
3. What is Einstein’s explanation of photo electric effect? Explain the laws
of photo electric emission on the basis of quantum nature of light.
4. Light of intensity I and frequency v is incident on a photosensitive
surface and causes photoelectric emission. Justify with the help of graph,
the effect on photoelectric current when
(i) the intensity of light is gradually increased
(ii) the frequency of incident radiation is increased
(iii) the anode potential is increased
In each case, all other factors remain the same.
5. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation. State Clearly the three salient

143
 features observed in photoelectric effect which can be explained on the
basis of the above equation.
6. Explain the effect of increase of (i) frequency (ii) intensity of the incident
radiation on photo electrons emitted by a metal.
7. X-rays of wave length  fall on a photo sensitive surface emitting
electrons. Assuming that the work function of the surface can be neglected,

prove that the de-Broglie wavelength of electrons emitted will be .

hc P2 h h
2mnc ,
Ans. E    P   
 2m 
e
P 2mc
8. A particle of mass M at rest decays into two particles of masses m1
and m2 having velocities V1 and V2 respectively. Find the ratio of de-
Broglie wavelengths of the two particles.
Ans. 1 : 1
9. Give one example of a nuclear reaction. Also define the Q-value of the
reaction. What does Q > 0 signify?
10. Explain how radio-active nucleus can emit -particles even though nuclei
do not contain these particles. Hence explain why the mass number of
radioactive nuclide does not change during -decay.
11. Define the term half life period and decay constant. Derive the relation
between these terms.
12. State the law of radioactive decay. Deduce the relation N = N0e–t,
where symbols have their usual meaning.
13. Give the properties of -particles, -particles and -rays.
14. With the help of one example, explain how the neutron to proton ratio
changes during alpha decay of a nucleus.
15. Distinguish between nuclear fusion and fission. Give an example of
each.
16. A radioactive nucleus A undergoes a series of decays according to
following scheme

The mass number and atomic number of A4 are 172 and 69 respectively.
What are these numbers for A ?
Ans. Mass no. of A = 180, Atomic no. of A = 72

144
 17. Obtain a relation for total energy of the electron in terms of orbital
radius. Show that total energy is negative of K.E. and half of potential
energy.

E=

18. Draw energy level diagram for hydrogen atom and show the various
line spectra originating due to transition between energy levels.
19. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen
atom is about – 3.4 eV. What is
(a) the kinetic energy,
(b) the potential energy of the electron?
(c) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the
zero of potential energy in changed to (i) + 0.5 eV (ii) – 0.5 eV.
Ans. (a) When P.E. is chosen to be zero at infinity E = – 3.4 eV, using
E = – K.E., the K.E. = + 3.4 eV.
(b) Since P.E. = – 2E, PE = – 6.8 eV.
(c) If the zero of P.E. is chosen differently, K.E. does not change. The
and T.E. of the state, however would alter if a different zero of the
P.E. is chosen.
(i) When P.E. at  is + 0.5 eV, P.E. of first excited state will be
– 3.4 – 0.5 = – 3.9 eV.
(ii) When P.E. at  is + 0.5 eV, P.E. of first excited state will be
– 3.4 – (– 0.5) = – 2.9 eV.
20. What is beta decay? Write an equation to represent – and + decay.
Explain the energy distribution curve is  decay.
21. Using energy level diagram show emission of  rays by nucleus
and subsequent  decay to obtain .
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
1. State Bohr’s postulates. Using these postulates, derive an expression
for total energy of an electron in the nth orbit of an atom. What does
negative of this energy signify?
2. Define binding energy of a nucleus. Draw a curve between mass number
and average binding energy per nucleon. On the basis of this curve,
explain fusion and fission reactions.

145
 3. State the law of radioactive disintegration. Hence define disintegration
constant and half life period. Establish relation between them.
4. What is meant by nuclear fission and fusion. Draw Binding Energy Vs
Mass Number curve and explain four important features of this curve.
5. Briefly explain Rutherford’s experiment for scattering of  particle with
the help of a diagram. Write the conclusion made and draw the model
suggested.

NUMERICALS
1. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 350 nm and intensity 1 W/m2 is directed
at a potassium surface having work function 2.2eV.
(i) Find the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron.
(ii) If 0.5 percent of the incident photons produce photoelectric effect,
how many photoelectrons per second are emitted from the potassium
surface that has an area 1cm2.
2. A metal surface illuminated by 8.5 × 1014 Hz light emits electrons
whose maximum energy is 0.52 eV the same surface is illuminated by
12.0 × 1014 Hz light emits elections whose maximum energy is 1.97eV.
From these data find work function of the surface and value of Planck’s
constant. [Work Function = 3eV]
3. An electron and photon each have a wavelength of 0.2 nm. Calculate
their momentum and energy.
(i) 3.3 × 10–24 kgm/s
(i) 6.2 keV for photon
(ii) 38eV for electron
4. What is the (i) Speed (ii) Momentum (ii) de-Broglie wavelength of an
electron having kinetic energy of 120eV?
Ans. (a) 6.5 × 106 m/s; (b) 5.92 × 10–24 kg m/s; (c) 0.112 nm.
5. If the frequency of incident light in photoelectric experiment is doubled
then does the stopping potential become double or more than double,
justify? (More than double)

146
Long Answer Question :
6.(A) Why wave theory of light could not explain the photoelectric effect?
State two reasons. Draw graph between
(i) frequency v vs stopping potential V0.
(ii) Intensity vs photoelectric current.
(iii) anode potential vs photoelectric current.
6.(B) A proton is accelerated through a potential difference V. Find the
percentage increase or decrease in its de-Broglie wavelength if potential
difference is increased by 21%.
(9.1%)
7. For what kinetic energy of a neutron will the associated de-Broglie
wavelength be 5.6 × 10–10m?

Ans. =

 K.E. =

= 3.35 × 10–21J
8. A nucleus of mass M initially at rest splits into two fragments of masses
and . Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelength of the fragments.
Ans. Following the law of conservation of momentum,

=0

or =

 =  =1

9. An electron and a proton are possessing same amount of K.E., which

of the two have greater de-Broglie, wavelength? Justify your answer.

147
Ans. Ee =

and Ep =

 meve = and mpvp =

But, Ee = Ep  =

 e > p.
10. The electron in a given Bohr orbit has a total energy of –1.51 eV.
Calculate the wavelength of radiation emitted, when this electon makes
a transition to the ground state.
Ans. 1028 A°
11. Calculate the radius of the third Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom and energy
of electron in third Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom.
Ans. (–1.51 eV)
12. Calculate the longest and shortest wavelength in the Balmer series of
Hydrogen atom. Rydberg constant = 1.0987 × 107 m–1.
Ans. l = 6553 A°, s = 3640Aº
13. What will be the distance of closest approach of a 5 MeV a-particle as
it approaches a gold nucleus? (given Atomic no. of gold = 79)
Ans. 4.55 × 10–14m
14. A 12.5 MeV alpha – particle approaching a gold nucleus is deflected
180°. What is the closest distance to which it approaches the nucleus?
Ans. 1.82 × 10–14m
15. Determine the speed of the electron in n = 3 orbit of hydrogen atom.
Ans. 7.29 × 105ms–1
16. There are radioactive nuclei in a given radio active element.
If half life is 20 seconds, how many nuclei will remain after 10 seconds?
Ans. 4 × 106
17. The half life of a radioactive substance is 5 hours. In how much time
will 15/16 of the material decay?
Ans. 20 hours

148
 18. At a given instant, there are 25% undecayed radioactive nuclei in a
sample. After 10 seconds, the number of undecayed nuclei reduces
12.5%. Calculate the mean life of nuclei.
Ans. 14.43
19. Binding energy of 2He4 and 3Li7 nuclei are 27.37 MeV and 39.4 MeV
respectively. Which of the two nuclei is more stable? Why?
Ans. 2He4 because its BE/nucleon is greater.
20. Find the binding energy and binding energy per nucleon of nucleus 83B209.
Given : mass of proton = 1.0078254 u. mass of neutron = 1.008665 u.
Mass of 83Bi209 = 208.980388u.
Ans. 1639.38 MeV and 7.84 MeV/Nucleon
21. Is the fission of iron (26Fe56) into (13Al28) as given below possible?
26Fe  13Al + 13Al + Q
56 28 28

Given mass of 26Fe56 = 55.934940 and 13Al28 = 27.98191 U

Ans. Since Q value comes out negative, so this fission is not possible
22. Find the maximum energy that -particle may have in the following
decay :
8O  9F + –1e +
19 19 0

Given m (8O19) = 19.003576 a.m.u.

m (9 F19) = 18.998403 a.m.u.
m (–e0) = 0.000549 a.m.u.
Ans. 4.3049 MeV
23. The value of wavelength in the lyman series is given as

=

Calculate the wavelength corresponding to transition from energy level

2, 3 and 4. Does wavelength decreases or increase.

Ans. 21 = = 1218Aº

31 = = 1028Aº

149
 41 = = 974.3Aº

41 < 31 < 21

24. The half life of undergoing  decay is 4.5 × 109 years what is the
activity of 1g. sample of .
Ans. T1/2 = 4.5 × 109 y
= 4.5 × 109 × 3.16 × 107s
= 1.42 × 1017 s

1g of contains = atom

= 25.3 × 1020 atoms

 decay rate = R = N =

= 1.23 × 104 bq.

Answer to 2 Marks Question

1. Similarity : Both follow wave equation (partial differential equation)
dissimilarity : Matter waves
(a) cannot be radiated in empty space.
(b) are associated with the particles, not emitted by it

150
 2. Yes,  =
hc
3.  = for photon P = and l = for electron P = 2M E
E
photon = 2.4 × 10–8m, electron = 3.6 × 10–10m

4.  = 3300Aº, E = =  3.8 eV

Work function of Mo & Ni > 3.8 eV hence no photoelectron emission

from Mo and Ni.

5. =

  











6. Q
hv0
K.E.max  1.3 eV As  2V
e
7. E = mc2, hv = mc2, m = , no, it depends upon frequency.

8. KE = hv – hv0. The electrons in the atom of metal occupy different

energy levels, thus have different minimum energy required to be ‘ejected’
from the atom. So the e– with higher energy will have higher kinetic
energy.
1 1 2 2
9. Decreases,    
V 2 1
11. KEmax = hv – w0  KEmax decreases with increase in w0.

151
12. Distance of closest approach is defined as the minimum distance between
the charged particle and the nucleus at which initial kinetic energy of
the particle is equal to electrostatic potential energy.

for  particle, =

r

\ r will be halved.
14. (i) Similar to x-rays — -rays.
(ii) -particle.
(iii) -rays.
(iv) -particle.
15. Nuclear radioactive waste will hang like a cloud in the earth atmosphere
and will absorb sun radiations.
16. The total binding energy of nuclei on two sides need not be equal. The
difference in energy appears as the energy released or absorbed.
17. n = 2 as rn  n2

18. From relation = when t = T/2

 112
=  2 

or = = = 70.9 %

19. Because radius of atom is very large than radius of nucleus.

20. Due to mass defect or different binding energies.
21. Decreases as number of neutrons decreases and number of protons
increases. N  P+–1e0
22. To counter repulsive coulomb forces, strong nuclear force required
between neutron-neutron, neutron-proton and proton-proton.

152
23. N = N0e–t differentiating both sides we get = – N0e–t = –N i.e.,
decay rate
R = – = N

24. For fusion, temperature required is from 106 to 107 K. So, to carry out
fusion for peaceful purposes we need some system which can create
and bear such a high temperature.
25. Nuclear forces are short range forces (within the nucleus) and do not
obey inverse square law while coulomb forces are long range (infinite)
and obey inverse square law.

26. =

or =

or 3=
 t = 9 days.
28.

29. V0 = (E – 0)/e = = 18V.

153
 ELECTRONIC DEVICES

KEY POINTS
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
1. Solids are classified on the basic of

(i) Electrical conductivity Resistivity Conductivity

Metals ρ(Ωm) σ(Sm–1)

10–2 – 10–8 102 – 108

Semi-conductors 10–5 – 106 10–6 – 105

Insulators 1011 – 1019 10–19 – 10–11

(ii) Energy Bands (a) Metals 




Fig. (a)

154
 (b) Insulators 

Fig (b)
(c) Semiconductors 

Fig (c)
2. Types of Semi-conductors
2 Types of semi-conductors
|
| |
Elemental Compound
|
| |
Inorganic Organic, Anthracene
CdS, GaAS, Doped Pthalocyamines etc.
CdSe, InP etc.
3. In intrinsic semiconductors (Pure Si, Ge) carrier (electrons and holes) are
generated by breaking of bonds within the semiconductor itself. In extrinsic
semiconductors carriers (e and h) are increased in numbers by ‘doping’.
4. An intrinsic semiconductor at 0 K temperature behaves as an insulator.
5. Pentavalent (donor) atom (As, Sb, P etc) when doped to Si or Ge give n-
type and trivalent (accestor) atom (In, Ga, Ag, etc) doped with Si or Ge
give p-type semiconductor. In n-type semiconductor electrons are the
majority charge carriers & in p-type holes are the majority charge carriers.

155
 6. Net charge in p-type or n-type semiconductor remains zero.
7. Diffusion and drift are the two processes that occur during formation of p-n
junction.
8. Diffusion current is due to concentration gradient and drift current is due to
electric field.
9. In depletion region movement of electrons and holes depleted it of its free
charges.
10. p-n Junction is the most important semiconductor device because of its
different behaviours in forward biasing (as conductor for V > Vb) and
reverse biasing (as insulator for V < VB) a p-n junction can be used as
Rectifier, LED, photodiode, solar cell etc.
Differences between FB and RB junction diodes :

Depletion layer is decreased Depletion layer is increased

Lower resistance Higher resistance
R → 0 ideal diode R → ∞ ideal diods

Current due to majority Current due to minority charge carrier.

charge carrier.
11. In half wave rectifier frequency output pulse is same as that of input and in
full wave rectifier frequency of output is double of input.
Rectifier PN junction diode

156
 Half Wave Rectifier Full Wave Rectifier
A v in
D1
A +

S –
S vi v0 + + Vout

B
B –
D2

12. When a zener diode is reverse biased, voltage across it remains steady for
a range of currents above zener breakdown. Because of this property, the

diode is
Used as voltge regulator

THEORY QUESTIONS:
1 Distinguish between conductor , insulator and semiconductor on the basis of energy
band diagram ?
Ans.
 Conductor-If there is no energy gap in the energy band diagram, the solid behaves as
conductor.
 Insulator -If there is a large energy gap in the energy band diagram, the solid behaves as
insulator or bad conductor
 Semiconductor - If there is a small energy gap in the energy band diagram, the solid
behaves as a semiconductor. For Germanium Eg = 0.72 Ev, For Silicon Eg = 1.1eV
Conductor insulator semiconductor

157
 2 What is semiconductor diode . How a diode can be made forward and reverse bias.
Draw its V-I characteristic curve .
Ans. A semiconductor diode is basically a p-n junction with metallic contacts provided at the
ends for external voltage.
Forward bias: In forward bias, the p-type is connected with the positive terminal and the
n-type is connected with the negative terminal.
Reverse bias : In reverse bias , the p-type is connected with the negative terminal and the
n-type is connected with the positive terminal.

3 What is zenerdiode. Draw V-I characteristic curve of zener diode. Explain its use as
an voltage regulator with circuit diagram.
Ans. It is designed to operate in the reverse breakdown voltage region continuously
without being damaged.
A zener diode has unique feature that voltage drop across it , is independent of current
through it.

158
 When the input d.c.voltage across zener diode increase beyond a certain limit i.e.
zenervoltage , the current through the circuit rises sharply , causing a sufficient increase in
voltage drop across the dropping resistor R. As a result of it the voltage across zener diode
remain constant and hence the output voltage lower back to normal value.
4 From the diagram shown below identify whether the diode is forward or reverse
biased.
(a) -10 V

0V

(b)+15 V + 5V

Ans.(a) Forward bias (b) Reverse bias.

5 What is meant by rectifier? Discuss working of full wave rectifier with circuit
diagram. Draw its input & output wave forms.
Ans. Rectifier is a device which convert ac signal to dc.

159
 PN Junction Diode as a +
●
Full Wave Rectifier: D1
RL
A B
● ●

D2
●

●
D1
RL
A B
● ●

D2
●
+
●
D1
RL
A B
● ●

D2
●

Working:-When the diode rectifies whole of the AC wave, it is called ‘full wave rectifier’.
During the positive half cycle of the input ac signal, the diode D 1 conducts and current is
through BA.
During the negative half cycle, the diode D2 conducts and current is through BA.

6 What is half wave rectifier. Giving circuit diagram & input-output waveform
explain its working.
Ans. Half wave rectifier is a device which changes half cycle of ac to dc.
PN Junction Diode as a +
●
Half Wave Rectifier: D ●

RL

●
●

●
D ●

RL No output

●
●
+
●
D ●

RL

●
●

160
 Working:- In first half cycle of ac the diode is forward bias & conduct but in second half
cycle the diode is reverse bias & hence not conduct. Hence it gives half dc.

7 Distinguish between intrinsic & extrinsic semiconductor.

Ans.

Distinction between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductor:

S. No. Intrinsic SC Extrinsic SC

1 Pure Group IV elements. Group III or Group V elements
are introduced in Group IV
elements.

2 Conductivity is only slight. Conductivity is greatly

increased.

3 Conductivity increases with rise Conductivity depends on the

in temperature. amount of impurity added.

4 The number of holes is always In N-type, the no. of electrons is

equal to the number of free greater than that of the holes
electrons. and in P-type, the no. holes is
greater than that of the
electrons.

8 What is a solar cell? How does it works? Give its one use.
Ans: Solar cell is device for converting solar energy into electricity. It is basically a p-n junction
operating in a photovoltaic mode without external bias.

SOME IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FROM PREVIOUS YEAR

PAPERS (CHAPTER-ELECTRONIC DEVICES)
1.In a semiconductor the concentration of electorns is 8*1013 cm-3 and that of holes is 5*1012 cm-
3
. Is a p-type or n-type semiconductor?
Ans :As concentration of electrons is more than holes, the given extrinsic semi conductor is n-
type.
2.The energy gaps in the energy band diagrams of a conductor, semiconductor and insulator are
E1, E2 and E3. Arrange them in increasing order.
Ans: the energy gap in a conductor is zero, in a semiconductor is ≈ 1eV and in an insulator is ≥
3eV.E1=0, E2=1eV, E3≥3eV .E1< E2< E3.

161
4 .What is the width of dipletion layer in p-n junction diode?
Ans : The depletion layer in junction diode is of the order of micrometer (≈10 -6 m)
5.In the following diagrams, write which of the diodes are forward biased and which are reverse
biased?

Ans : The junction diode in figs (b) and (d) are forward biased and (a) and (c) are reverse biased.

6.A photodiode if fabricated from a semiconductor with band gap of 2.8eV. Can it detect a
wavelength of 6000nm? Justify.
ℎ𝑐
Ans :Energy corresponding to wave length 6000 nm is E= 𝜆 =3.3x10-20J=0.2 eV
The photon energy of given wavelength is much less than the band gap hence it cant detect the
given wavelength.
7.A semiconductor has equal electron and hole concentration of 6*10 8/m3. On doping with
certain impurity, electron concentration increases to 9*1012/m3.
(i) Identify the new semiconductor obtained after doping.
(ii) Calculate the new hole concentration.
Ans :(i) The doped semiconductor is n-type.
(ii) nenh= ni2
nh = ni2/ ne=4x104 m-3
8.A semiconductor has equal electron and hole concentration of 2*108/m3. On doping with
certain impurity, hole concentration increases to 4*1010/m3.
(i) What type of semiconductor is obtained on doping.
(ii) Calculate the new electron and hole concentration of the semiconductor.
(iii) How does the energy gap vary with doping.
Ans :Given ni=2x108m-3, nh=4x1010m-3
(i) p-type semiconductor
(ii) nenh= ni2
ne = ni2/ nh= 106 m-3
New electron concentration = 106 m-3
Hole concentration =4x1010m-3
(iii) Energy gap decreases on doping.
9. The V-I characterstic of a silicon diode is given in fig.
Calculate the diode resistance in forward bias at V=+2V.
Ans :At V=+2V, i=70mA=70x10 -3A
Therefore R=V/i =28.6Ω

162
 HOT QUESTIONS (2 & 3 MARKS)
Q.1. A Battery of e.m.f. applied across a block of semiconductor of length 0.1 m and the area
of cross-section 1 x 10 -4 m 2. If the block is of intrinsic silicon at 300 k, find the magnitude of
the total current? What will be the order of magnitude of total current if germanium is used
instead of silicon ?
Given that for silicon at 300 k , electron mobility, ve=0.135m2v-1h-5 hole mobility(-44) =
0.048(m2v-15-1), intrinsic carrier concentration, ni= 1.5 x 101 16m-3.
For germanium at 300k, electron mobility is 0.39 m 2v-15-1 hole mobility un = 0.19m2v-
1,intrinsic carrier concentration is 2.4 x 1019m-3.
Ans: For Silicon,
Total current
I = ea(neve+nevn)
= ea(neEue + neeUNe)
= ea(neue + neun)E
= eA(aeue+neue)v/i
I = 1.6 x 10-19 x 1 x 10-4 x [1.5 x 10-16 x 0.135 + 1.5 x 1016 x 0.048]x2/0.1
= 4.46x10-3A
From above , we note that the current is germanium is about four orders of the total current in
Silicon.

163
Q.2. Calculate the value of output voltage Vo&I if the Sidiode conduct at 0.7 and 0.3V,
respectively, in the circuit given in fig, If now Ge
diode connections are reversed, what will be new
value of Vo and I.
Ans:- Current,
I = 13-0.3
5kΩ

I = 11.7 V__
5 x 103Ω

= 2.34mA

Output Voltage,

Vo = RI

=(5 x 103) x (2.34 x 10-3)

=11.7V
When the connection of Ge Diode are reversed, then current will be through silicon.

In this case,

I = (12-0.7)v = 2.26mA
5kΩ

Vo = IR

= (2.26 x 10-3) x (5 x 103=11.3V

)

164
 QUESTION BANK
ELECTROSTATICS

1 mark question

1. A point charge +Q is placed at point O as shown in the figure. Is the

potential difference V A – VB positive, negative or zero? (Delhi 2015,
Foreign 2016)
a. +Q•----------------------------• ----------- •

2. How does the electric flux due to a point charge enclosed by a

spherical Gaussian surface get affected when its radius is increased?
(Delhi 2016)

3. Define Electric Flux. Write its SI unit. (Foreign 2016)

4. A charge is moved from a point a above a dipole of dipole moment P

to a point B below the dipole in equatorial Plane without acceleration
.find the work done in the process?

(Outside Delhi 2016)

5. What is the amount of work done in moving a point charge Q around a

circular arc a the center at which another point charge q is located?
(Outside Delhi 2016)

6. Why do the electrostatic field lines not form a closed loop? (Delhi
2016)

165
7. What is the electric flux through a cube of side 1cm which encloses an
electric dipole?
(All India 2015)

166
8. Why do electric lines of force never cross each other? (All India
2014)

9. Why must electrostatic field at the surface of a charged conductor be

perpendicular to every point on it? (Foreign 2014,Delhi 2012)

10. Define dipole moment of an electric dipole.is it a scalar or vector

quantity?

11. Draw a plot showing the variation of electric field E with distance r
due to a point charge q.

12. A proton is placed in uniform electric field directed along positive X

axis.in which direction will it tend to move? (Delhi 2011)
13. In which orientation, a dipole placed in a uniform electric field is in
(1) stable (2) unstable equilibrium?
(Delhi 2011)

14. Two point charge having equal charges separated by 1 m distance

experiences a force of 8 N. What will be the force experience by them if
they are held in water at the same distance?(given Kwater=80),
(All India 2010)

02 Mark questions

1. Derive an expression for the work done in rotating a dipole from the
angle αo to α in a uniform electric field E? (All India 2016)

2. An electric dipole of length 4cm when placed with axis making an

angle of 600 with a uniform electric field, experiences a torque of 4root3
Nm. calculate the potential if it has a charge ±8nC.
(Delhi 2014)

3. An electric dipole of length 2cm when placed with its axis making an
angle of 600 with uniform electric field experiences a torque of 8root3
Nm. Calculate the potential energy of the dipole if it has a charge of
±4nC. (Delhi 2014)

167
4. An electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field E with its dipole
moment P parallel to the field. Find (a) the work done in turning the
dipole till its dipole moment points in the direction opposite to E (b) The
orientation of the dipole for which the torque acting on it becomes
maximum. (All India 2014)

6. A small metal sphere carrying a charge +Q is located at the center of a

spherical cavity in a large uncharged metallic spherical shell. Write the
charge on inner and outer surface of the shell .write the expression for
the electric field at the point P inside the shell. (Delhi 2014)

7. (i) Point charge +Q is kept in the vicinity of an uncharged conducting

plate .sketch the electric field lines between charge and plates.
(ii) Two infinitely large thin parallel sheets having surface charge
density d1 and d2 as shown in figure write the magnitude and direction
of net fields on the mark II and III. (Foreign 2014)

8. Calculate the amount of work done in turning an electric dipole of

dipole moment 3×10-8 Cm, from its position of unstable equilibrium to
stable equilibrium in a uniform electric field of intensity 103N/C.
(Foreign 2011)

9. Plot graph showing the variation of coulomb force(F) versus 1/r2 ,

where r is the distance between the two charges of each pair of charge (1
μC,2 μC) and (1 μC,-3 μC,),interpreted the graph obtained
(All India 2011)

10. Two identical metallic shell A and B having charges +4Q and -10Q
are kept at certain distance apart. A third identical uncharged sphere C is
first placed in contact with sphere A and with sphere B , then sphere A
and B are brought in contact and then separated .find the charge on
sphere A and B .
(All India 2011)

11. Given a uniform electric field E=4×103 i N/C .find the flux of this
field through a square of 5cm on a side whose plane is parallel to the Y-
Z plane .what would be the flux through the same square if the plane
makes an angle 300 with X axis ? (Delhi 2014)

168
12. A thin straight infinitely long conduction wire having charge density
λ is enclosed by a cylindrical surface of radius r and length l, its axis
coinciding with the length of the wire. Find the expression of electric
flux through the surface of the cylinder. (All India 2011)

13. Two charged conducting sphere of radii r1 and r2 connected to each

other by a wire. Find the ratio of electric field at the surface of the two
spheres? (Delhi 2011)

14. A sphere S1 of radius r1 enclosed a net charge Q . if there is another

concentric sphere S2 of radius r2 (r2 >r1)enclosing charge 2Q ,find the
ratio of the electric flux through sphere S1 and S2 . How will the electric
flux through S1changes if a medium of dielectric constant K is
introduced in the space inside S2 in place of air? (All India 2014 )

03 mark questions

1. 1 A charge is distributed uniformly over a ring of radius ‘a’. Obtain an

expression for the electric intensity E at a point on the axis of the ring.
Hence show that for point’s at large distances from the ring, it behaves
like a point charge. (Delhi 2016)

2. (a) Define torque acting on a dipole of dipole moment p placed in a

uniform electric field E. Express it in the vector form and point out the
direction along which it acts. (b) What happens if the field is non-
uniform? (c) What would happen if the external field Eis increasing (i)
parallel to P and (ii) anti-parallel to P?

3. Define equipotential surface. Draw equipotential surface (i) in case of

a single point charge (ii) in a constant electric field in Z direction .Why
the equipotential surface about the a single charge are not equidistant ?
(iii) Can electric field exist tangential to an equipotential surface? Give
reason.
(All India 2016)

4. Two point charge +q and -2q are placed at the vertices B and C of an
equilateral triangle ABC of side a .obtain the expression for (i)
magnitude and the direction of the resultant electric field at the vertex A
due to these two charges. (All India 2014).

169
5. Define the term electric dipole moment. Is it a scalar or vector?
Deduce an expression for the electric field at a point on the equatorial
plane of an electric dipole of length 2a.
(All India 2013, Foreign 2009)

6. Sketch the pattern of electric field lines due to (i) a conducting sphere
having a negative charge on it. (ii) An electric dipole. (All India 2011).

7. A hollow cylindrical box of length 1m and area of cross section

25cm2 is placed in a 3-d coordinate system along x axis as shown in
figure. The electric field in the region is given by E=50x i, where E is in
N/C and x is in meter. Find (i) net flux through the cylinder. (ii) Charge
close by the cylinder.

(Delhi 2013)
8. State gauss’ law in electrostatics a cube which each side a is kept in an
electric field is given by E=Cx i as shown in figure where C is positive
dimensional constant. Find out (i) the electric flux through the cube (ii)
the net charge inside the cube.

(Foreign 2012).

170
9. Using gauss’ law obtain expression electric field due to uniformly
charged spherical shell of radius R at point outside the shell .draw a
graph showing variation of electric field with r, for r > R and r < R . (All
India 2011)

04 mark question
1 Meeta’s father was driving her to the school. At the traffic signal she
noticed that each traffic light was made of many tiny lights instead of a
single bulb. When Meeta asked this question to her father, he explained
the reason for this.
Answer the following questions based on above information:
(i) What were the values displayed by Meeta and her father?
(ii) What answer did Meeta’s father give?
(iii) What are the tiny lights in traffic signals called and how do these
operate? (Delhi VBQ 2016)

2 Gautam went for a vacation to the village where his grandmother lived.
His grandmother took him to watch ‘nautanki’ one evening. They
noticed a black box connected to the mike lying nearby. Gautam’s
grandmother did not know what that box was. When she asked this
question to Gautam, he explained to her that it was an amplifier.
(i) Which values were displayed by the grandmother? How can
inculcation of these values in students be promoted?
(ii) What is the function of an amplifier?
(iii) Which basic electronic device is used in the amplifier? (Foreign
2016 VBQ)

05 mark question
(i) An electric dipole of dipole moment P consists of point charges +q
and –q separated by a distance 2α apart. Deduce an expression for the
electric field E due to the dipole at distance x from the center of the
dipole at its axial line in terms of dipole moment P, hence show that in
the limit x>>α―˃2P/4 €x3.

(ii) Given the electric field in the region E=2x find the net electric flux
through the cube and the charge enclose by it. (All India 2015)

2. (i)Define electric flux .write its SI unit. Gauss’ law in electrostatic is

true for any closed surface, no matter what its shape or size is. Justify
this statement with the help of a suitable example.

171
(ii) Use Gauss’ law to prove that the electric field inside a uniformly
charged spherical shell is zero.
(Delhi 2015).

03. Using Gauss’ law, deduce the expression for the electric field due to
a uniformly charged spherical conducting shell of radius R at a point (i)
outside the shell (ii) inside the shell. Plot a graph showing variation if
electric field as a function of r>R and r<R. (r being the distance from the
center of the shell)
(All India 2013)

4. (i)Define electric flux. Write its SI unit.

(ii) A small metal sphere carrying charge +Q is located at the center of
spherical cavity inside a large uncharged metallic spherical shell as
shown in figure. Use Gauss’ law to find the expression for the electric
field at point P1 and P2 .

(iii) Draw the pattern of electric field lines in this arrangement. (Delhi
2012 C)
5. (i) Define electric flux .write its SI unit.
(ii)Using gauss’ law prove that the electric field at a point due to a
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet is independent of distance from it
.How is the field directed if
(a) The sheet is positively charged. (b) Negatively charged. (Delhi 2012)
6. (i) state gauss’ law use it to deduce the expression for the electric due
to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell at points (a) inside the shell
and (b) outside the shell.
(ii) Two identical metallic spheres a and b having charges +4Q and -10Q
are kept a certain distance apart. A third identical uncharged sphere c is
first placed in contact with sphere A and then with sphere B. then ,
spheres A and B are brought in contact and then separated . Find the
charges on the spheres A and B.
(All India 2011 C)

172
 _

CURRENT ELECTRICITY

1 Mark Question
Q1. State the underlying principle of a potentiometer? [Delhi 2014C]

Q2. Two identical cells, each of emf E, having negligible internal

resistance, are connected in parallel with each other across an external
resistance R. What is the current through this resistance? [All India
2013]

Q3. A 10V battery of negligible internal resistance is connected across a

200V battery and a resistance of 38 ohm as shown in figure. Find the
value of the current. [Delhi 2013]

Q4. The emf of a cell is always greater than its terminal voltage. Why?
Give reason. [Delhi 2013]

Q5. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r draws a current I. Write the
relation between terminal voltage V in terms of E,I, and r. [Delhi 2013]

Q6. A resistance R is connected across a cell of emf E and internal

resistance r. Now a potentiometer measures the potential difference
between the terminals of the cell as V. Write the expression for r in terms
of E,V and R.
[Delhi 2011, 2010]

2 Marks Question
Q1. A cell of emf and internal resistance r is connected across a variable
resistor R. Plot a graph showing variation of terminal voltage V of the
cell versus the current I. Using the plot, show the emf of the cell and its
internal resistance can be determined. [All India 2014]

Q2. A potentiometer wire of length 1m has a resistance of 10 ohm.

Determine the emf of the primary cell which gives a balance point at 40
cm. [Delhi 2014]

173
Q3. A potentiometer wire of length 1m has a resistance of 5 ohm. It is
connected to a 8V battery in series with resistance of 15 ohm. Determine
the emf of the primary cell which gives a balance point at 60cm.
[Delhi 2014]

Q4. A potentiometer wire of length 1.0m has a resistance of 15 ohm. It is

connected to a 5v battery in series with a resistance of 5 ohm. Determine
the emf of the primary cell which gives a balance point at 60cm.
[Delhi 2014]

Q5. Distinguish between emf E and terminal voltage v of a cell having

internal resistance r. Draw a plot showing the variation of terminal
voltage V versus the current I drawn from the cell. Using this plot, show
how does one can determine the internal resistance of the cell? [All
India 2014 C]

Q6. Describe briefly with the help of a circuit diagram, how a

potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of a cell. [All
India 2013]

Q7. Two students X and Y perform an experiment on potentiometer

separately using the circuit given below keeping other parameters
unchanged, how will the position of the null point be affected if
a) X increases the value of resistance r in the set up by keeping the key
K1 closed and the key K2 open?
b) Y decreases the value if resistance S in the set up, while the key K2
remains open and then K1 closed? Justify your answer. [ Foreign 2012]

Q8.Two cells of emf 2Eand E and internal resistance 2r and r

respectively, are connected in parallel. Obtain the expression for the
equivalent emf and the internal resistance of the combination. [All India
2010]

Q9.Three cells of emf E, 2E and 5E having internal resistance r, 2r and

3r, variable resistance R as shown in figure. Find the expression for the
current. Plot a graph for variation of current with R. [All India 2010c]

Q10. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across

variable resistor r. plot a graph showing the variation of terminal
potential V with resistance R. [Delhi 2009]

174
Q11. Plot a graph showing the variation of terminal potential difference
across a cell of emf E and internal resistance r with current drawn from
it. Using this graph, how does one determine the emf of the cell?
[Delhi 2009C]

3 marks Questions
Q1. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a
variable load resistor R. Draw the plots of the terminal voltage V versus
(a) resistance R and (b) current I.
It is found that when R= 4 ohm, the current is 1A and when R is
increased to 9 ohm, the current reduces to 0.5A. Find the values of the
emf E and the internal resistance r. [All India 2015]

Q2. A resistance of R ohm draws a current from a potentiometer as

shown in the figure. The potentiometer has a total resistance R0 Ω. A
voltage v is supplied to the potentiometer. Derive an expression for the
voltage across R when the sliding contact is in the middle of the
potentiometer. [All India 2014]

Q3 (i) State the underlying principal of a potentiometer. Why is it

necessary to (a) use a long wire, (b) have uniform area of cross section of
the wire and c) use a driving cell to be greater than the emfs of the
primary cells?
(ii) In the a potentiometer experiment, if the area of the cross section of
the wire increase uniformly from one end to the other, draw a graph
showing how potential gradient vary as the length of the wire increases
from one end.

Q4. In the figure, a long uniform potentiometer wire AB is having a

constant gradient along its length. The null points for the two primary
cells of emfs E1 and E2 connected in the manner shown are obtained at a
distance of 120cm and 300cm from the end A.
Find (i) E1 / E2 and (ii) position of null point for the cell E1.
How is the sensitivity of a potentiometer increased? [Foreign 2014,
Delhi 2012]

Q5. State the underlying principal of a potentiometer. Write two factors

on which the sensitivity of a potentiometer depends. In the potentiometer
circuit shown in the figure, the balance point is at X. State, giving reason
how the balance point is shifted when i) resistance3 R is increased ii)
resistance S is increased, keeping R constant? [Compartment 2013]

175
Q6. An ammeter of resistance 0.80 ohm cam measure upto 1.0A. (i)
What must be the value of shunt resistance to enable the ammeter to
measure current upto 1.0A. (ii)What is the combined resistance of the
ammeter and the shunt? [Delhi 2013]

Q7. With the help of circuit diagram, explain how a potentiometer can be
used to compare emf of two primary cells? [Delhi 2013]

Q8. State the underlying principal of a potentiometer. Describe brifly,

giving the necessary circuit diagram, how a potentiometer is used to
measure the internal resistance of a given cell? [Foreign 2011]

Q.9 Two cells of emf E1, E2 and internal resistance r1 and r2

respectively are connected in parallel as shown in the figure. Deduce the
expression for
(i) The equivalent emf of the combination. (ii) the equivalent resistance
of the combination and (iii) the potential difference between the point A
and B.

Q10.Draw the circuit diagram of a potentiometer can be used to

determine the internal resistance r of a given cell of emf E. Explain
briefly how the internal resistance of the cell is determined. [Delhi 2010,
2008]

Q11.Write any two factors on which internal resistance of a cell depends

. The reading on a high resistance voltmeter, when a cell is connected
across it, is 2.2 V. When the terminals of the cell are also connected to a
resistance of 5 ohm as shown in the circuit, the voltmeter reading drops
to 1.8 V. Find the internal resistance of the cell.
Q.12.(i)State the principle of working of a potentiometer.
(ii) Figure shows the circuit diagram of a potentiometer for determining
the emf of of E cell of negligible internal resistance.
(a) What is the purpose of using high resistance R2?
(b) How does the position of balance point (J) changes when the
resistance R1 is decreased?
(c) Why cannot the balance point be obtained (a) when the emf E is
greater than 2v. (b) When the key (K) is closed?

Q.13. A circuit using a potentiometer and battery of negligible internal

resistance is set up as shown to develop a constant potentio gradient

176
along the wire AB. Two cells of emf E1 andE2 are connected in series as
shown in combination (1) and (2). The balance points are obtained
respectively at 400cm and 240cm from the point A. Find
(i) E1/E2.
(ii) Balancing length for the cell E1 only.

MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT

1 mark questions

1. Draw the magnetic field lines due to a current carrying loop. [Delhi
2013]

2. Write the expression in a vector form for the Lorentz magnetic force
'F' due to a charge moving with velocity 'V' in a magnetic field 'B'. What
is the direction of the magnetic force? [Delhi 2014]

3. A narrow beam of proton and deuteron, each having the same

momentum, enters a region of uniform magnetic field directed
perpendicular to their direction of momentum. What would be the ratio
of the radii of the circular path described by them? [Foreign 2011]

4. Two particles A and B of masses m and 2m have charges q and 2q

respectively. They are moving with velocities V1 and V2 respectively in
the same direction, enters the same magnetic field B acting normally to
their direction of motion. If the two forces Fa and Fbacting on them are
in the ratio of 1:2, find the ratio of their velocities. [Delhi 2011]

5. A beam of alpha particles projected along positive x-axis experiences

a force due to a magnetic field along the positive y axis. What is the
direction of the magnetic field? [All India 2010]

6. Q6. Use the expression F=q(VxB) to define the SI unit of magnetic

field. [All India 2010]

7. Using the concept of force between two infinitely long parallel current
carrying conductors to define 1 amp of I? [All India 2014]

8. Is the steady electric current the only source of magnetic field? Justify
your answer. [Delhi 2013]

177
9. Considering the case of a parallel plate capacitor being charged, show
how one is required to generalise ampere's circuital law to include the
term due to displacement current. [All India 2014 ,2011]

10. State a Biot-Savart’S law in vector form expressing the magnetic

field due to an element dl carrying current 'I' at a distance 'r' from the
element.

11. Write the expression for the magnitude of 'B' at the centre of a
circular loop of radius 'r' carrying a steady current I. Draw the field lines
due to the current loop. [All India 2014]

12. Two identical circular loop P and Q, each of radius 'r' having a
common axis passing through O. The direction of current in P is
clockwise and in Q is anti clockwise as seen from O which is equidistant
from the loops P and Q. Find the magnitude of the net magnetic field at
O. [Delhi 2012]

13. Show how the equation for ampere's circuital law is B.dl= I is
modified in the presence of displacement current. [Foreign 2011]

14. A long solenoid of length L having N turns carries a current 'I'.

Deduce the expression for the magnetic field in the interior of the
solenoid. [All India 2011]

15. Obtain with the help of a necessary diagram, the expression for the
magnetic field in the interior of a toroid carrying current. [All India
2011]

16. A straight wire of length L is bent into a semi circular loop. Use Biot
Savart's law to deduce an expression for the magnetic field at its centre
due to current I passing through it. [Delhi 2011]
17. Q16. State Ampere's circuital law. Show through an example; how
this law enables an easy evaluation of the magnetic field when there is
symmetry in the system? [All India 2010]

18. A circular coil of closely wound N turns and radius 'r' carries a
current I. Write the expression for the following (i) The B at its centre.
(i) The B moment of this coil. [All India 2012]

178
2 marks question
1. A rectangular coil of side 1m and 6m carrying a current I is subjected
to a uniform magnetic field B acting perpendicular on its plane. Obtain
the expression for the torque acting on it. [Delhi 2014]

2. How is a moving coil galvanometer converted into a voltmeter?

Explain giving the necessary circuit diagram and the required
mathematical relation used. [All India 2011]
3. A steady current I, flows through a long straight wire. Another wire
carrying steady current I’ in the same direction is kept close and parallel
to the first wire. Show with the help of a diagram, how the magnetic
field due to the current I exert a magnetic force on the second wire.
Deduce the expression for this force. [All India 2011]

4. A square coil of of side 10 cm has 20 turns and carries a current of

12amp, the coil is suspended vertically and normal to the plane of the
coil makes an angle alpha with the direction of the uniform horizontal
magnetic field of 0.80 T. If the torque experienced by the coil equals .96
Nm, find the value of alpha. [Delhi 2010]

5. State the underlying principle of a cyclotron. Write briefly how this

machine is used to accelerate charged particles to high energies. [Delhi
2014]

6. Write the expression for Lorentz magnetic force on a particle of

charge q moving with velocity V in a magnetic field B. Show that no
work is done by this force on the charged particle. [All India 2011]

7. (i)Derive an expression for the force between two long parallel current
carrying conductors. (ii) Use this expression to define SI unit of current.

8. A long straight wire AB carries a current I. A proton P travels with a

speed V, parallel to the wire at a distance D from it in a direction
opposite to the current I. What is the force experienced by the proton and
what the direction is. [All India 2010]

179
9. A rectangular loop of lxb a steady current I is placed in a uniform
magnetic field B. Prove that the torque acting on the loop is given by
T=m x B, where m is the magnetic moment of the loop. [All India 2012]

10. (i) Explain giving reason, the basics difference in converting a

galvanometer into (a) voltmeter and (b) an ammeter.

11. Two long straight parallel conductor carrying steady current I and I’
are separated by a distance d. Explain briefly with the help of a suitable
diagram how the magnetic field due to one conductor acts on the other
acting between the two conductors. Mention the nature of this force. [All
India 2012]

12. An observer to the left of a solenoid on N turns each of cross section

area A observes that a steady current I in it flows in the clockwise
direction. Depict the magnetic field lines due to the solenoid specifying
its polarity and show that it acts as a bar magnet of magnetic moment. M
=NIA [All India 2015]

13. Deduce an expression for the frequency of revolution of charged

particles in a magnetic field and show that it is independent of velocities
or energy of the particle.
14. Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain giving the essential
details of its construction how it is used to accelerate the charged
particles. [Delhi 2014]

15. Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain clearly the role of

crossed electric and magnetic field in accelerating the charge. Hence
derive the expression for the K.E acquired by the particles.

16. An alpha particle and a proton are released from the centre of the
cyclotron and made to accelerate. (a)Can both be accelerated at the same
cyclotron frequency? Give reason to justify your answer. (b) When they
are accelerated in turn, which of the two will have higher velocities at
the slit of the door? [Delhi 2012]

17. With the help of a labelled diagram, state the underlying principle of
a cyclotron. Explain clearly how it works to accelerate the charged

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particles? Show that cyclotron frequency is independent of energy of the
particles. Is there an upper limit on the acquired by the particles give
reason? [Delhi 2011]

18. Draw a schematic sketch of cyclotron. Explain briefly how it is used

to accelerate the charge particles?

19. Show the time period of ions in a cyclotron is independent of both

the speed and radius of circular path. What is resonance condition? How
is it used to accelerate the charged particles? [All India 2009]

5 Marks Question

20. Write using Biot-Savart’s law, the expression for the magnetic field
B due to an element dl carrying current I at a distance r from it in a
vector form. Hence derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a
point P at distance X from its centre along the axis of the loop.

21. Explain how Biot Savart’s law enables one to express the Ampere’s
Circuital law in the integral form is B.dl= I where I is the total current
passing through the surface. [Delhi 2015]

22. State Amperes Circuital law. Show through an example how this law
enables an easy evaluation of this magnetic field when there is symmetry
in the system?

23. What does a toroid consist of? Show that for an ideal toroid of
closely wound turns, the magnetic field, a) inside the toroid is constant.
b) in the open space inside an exterior to the toroid is zero. [All India
2010]

24. Two very small identical circular lop (1) and (2) carrying equal
current I are placed vertically (w.r.t the plane of the paper) with their
geometrical axis perpendicular to each other. Find the magnitude and
direction of the net magnetic field produced at the point O. [Delhi 2014]

25. State Boit Savarts law expressing it in the vector form. Use it to
obtain the expression for the magnetic field at an axial point at distance d

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 from the centre of a circular coil of radius a carrying current I. Also find
the ratio of the magnetic field of this coil at the centre and at an axial
point for which d=a .

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
& ALTERNATING CURRENT
1 mark questions:
1. What is the magnitude of the induced current in the circular loop-A B C
D of radius r, if the straight wire PQ carries a steady current of
magnitude I ampere ?

2. Two identical loops, one of copper and another of aluminium are rotated
with the same speed in the same M.F. .In which case,the induced (a)
e.m.f (b)current will be more and why?
3. Why is spark produced in the switch of a fan, when it is switched off
?
4. Coils in the resistance boxes are made from doubled up-insulated wire. Why?

5. A galvanometer connected in an A.C. circuit does not show any deflection.

Why?
6. A capacitor blocks D.C. but allows A.C to pass through it. Explain. Why?
7. Can we use transformer to step up D.C. voltage? If not, why?
8. Calculate the r.m.s value of alternating current shown in the figure.

9. The algebraic sum of potential drop across the various–elements in LCR

circuit is not equal to the applied voltage. Why?
10. A copper ring is held horizontally and bar magnet is dropped through the
ring with its length along the axis of the ring. Will the acceleration of the
falling magnet be equal to, greater than or less than that due to gravity?

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183
 2 marks questions:
11. A magnet is moved in the direction indicated by an arrow between two
coil A B and C D as shown in the figure. Suggest the direction of current
in each coil.

12. Figure shows an inductor L and a resistance R connected in parallel to a

battery through a switch. The resistance R is same as that of the coil that
makes L. Two identical bulbs are put in each arm of the circuit.

Which of the bulbs lights up

earlier, when K is closed?
Will the bulbs be equally
bright after same time?
13. How does the self inductance of a coil change, when
i) Number of turns in the coil is decreased.
ii) An iron rod is introduced into it.
iii) Justify your answer in each case.
14. Figure shows two electric circuits A and B. Calculate the ratio of power
factor of the circuit B to the Power factor of the circuit A.

15. An inductor L of reactance XL is connected in series with a bulb B to an

A.C. source as shown in the figure. Briefly explain how the brightness
of the bulb changes when
(a) Number of turns of the inductor is reduced and
(b) A capacitor of reactance XC =XL is included in series in the same
circuit.

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 3 marks Question
16. When a series combination of a coil of inductance L and a resistor of
resistance R is connected across a 12 V-50 Hz supply, a current of 0.5.A
Flows through the circuit. The current differs in phase from applied

voltage by radian. Calculate the value of L and R.
3

17. An A.C. generator is connected to a sealed box through a pair of

terminals. The box may contain R L C or the series combination of any
two of the three elements. Measurements made outside the box reveal
that:
E=75 Sin ωt (in volt) and

I= 1.2 Sin (ωt+ )( in ampere)
5
Name the circuit elements
What is the Power factor of the circuit?
What is the rate, at which energy is delivered by the generator to the
circuit?
18. Figure (a), (b) and (c) Show three alternating circuits with equal currents.
If frequency of alternating emf be increased, what will be the effect on
currents In the three cases. Explain.

19. Does the current in an A.C. circuit lag, lead or remain in phase with the
voltage of frequency  applied to the circuit when
(i)  = r (ii)  < r (iii)  > r
where r is the resonance frequency.

20. Two different coils have self inductance L1=8 mH and L2 = 2

mH.
At a certain instant, the current in the two coils is increasing at the same
constant rate and the power supplied to the two coils is same. Find the

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 ratio of (a) induced voltage (b) current and (c) energy stored in the two
coils at that instant?

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1 mark Question

1. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.25 A. What is the displacement

current across its plates?

2. Do electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum? [2017]

3. A capacitor has been charged by a dc source. What are the magnitude of

conduction and displacement current, when it is fully charged?

4. Why microwaves are considered suitable for radar system used in

aircraft navigation?

5. Welders wear specific goggles or face masks with glass windows to

protect their eyes from electromagnetic radiations. Name the radiation

and write the name of their frequency.

6. Name the physical quantity which remains same for microwaves of

wavelength 1 mm and UV radiation of 1600 Å in vacuum.

7. What is the frequency of electromagnetic waves produced by oscillating

charge of frequency v?

8. In what ways are the directions of the electric and magnetic field vectors

representing an electromagnetic wave related to each other?

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9. Express the velocity of propagation of e.m wave in terms of the peak

value of the electric and magnetic fields.

10. To which part of electromagnetic spectrum does a wave of frequency 5 x

1019 Hz belong?

11. Name the electromagnetic wave which (a) maintain the Earth’s warmth,

(b) are used in aircraft navigation?

12. A plane electromagnetic wave travels along the z- direction. What can

you say about the electric and magnetic field vectors?

13. Write the relation for the speed of electromagnetic waves in terms of the

amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields. [2017]

14. How are radio waves produced?

15. Write two uses of microwaves.

16. Name the phenomenon which shows the quantum nature of

electromagnetic radiation. [2017]

17. Which part of electromagnetic spectrum has the largest penetrating

power?

18. Which part of electromagnetic spectrum is used in satellite

communication?

19. Write the following radiations in ascending order in respect of their

frequencies:

20. X rays, Microwaves, UV Rays and Radio waves.

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21. In which direction do the electric and magnetic field vectors oscillate in

an electromagnetic wave propagating along the x- axis? [2017]

2 marks Question
22. Identify the electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths vary as: [2017]

10-12 m < λ < 10-8m and 10-3 m < λ <10-1m.

23. An e.m. wave is travelling in a medium with a velocity v =vi . Draw a

sketch showing the propagation of e.m. wave, indicating the direction of

the oscillating electric and magnetic fields.

24. How are the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic fields related to

velocity of the e.m. wave?

25. A capacitor, made of two parallel plates each of plate area A and

separation d, is being charged by an external ac source. Show that the

displacement current inside the capacitor is the same as the current

charging the capacitor.

26. When an ideal capacitor is charged by a dc battery, no current flows.

However, when an ac source is used, the current flows continuously.

How does one explain this, based on the concept of displacement

current?

27. Name the types of e.m radiations (i) are used in destroying cancer cells,

(ii) cause tanning of the skin and (iii) maintain the earth’s warmth.

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28. Write briefly a method of producing any one of these waves.Show, by

giving a simple example, how e.m waves carry energy and momentum.

29. How are microwaves produced? Why it is necessary in microwave ovens

to select the frequency of microwaves to match the resonant frequency of

water molecules?

30. Write two important uses of infrared waves.

31. How are electromagnetic waves produced?

32. How do you convince yourself that electromagnetic waves carry energy

and momentum?

33. Draw a sketch of a plane electromagnetic wave propagating along the z -

direction. Depict the direction of electric and magnetic fields varying

sinusoidally with z.

34. How are X-rays produced? Write their two important uses.

35. The oscillating magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given

by

36. By = (8 x 10-6) sin [2 x 1011 t + 300 πx ] T

Calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.

Write down the expression for the oscillating electric field.

37. Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in descending order of

their wavelengths:Microwaves,Infra-red rays.Ultra-violet-Rays , Gamma
Rays.Write one use of any two of them.

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38. How are infrared waves produced? Why are these referred as heat
waves? Write their one important use.
39. Name the constituent radiation of electromagnet spectrum which is used
for; aircraft navigation and studying crystal structure. Write the
frequency range for each.
40. Name one method each for the (i) production and (ii) detection of X-
rays.
41. Name one method each for the (i) production and (ii) detection of
Microwaves.

3 Marks

42. Write the expression for the generalized form of Ampere’s circuital law.
Discuss its significance and describe briefly how the concept of
displacement current is explained through charging/ discharging of the
capacitor in an electric circuit.
43. Write Maxwell’s generalization of Ampere’s Circuital Law. Show that in
the process of charging a capacitor, the current produced within the
plates of the capacitor is :
i=ε0 (dϕE)/dt Where ϕE is the electric flux produced during charging of the
capacitor plates?

44. How are e.m waves produced by oscillating charges?

45. Draw a sketch of linear polarized e.m wave propagating in z- direction.

Indicate the direction of the oscillating electric and magnetic fields.

46. Answer the following questions: i)Name the e.m waves which are

suitable for radar systems used in aircraft navigation. Write the range of

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 frequency of these waves. ii)If the earth did not have atmosphere, would

its average surface temperature be higher r lower than what it is now?

Explain. iii)An e.m wave exerts pressure on the surface on which it is

incident. Justify.

47. How are electromagnetic waves produced by oscillating charges?

Explain.

State clearly how a microwave oven works to heat up a food item containing

water molecules. Why microwaves are found useful for the radar system

in aircraft navigation system?

191
 1.A concave lens of refractive 1.5 is immersed in a medium of
refractive index 1.65. What is the nature of the lens?
2How does focal length of a lens change when red light incident on it
is replaced by violet light? Give reason for your answer.
3 A glass lens of refractive 1.45 disappears when immersed in a
liquid. What is the value of refractive index of the liquid?
4 Two thin lenses of power +6D and –2D are in contact. What is the
focal length of the combination?
5 Write the relationship between angle of incidence ‘i’, angle of prism
‘A’ and angle of deviation for a triangular prism.
6 How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary if
the incident violet light is replaced with red light?
7 Why does sun appears red at sunrise and sunset?
8 Why does bluish colour predominate in a clear sky?
9 Why the sky does appear blue?
10 Under what condition a rainbow is observed?

11 You are given following three lenses. Which two lenses will you
use as an eyepiece and as an objective to construct an astronomical
telescope?
Lenses Power (P) Aperture (A)

L1 3D 8 cm
L2 6D 1 cm
L3 10 D 1 cm
2 Marks question
12 You are given two converging lenses of focal lengths 1.25cm and
5cm to design a compound microscope. If it is desired to have a
magnification of 30, find out the separation between the objective and
the eyepiece.

192
 13 Draw a labelled ray diagram of a reflecting telescope. Mention
its two advantages over a refracting telescope.
14 Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image in
myopic eye. Show with the help of a ray diagram how this defect is
corrected.
15 Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical
telescope in the near point position. Write the expression for its
magnifying power.
16 A ray of light, incident on an equilateral glass prism (μ g = moves
parallel to the base line of the prism inside it. Find the angle of
incidence for this ray.
17 Trace the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism
(ABC) as shown in figure. If the refractive index of glass is , find out
the value of the angle of emergence from the prism.

18 The following table gives the values of the angle of

deviation, for different values of the angle of incidence, for a
triangular prism.

Angle of 33° 38° 42° 52° 60° 71°

incidenc
e
Angle of 60° 50° 46° 40° 43° 50°
deviatio
n

(a) For what value of angle of incidence, is the angle of emergence likely to
be equal the angle of incidence itself?

193
(b) Draw a ray diagram showing the passage of a ray of light through this
prism when the angle of incidence has the above value.

194
 19 Define refractive index of a transparent medium. A ray of light
passes through a triangular prism. Plot a graph showing variation of the
angle of deviation with the angle of incidence.
20 Use the mirror equation to show that an object placed between f
and 2f of a concave mirror produces a real image beyond 2f.
21 An object AB is kept in front of a concave mirror as shown in the figure.

(a) Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object.

(b) How will the position and intensity of the image be affected if the lower

half of the mirror’s reflecting surface is painted black?

22 Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of the image by a

concave mirror of an object placed beyond its centre of curvature. If

the lower half of the mirror’s reflecting surface is covered, what effect

will it have on the image?

23 How the refractive index of a transparent medium depends on

the wavelength of incident light used? Velocity of light in glass is 2

x 108 m/s and in air 3 x 108 m/s. If the ray of light passes from glass

to air, calculate the value of critical angles.

195
 24 (a) Write the necessary conditions for the phenomenon of total

internal reflection to occur.

(b) Write the relation between the refractive index and critical angle for a

given pair of optical media.

25 A convex lens of focal length f1 is kept in contact with a concave

lens of focal length f2. Find the focal length of the combination.

26 The radii of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens are

10cm and 15cm. If focal length of the lens is 12cm, find the refractive

index of the material of the lens.

27 Violet colour is seen at the bottom of the spectrum when white

light is dispersed by a prism. State reasons to explain these

observations.

28 Write the conditions for observing a rainbow. Show by drawing

suitable diagrams, how one understands the formation of a rainbow.

29 The bluish colour predominates in clear sky. Why?

Explain this statement.

3 Marks question
30 In the following diagram, an object ‘O’ is placed 15cm in front of
a convex lens L1 of focal length 20cm and the final image is formed at
I at

196
197
 a distance of 80cm from the second lens L2. Find the focal length of the
lens L2.
31 (a) Calculate the distance of an object at a height h from a
concave mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm, so as to obtain a
real image of magnification 2. Find the location of the image
also.
(b) Using mirror formula, explain why a convex mirror always produces a
virtual image.
32 An object of 3cm height is placed at a distance of 60cm from a
convex mirror of focal length 30cm. Find the nature, position and
size of the mage formed.
33 Do the frequency and wavelength change when light passes from
a rarer to a denser medium?
34 Define total internal reflection. State its essential conditions.
35 Draw a ray diagram showing that the path of a ray of light
entering through a triangular glass prism. Deduce the expression for
the refractive index of glass prism in terms of the angle of minimum
deviation and angle of the prism.
36 Draw a schematic ray diagram of reflecting telescope showing
how rays coming from a distant object are received at the eye piece.
Write its two important advantages over a refracting telescope.
37 Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a
compound microscope when the final mage is formed at the
near point.
38 Draw a schematic diagram of a reflecting telescope
(Cassegrain). Write two important advantages that the reflecting
telescope has over a refracting type.
39 Explain, with the help of a ray diagram, the working of an

198
astronomical telescope. The magnifying power of a telescope n its
normal adjustment

199
 is 20. If the length of the telescope is 105cm in this adjustment, find the
focal lengths of the two lenses.

5 Marks
40 Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a
compound microscope. Obtain the expression for total
magnification when the image is formed at infinity.
41 Define the magnifying power of a compound microscope. Why
should both the objective and the eyepiece have small focal length in
a microscope? Explain.
42 Explain any two advantages of a reflecting telescope over a
refracting telescope.
43 Obtain lens maker formula using the expression,

Here the ray of light propagating from a rarer medium of refractive index
(n1) to a denser medium of refractive index (n2) is incident on the convex
side of spherical refracting surface of radius of curvature R.
44 What is dispersion of light? What is its cause? Explain.
45 Derive the lens formula for a concave lens, using the necessary

ray diagram. Two lenses of power 10D and -5D are placed in contact.
(a) Calculate the power of the new lens.
(b) Where should an object be held from the lens, so as to obtain a virtual
image of magnification 2?
46 Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a concave
mirror when the object is kept between its focus and the pole. Using
this diagram, derive the magnification formula for the image
formed.

200
 47 Derive the ‘mirror equation’ using the ray diagram for the
formation of real image by a concave mirror.
48 Explain briefly how the phenomenon of total internal reflection
is used in fibre optics.
49 Explain with the help of a diagram, how the total internal
reflection is used for transmission of video signals using optical
fibres.
50 For a ray of light travelling from a denser medium of refractive
index n1 to a rarer medium of refractive index n2, prove that n2/n1 =
sin ic, where ic is the critical angle of incidence for the media.
51 Draw a ray diagram to show refraction of a ray of
monochromatic light passing through a glass prism.
52 Deduce the expression for the refractive index of glass in terms of
angle of prism and angle of minimum deviation.

OPTICS: Wave Optics

1 Mark question
1. State Huygens’s principle of diffraction of light.
2. What type of wave-front will emerge from a (i) point source, and (ii)
distant light source?
3. Define the term ‘coherent sources’ which are required to produce
interference pattern in Young’s double slit experiment.
4. How does the fringe width of interference fringes change, when the
whole apparatus of Young’s experiment is kept in a liquid of refractive
index 1.3?
5. How does the angular separation between fringes in single-slit
diffraction experiment change when the distance of separation between
the slit and screen is doubled.
6. For a given single slit, the diffraction pattern is obtained on a fixed

201
 screen, first by using red light and then with blue light. In which case,
will the central maxima, in the observed diffraction pattern, have a larger
angular width?
7. Which of the following waves can be polarized (i) Heat waves (ii) Sound
waves? Give reasons to support your answer.
8 In what way is plane polarised light different from an unpolarized light?
9. If the angle between the pass axis and the analyser is 45°, write the ratio
of the intensities of original light and the transmitted light after passing
through the analyser.

2 Marks

17. Find an expression for intensity of transmitted light when a Polaroid

sheet is rotate between two cross Polaroids. In which position of the
Polaroid sheet will the transmitted intensity be maximum?
18. Draw the intensity pattern for single slit diffraction and double slit
interference. Hence, state two differences between interference and
diffraction pattern.[2017]
19. Distinguish between unpolarised and a linearly polarised light. Describe,
with the help of a suitable diagram, how unpolarised light gets linearly
polarised by scattering.
20. What does a Polaroid consist of? Using a simple Polaroid, show that
light waves are transverse in nature.
21. Un-polarised light is passed through a Polaroid P1. When this polarised
beam passes through another Polaroid P2 and if the pass axis of P2 makes
angle θ with the pass axis of P1, then write the expression for the
polarised beam passing through P2. Draw a plot showing the variation of
intensity when θ varies from 0 to 2π. [2017]

202
3 Marks

22. Define the term wave-front. State Huygens’s principle. Consider a plane
wave-front incident on a thin convex lens. Draw a proper diagram to
show how the incident wave-front traverses through the lens and after
refraction focuses on the focal point of the lens, giving the shape of
emergent wave-front.
23. Use Huygens’s principle to show how a plane wave-front propagates
from a denser to rarer medium. Hence verify Snell’s law of refraction.
24. Use Huygens’s principle to verify the law of refraction.
25. Why cannot two independent monochromatic sources produce sustained
interference pattern? Deduce, with the help of Young’s arrangement to
produce interference pattern, an expression for the fringe width.
26. In what way is diffraction for each slit related to the interference pattern
in a double slit experiment?
27. Describe Young’s double slit experiment to produce interference pattern
due to a monochromatic source of light. Deduce the expression for fringe
width.
28. In a single slit diffraction experiment, the width of slit is reduced to half
its original width. How would this affect the size and intensity of the
central maximum?
29. Define the resolving power of a microscope. Write two factors by which
resolving power can be increased.
30. What would be the effect on the resolving power of a the telescope if its
objective lens is immersed in a transparent medium of higher refractive
index?
31. (a) In a single slit diffraction experiment, a slit of width ‘a’ is illuminated
by a red light of wavelength 650 nm. For what value of ‘d’ will: I.)the

203
 first medium fall at an angle of diffraction 30°, and II.) the first
maximum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30°?
(b) Why does the intensity of the secondary maximum become less as
compared to the central maximum?
32. Define the term ‘resolving power’ of a astronomical telescope. How does
it gets affected on: (a)Increasing the aperture of the objective
lens.(b)Increasing the wavelength of the light used.Justify your answer in
each case.
33. (a) State law of Malus.(b) Draw a graph showing the variation of
intensity (I) of polarised light transmitted by an analyser with angle (θ)
between polariser and analyser. (c) What is the value of refractive index
of a medium of polarising angle 60°?
34. (a) What is linearly polarised light? Describe briefly using a diagram
how sunlight is polarised.(b) Un-polarised light incident on a Polaroid.
How would the intensity of transmitted light change when the Polaroid is
rotated?
35. The velocity of a certain monochromatic light, in a given transparent
medium is 2.25 x 108 m/s. What is the (a) critical angle of incidence, (b)
polarising angle of this medium?
36. Distinguish between un-polarised and plane polarised light. An un-
polarised light is incident on a boundary between two transparent media.
State the condition when the reflected wave is totally plane polarised.
Find out the expression for the angle of incidence in this case.

204
5 Marks

37. (a) Using Huygens’s construction of secondary wavelets explain how a

diffraction pattern is obtained on a screen due to a narrow slit on which a
monochromatic beam of light is incident normally.(b) Show that the
angular width of the first diffraction fringe is half of the central fringe.(c)
Explain why the maxima at θ = (n+1/2) λ/a become weaker and weaker
with increasing n.
38. State essential conditions for diffraction of light to take place. Use
Huygens’s principle to explain diffraction of light due to a narrow single
slit and the formation of a pattern of fringes formed on screen. Sketch
the pattern of fringes formed due to diffraction at a single slit showing
variation of intensity with angle θ.

39. State three characteristics features which distinguish the interference

pattern due to two coherency illuminated sources as compared sources as
compared to that observed in a diffraction pattern due to a single
slit.What are coherent sources? Why are coherent sources required to
produce interference of light? Give an example of interference of light in
everyday life. In Young’s double slit experiment, that two slits are 0.03
cm apart and the screen s placed at a distance of 1.5 m away from the
slits. The distance between the central bright fringe and fourth bright
fringe is 1 cm. Calculate the wavelength of light used.
41. What are coherent sources of light? Why are coherent sources required
to obtain sustained interference pattern? Explain.
In Young’s double slit experiment, deduce the condition for (a)
constructive, and
(b) destructive interference at a point on screen. Draw a graph showing
variation of intensity in the interference pattern against position ‘x’ on

205
the screen.

206
42. Define Wave-front. Using Huygens’s principle to verify the laws of
refraction.
b) How is linearly polarised light is obtained by the process of scattering
of light? Find the Brewster angle for air- glass interface, when the
refractive index of glass = 1.5. [2017]

ATOMS, NUCLEII AND DUAL NATURE OF MATTER

1 mark questions
1. Why is the classical (Rutherford) model for an atom of electron orbiting
around the nucleus not able to explain the atomic structure? (Delhi
2012C)
2. What is the ratio of radii of the orbits corresponding to first excited state
in a hydrogen atom?( Delhi 2010)
3. Define ionisation energy. What is the value of a hydrogen atom? (AI
2010)
4. State Bohr’s quantisation condition for defining stationary orbits.
5. When is Hα line of the Balmer series in the emission spectrum of
hydrogen atom obtained? (Delhi 2013C)
6. What is the maximum number of spectral lines emitted by a hydrogen
atom when it is in its 3rd excited state?(AI 2013C)
7. State de Broglie’s hypothesis.
8. The radioactive isotope D decays according to the sequence:
β- α-particle
D D1 D2
If the mass number and atomic number D2 are 176 and 71 respectively,
what is (i) the mass number (ii) atomic number of D?
9. How is the radius of a nucleus related to its mass number A?
10. A nucleus undergoes β- decay. How does its (i) mass number (ii) atomic
number change?

207
11. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1 : 2. What s the ratio of their
nuclear densities?
12. Write any two characteristic properties of nuclear fission.
13. Why is it found experimentally difficult to detect neutrinos in nuclear β-
decay.
14. Define the activity of a given radioactive substance. Write its S.I unit.
15. What is the relationship between the half-life and mean life of a
radioactive nucleus?
16. State the reason, why heavy water is generally used as a moderator in a
nuclear reactor.
17. In photoelectric effect, why should the photoelectric current increase as
the intensity of monochromatic radiation incident on photosensitive
surface is increased? Explain.
18. Show on a plot the nature of variation of photoelectric current with the
intensity of radiation incident on a photosensitive surface.
19. Why is photoelectric emission not possible at all frequencies?
20. Define the term ‘stopping potential’ in relation to photoelectric effect.
21. Define the term ‘threshold frequency’ in relation to photoelectric effect.
22. For a given photosensitive material and with a source of constant
frequency of incident radiation, how does the photocurrent vary with the
intensity of incident light?
23. Define intensity of radiation on the basis of photon picture of light.
Write its S.I unit.
24. Define ‘intensity’ of radiation in photon picture of light.
25. Draw a plot showing the variation of the de Broglie wavelength of
electron as a function of its K.E.
26. A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has better
de Broglie wavelength and why?

208
27. Show on a graph the variation of the de Broglie wavelength (λ)
associated with an electron, with the square root of accelerating potential
(V).
28. Show graphically, the variation of the de Broglie wavelength (λ) with the
potential (V) through which electron in accelerated from rest.
29. Write the relationship of de Broglie wavelength λ associated with a
particle of mass m in terms of kinetic energy E.
30. An electron and an alpha particle have the same de Broglie wavelength
associated with them. How are their kinetic energies related to each
other?
31. An electron, an alpha particle and a proton have the same kinetic energy.
Which one of these particles have the largest de Broglie wavelength?
32. Name an experiment which shows wave nature of electrons. Which
phenomenon was observed in this experiment using an electron beam?

2 Marks questions
33. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to excite a gaseous hydrogen atom at
room temperature. Determine the wavelengths and the corresponding
series of the lines emitted.[2017]
34. Using Rutherford’s model of the atom, derive the expression for the total
energy of the electron in hydrogen atom. What is the significance of total
negative energy possessed by the electron?
35. Calculate the shortest wavelength in the Balmer series of hydrogen atom.
In which the region (infrared, visible, ultraviolet) of hydrogen spectrum
does this wavelength lie?
36. State Bohr postulate of hydrogen atom that gives the relationship for the
frequency of emitted photon in a transition.

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37. Show that the radius of the orbit in hydrogen atom varies as n2, where n
is the principle quantum number of the atom.
38. How would the ionisation energy change when electron in hydrogen
atom is replaced by a particle of mass 200 times that of the electron but
having the same charge?
39. Calculate de Broglie wavelength of the electron orbiting in the n = 2
state of hydrogen atom.
40. Use de Broglie hypothesis to write the relation for the nth radius of Bohr
orbit in terms of Bohr’s quantization condition of orbital angular
momentum.
41. How is the size of a nucleus experimentally determined? Write the
relation between the radius and mass number of the nucleus. Show that
the density of nucleus is independent of its mass number.
42. If both the number of protons and neutrons in a nuclear reaction is
conserved, in what way is mass converted into energy (or vise-versa)?
Explain giving one example.

43. A nucleus undergoes β-decay and becomes Calculate the

enrgy of emitted electrons assuming that the daughter nucleus and the
anti-neutrino carry negligible kinetic energy.

44. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of

their separation. Write two important conclusions which you can draw
regarding the nature of nuclear forces.

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45. Draw a graph showing the variation of potential energy between a pair of
nucleons as a function of their separation. Indicate the regions in which
the nuclear force is (i) attractive, (ii) repulsive.
46. Derive the expression for the law of radioactive decay of a given sample
having initially N0 decaying to the number N present at any subsequent
time t.
Plot a graph showing the variation of the number of nuclei versus the time
lapsed. Mark a point on the plot in terms of T1/2 value the number present
N= N0/16.
47. A radioactive nucleus ‘A’ undergoes a series of decays according to the
following scheme.
α β α γ
A A1 A2 A3 A4
The mass number and atomic number of A are 180 and 72 respectively.
What are these numbers for A4?
48. Using the curve for the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass
number A, state clearly how the release in energy in the processes of
nuclear fission and nuclear fusion can be explained.
49. If both the number of protons and the number of neutrons are observed
in a nuclear reaction like, . In what way is

mass converted into energy?

50. In a Geiger- Marsden experiment, calculate the distance of closest
approach to the nucleus of Z= 80, when an α- particle of 8 MeV energy
impinges on it before it comes momentarily to rest and reserves its
direction. How will the distance of closest approach be affected when the
kinetic energy of the α- particle is doubled?

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51. Draw a plot of B.E/A versus mass number A for 2< A < 170. Use this
graph to explain the release of energy in the process of nuclear fusion of
two light nuclei.
52. Distinguish between the phenomena of nuclear fission and fusion.
Explain using the graph for the B.E/A versus mass number (A), how the
release in energy can be accounted in the two processes.
53. Draw the graph to show variation of binding energy per nucleon with
mass number of different nuclei. Calculate binding energy per nucleon of

Actual mass of Ca= 39.962589 u.

mp= 1.007825 u mn= 1.008665 u
54. Write three characteristic properties of nuclear force.
55. (a) Define the term ‘activity’ of a sample of radioactive nucleus. Write
its S.I unit.
(b) The half life of undergoing α-decay s 4.5 x 109 years. Determine

the activity of 10g sample of . Given that 1 g of contains

25.3 x 1020atoms.
56. In β-decay, the experimental detection of neutrinos (or antineutrinos) is
found to be extremely difficult.
57. Write symbolically the β- decay process of .

58. In a typical nuclear reaction, e.g.

although number of nucleons is conserved, yet energy is released. How?

Explain.

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59. i) Monochromatic light of frequency 6.0 x 1014 Hz is produced by a
laser. The power emitted is 2.0 x 10-3 W. Estimate the number of
photons emitted per second on an average by the source.
60. (ii) Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric current versus the
incident radiation on a given photosensitive surface.
61. Two monochromatic radiations of frequencies υ 1 and υ2 ( υ1>υ2) and
having the same intensity are in turn, incident on a photosensitive
surface to cause photoelectric emission. Explain, giving reason, in which
case (i) more number of electrons will be emitted and (ii) maximum
kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons will be more.
62. Using the graph shown in the figure for stopping potential vs. the
incident frequency of photons, calculate Planck’s constant.
63. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation. State clearly the three salient
features observed in photoelectric effect, which can be explained on the
basis of the above equation.
64. The wavelength λ of a photon and the de Broglie wavelength of an
electron have the same value. Show that energy of a photon is (2λ mc/h)
times the kinetic energy of electron, where m, c and h have their usual
meaning.
65. A proton and an α-particle have the same de Broglie wavelength.
Determine the ratio of i) their accelerating potential. ii )their speed.
66. A proton an a deuteron are accelerated through the same accelerating
potential. Which one of the two has greater value of de Broglie
wavelength associated with it, and less momentum?Give reasons to
justify your answer.
67. An α- particle and a proton are accelerated from rest by the same
potential. Find the ratio of their de Broglie wavelengths.

213
68. Find the ratio of the de Broglie wavelengths, associated with protons,
accelerated through a potential of 128 V and α-particles, accelerated
through a potential of 64 V.
69. State the basic assumption of the Rutherford’s model of the atom.
Explain, in brief, why this model cannot account for the stability of an
atom.
70. The second member of Lyman series in hydrogen spectrum has
wavelength 5400 Find the wavelength of the first member.
71. Using Bohr’s postulate of hydrogen atom, show that the total energy (E)
of the electron in the stationary states can be expressed as the sum of
kinetic energy (K) and potential energy (U), where K = -2U. Hence,
deduce the expression for the total energy in the nth energy level of
hydrogen atom.
72. Using the relevant Bohr’s postulate, derive the expression for the:
(a) speed of the electron in the nth orbit.
(b) radius of the nth orbit of the electron, in hydrogen atom.

3 Marks questions
73. In Rutherford scattering experiment, draw the trajectory traced by α-
particles in the coulomb field of the target nucleus and explain how this
led to estimate the size of the nucleus.
74. (i) Write two important limitations of Rutherford’s model which could
not explain the observed features of atomic spectra. How were these
explained in Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom?
(ii) Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain the expression for the radius of the nth
orbit in hydrogen atom.
75. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the total energy of the
electron in the stationary state of the hydrogen atom.
76. Using Rydberg formula, calculate the wavelengths of the spectral lines
of the first member of the Lyman series and of the Balmer series.
77. Calculate the wavelength of the first spectral line in the corresponding
Lyman series of this atom.

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78. Calculate the wavelength of Hα line in Balmer series of hydrogen atom,
given Rydberg constant R= 1.097 x 107 m-1.
79. (i) Draw the plot of binding energy per nucleon (B.E/A) as a function of
mass number A. Write two important conclusions that can be drawn
regarding the nature of nuclear force.
(ii) Use this graph to explain the release of energy in both the processes of
nuclear fusion and fission.
80. Write the basic nuclear process of neutron undergoing β-decay. Why is
the detection of neutrinos found very difficult?
81. (a) Derive the law of radioactive decay, viz. N= N0e-λt.
(b) Explain, giving necessary reactions, how energy is related during (i)
fission and (ii) fusion.
82. Sketch the graph showing the variation of stopping potential with
frequency of incident radiations for two photosensitive materials A and
B having threshold frequencies υA and υB. In which case is the stopping
potential more and why?Does the slope of the graph depend on the
nature of the material used? Explain.
83. Describe briefly three experimentally observed features in the
phenomenon of photoelectric effect.
84. A beam of monochromatic radiation is incident on a photosensitive
surface. Answer the following questions giving suitable reasons: i)Does
the emitted photoelectron have the same kinetic energy? ii)Does the
kinetic energy of the emitted electrons depend on the intensity of the
incident radiation?On what factors does the number of emitted
photoelectrons depend?
85. Draw a graph between the frequency of incident radiation (υ) and the
maximum kinetic energy of the electrons emitted from the surface of a
photosensitive material. State clearly how this graph can be used to
determine (i) Planck’s constant and (ii) work function of the material.
86.

Figure shows a plot of stopping potential (V0)

with frequency (υ) of incident radiation for two photosensitive material

215
 M1 and M2. Explain
Why the slope of both the lines is same? For which material emitted
electrons have greater kinetic energy for the same frequency of incident
radiation?

ELECTRONICS: SOLIDS , SEMICONDUCTORS

1 mark questions

1) How does the forbidden energy gap of an intrinsic semiconductor

vary with the increase in temperature? Why is a semiconductor
damaged by a strong current?
2) What is the cause of a small current in reverse bias arrangement in
p-n junction ?
3) A piece of copper and a piece of silicon are both cooled down
through the same temperature .How do their conductivity change?

2 mark questions
1) The electrical conductivity of a semiconductor increases when
electromagnetic radiation of wavelength shorter than 2480 nm is
incident on it. Find the band gap of the semiconductor .
Given h= 6.63 x 10-34 js . C= 3 x 108 m/s.
2) What is equivalent resistance of the circuit .

216
Write the truth table.
3) Consider the junction diode is ideal ,calculate the value of current
in the given figure.

4) Draw a curve between charge density (e) and the distance (r) near
the forward bias p-n junction and explain it?

3 mark questions
5) If in the p-n junction diode a square input signal is 8 V then find
out the output signal across RL

6) For a diode characteristics curves are given at different

temperature. Find out the relation between temperatures in the
given figure.

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