Topic 5

Resource Management
Concepts

UGPA3293 Environmental Pollution and Control in

Petrochemical Industry
 Sustainable Industrial Development

•  The central concept behind sustainable development is to

enable the biosphere to supply "environmental services" to
the popula9on by means of renewable processes, without
investment in non-renewable materials.

•  In the natural environment, nutrients are transferred from

organism to organism and materials and energy are
circulated and transferred.

•  Industrial ecology seeks to replicate this state by

minimizing waste and maximizing the cycling of materials
and energy.

Ref: Dr. Uri Marinov, Sustainable Industrial Development, Israel Environment Bulle9n Spring 19965756, Vol. 19, No. 2
 Sustainable Industrial Development

Guidelines for sustainable industrial development:

ü  Minimize the amount of material used to manufacture a product.

ü  Minimize energy usage in produc9on process (Choice on processes /

energy source /materials )

ü  Prefer non-toxic material (Eg: lead-free gasoline and degradable

pes9cides)

ü  U9lize waste materials from one industry or one stage of manufacturing

as raw material in another.

ü  Design products which may be reused or upgraded rather than thrown

away as waste, such as modular computers.

Ref: Dr. Uri Marinov, Sustainable Industrial Development, Israel Environment Bulle9n Spring 19965756, Vol. 19, No. 2
 Sustainable Industrial Development

Guidelines for sustainable industrial development:

ü  Manufacture products from recyclable materials, such as aluminum beverage cans
or recycled plas9c cans.

ü  Design products which will have a minimal impact on the environment during their
life cycle and which will be recyclable at the comple9on of their life cycle.

ü  ShiV from the manufacture of products to the supply of services. For example, the
pes9cide industry should provide integrated services for biological and chemical
control; public transport services should be subs9tuted for private vehicles, etc.

ü  Prepare and publish the inventory of materials which enter and exit the
produc9on process. Publish emission data so as to catalyze both the community
and the industrial plant to take steps for emission reduc9on. Publicize the
"environment-friendliness” of different products so as to enable consumers to
choose products with minimal environmental impact.

Ref: Dr. Uri Marinov, Sustainable Industrial Development, Israel Environment Bulle9n Spring 19965756, Vol. 19, No. 2
 Sustainable Industrial Development

Economic

Sustainable
Industrial Social
Development

Environment

Ref: Yong Li, Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development, Development (2015) 58(4), 446–451.
 Sustainable Industrial Development

•  Ensure the economy grows in an environmentally

sustainable manner.

•  Industrial upgrading must innovate and op9mize

processes to favor cleaner produc9on, efficient
resource management and reduc9on in waste and
pollu9on.

•  Commibng to sustainable produc9on pacerns makes

business sense as it reduces wastage of costly
resources, and contributes to increased
compe99veness.

Ref: Yong Li, Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development, Development (2015) 58(4), 446–451.
3R Principle – Waste Management

Zero Waste
Zero disposal
 Reduce
•  Reduce waste produc9on.

•  Limit the consump9on of raw materials.

•  Reducing packaging.

•  Reducing the use of plas9c bags, reducing the use

of plas9c and paper plates, cups and plas9c
utensils, and consume more reusable items.
Ref: Samiha, B., The Importance of the 3R Principle of Municipal Solid Waste Management for Achieving Sustainable
Development, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2013, 4, 129-135.
 Reuse
•  Reuse the waste when the reducing is not possible.

•  By repairing, selling or dona9ng these items to charity and community

groups.

•  Reuse is preferable to recycling because the item doesn’t need to be

reprocessed

•  The index of reuse of solid waste is over 90% in some developed

countries such as Japan, Sweden, Belgium and Denmark.

•  Eg: Chinese government has created a policy since 2008, to pay for the
plas9c bags, and encourage using reusable bags.

•  In Japan and other industrial countries, “industry clusters” have been

planned, where the waste of one industry is the resource of another.
Ref: Samiha, B., The Importance of the 3R Principle of Municipal Solid Waste Management for Achieving Sustainable
Development, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2013, 4, 129-135.
 Recycle
•  Recycling is taking a product or material at the end of its useful life
and turning it into a usable raw material to make another
product.

•  Collect à Sort à Process à Manufacturing

•  According to European Environment Agency “EEA” report, 2013,

many European countries increased the share of municipal waste
recycling, and the highest rates are in Austria, with 63 %, followed
by Germany (62 %), Belgium (58 %), the Netherlands (51 %) and
Switzerland (51 %).

•  Environmental impact from recycling (manufacturing) could be

–  less than landfill and incineraCon.
–  less than producing new products with virgin materials.
Ref: Samiha, B., The Importance of the 3R Principle of Municipal Solid Waste Management for Achieving Sustainable
Development, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2013, 4, 129-135.
 Importance of 3R Principle
•  Toward sustainable living by encourage us to make lifestyle
decisions to reduce the waste we create and reduce the impact on
the environment.

•  Save natural resources for the future.

•  Reduce waste to landfill or incinerator

–  save the costs of landfill and incinera9on
–  save landfill space

•  Recycling and reuse create more job opportuni9es.

–  more workers will be needed to collect, sort, and process recyclables

Ref: Samiha, B., The Importance of the 3R Principle of Municipal Solid Waste Management for Achieving Sustainable
Development, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2013, 4, 129-135.
 Importance of 3R Principle
•  Less air pollu9on and reduces climate emissions
–  such as CO2 and green house gas emissions

•  Recycling saves energy

•  Reduces water pollu9on and water consump9on

•  Countries that do not have their own natural resources but

they can import waste material, such as paper as raw
material for their manufacturing industries

Ref: Samiha, B., The Importance of the 3R Principle of Municipal Solid Waste Management for Achieving Sustainable
Development, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2013, 4, 129-135.
 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
•  According to ISO 14040, LCA is defined as the
compila9on and evalua9on of the inputs, outputs
and the poten9al environmental impacts of a
product system throughout its life cycle.

•  Thus, LCA is the tool that addresses the

environmental aspects and poten9al
environmental impacts throughout a product's
life cycle from raw material acquisi9on through
produc9on, use, end-of-life treatment, recycling
and final disposal.

Ref: LCA Malaysia <lcamalaysia.sirim.my>
•  LCA study results help to promote the responsible design
and redesign of products and processes, leading to reduced
overall environmental impacts and the reduced use and
release of more toxic materials.

•  LCA studies iden9fy key materials and processes within the

products' life cycles that are likely to pose the greatest
impacts, including occupa9onal and public toxicity impacts.

•  These assessments allow businesses to make product

improvements through environmentally sound process,
material, and design choices.
Ref: LCA Malaysia <lcamalaysia.sirim.my>
 Typical Life Cycle Inventory for a Manufactured Product

Raw
End of life/
materials Product
DistribuCon Product use Final
extracCon/ manufacture
disposiCon
processing

Ref: LCA Malaysia <lcamalaysia.sirim.my>

•  LCA is a comprehensive technique

–  considers all acributes and aspects in a cross-media

perspec9ve.

–  Which includes the iden9fica9on & assessment of

poten9al trade-offs such as:

•  Natural Environment
•  Human health
•  Resources

Ref: LCA Malaysia <lcamalaysia.sirim.my>

There are four phases in an LCA study:

1.  Goal and scope defini9on phase
Ø  set the goal and scope of the study

2.  Inventory analysis phase

Ø  Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
Ø  Report data on all the emissions and resources used for a product

3.  Impact assessment phase, and

Ø  Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
Ø  emissions and resources are evaluated against a number of different
impact categories (such as climate
change, acidifica9on, eutrophica9on, ozone deple9on etc.).

4.  Interpreta9on phase

Ø  discuss and summarise the LCIA results.

Ref: LCA Malaysia <lcamalaysia.sirim.my>

Ref: LCA Malaysia <lcamalaysia.sirim.my>
 LCA related Standard
•  ISO 14040:2006
Environmental Management-Life cycle assessment- Principles and framework

•  ISO 14044:2006
Environmental Management-Life cycle assessment- Requirements and Guidelines
Ø  designed for the prepara9on of, conduct of, and cri9cal review of, life cycle inventory analysis.
Ø  provides guidance on the impact assessment phase of LCA and on the interpreta9on of LCA results,
as well as the nature and quality of the data collected.

•  ISO/TR 14047:2012
Environmental Management-Life cycle assessment- Illustra9ve examples on how to
apply ISO 14044 to impact assessment situa9ons

•  ISO/TS 14048:2002
Environmental Management-Life cycle assessment- Data documenta9on format
Ref: LCA Malaysia <lcamalaysia.sirim.my>
Life cycle approach can be applied to:

•  Environmental improvement of product

•  Benchmarking and performance

•  Environmental repor9ng (e.g. Carbon Footprin9ng)

•  Environmental management strategy

•  Marke9ng (e.g. implemen9ng an ecolabelling scheme or

producing an environmental product declara9on)

Ref: LCA Malaysia <lcamalaysia.sirim.my>

Ref: LCA Malaysia <lcamalaysia.sirim.my>
 Carbon Footprint (CFP)
•  describes the total amount of Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) and other Greenhouse
Gases (GHG) emiNed over the full life
cycle of a product or service.

•  Determina9on of the CFP requires Life

Cycle Assessment (LCA); focusing on GHG
emissions star9ng from raw materials
acquisi9on, produc9on, use and would be
ended up at the final disposal.

•  The CFP is usually expressed as carbon

dioxide-equivalent (CO2e) emissions
measured in kilograms.
Ref: LCA Malaysia <lcamalaysia.sirim.my>
Benefits of CFP Quan9fica9on, Cer9fica9on and Labelling:

•  to encourage demand for, and supply of, products
(including services) that cause less stress on the
environment.

•  enables the business client and/or consumers in the

supply chain to make an informed choice if the
environmental performance of products or services is
an important criteria for their purchasing decision.

Ref: LCA Malaysia <lcamalaysia.sirim.my>

How 3R affect LCA?
How 3R affect LCA?