PROJECT REPORT

FOR
SUMMMER TRAINING
AT
JAMSHEDPUR UTILITIES AND SERVICES COMPANY
LTD. (JUSCO), JAMSHEDPUR.

SUBMITTED BY:
NAME: GAURAV KUMAR

INSTITUTE NAME: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY, SHIBPUR

SEMESTER: 5TH

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 3rd JULY 2018

TOPIC: POWER DISTRIBUTION

 operation and functioning of different elements used in a substation

 Use of SCADA for remotely monitoring the status of various circuit
breakers as well as other devices used in substations.

SIGNATURE OF THE GUIDE:

ABOUT JUSCO
Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company , is a subsidiary of
Tata Steel Limited. It was carved out of town services division of
Tata Steel in 2004. Jamshedpur Utilities & Services Company is
today India’s only comprehensive urban infrastructure service
provider. A Tata Enterprise, its services focus on the Tata Group
Purpose “to improve the quality of life of the communities we
serve”.
The Group purpose is reflected in JUSCO’s Mission of providing
“quality services for life”. Its services include water, power,
infrastructure, public health and horticulture services. JUSCO
works alongside civic bodies, large and small industries, local
government bodies, communities and individuals to deliver
value through sustainable solutions.
The Company believes that a clear sense of the Tata Values and
Mission allows it to achieve immense clarity on its role for the
future. JUSCO intends to rise to the challenge of meeting India's
need for infrastructure development in a sustainable manner
by anticipating and addressing the country's growth needs such
that the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is
not compromised.
AREA OF BUSINESS

 Engineering procurement and construction :Planning

,development and maintenance of township
infrastructure.

 Power services division: Operation and maintenance of

power infrastructure and distribution of power.
 Integrated township management :Providing civic and
municipal services in a fully fledged municipal area.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The summer training at JUSCO was great opportunities for me
to learn many things about power distribution. I am very
thankful to Mr Koustav Banerjee sir for providing this
opportunity. I am thankful for his constant guidance
throughout this training. I am also thankful to Pradeep Sir,
Sumit sir, Dharamvir sir and Arindam sir for their helping me to
understand the power distribution system. My sincere thanks
to all the employees of JUSCO who were keen to explain me
everything in the best way they could.
 ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and
distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or
the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions.
Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow
through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation
may include transformers to change voltage levels between high
transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the
interconnection of two different transmission voltages.

Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may

be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally
substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision
and control.

The word substation comes from the days before the distribution
system became a grid. As central generation stations became larger,
smaller generating plants were converted to distribution stations,
receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their
own generators. The first substations were connected to only one
power station, where the generators were housed, and were
subsidiaries of that power station.
 AN IMAGE OF A SUBSTATION

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF SONARI 132KV/33KV/6.6KV SUBSTATION

 ELEMENTS OF A SUBSTATION

A substation has various elements used in it .These include transformers , circuit

breakers,isolators,various types of relays, bus couplers, bus sectionalisers ,wave
trap, current transformers and potential transformers. Some substations can be
controlled from remote locations hence these also have RTU and FRTU’S installed
in them.A brief description of each component used in a substation is given below

All the equipments have their own functions in a substation .Some equipments
such as transformer are used for changing the voltage levels. While circuit
breakers, relays ,fuses are used as protection devices.Other equipments such as
CT , PT are used for measurement of current and voltage respectively. Circuit
breakers and isolators are used as switches for turning the circuit on /off. A
detailed description of each of the equipments used in a substation is given in this
section.
 TRANSFORMER

Transformer is one of the most important parts of a substation. A transformer

consists of primary and secondary windings, an oil tank which stores oil for
cooling purpose. All the windings of transformer are immersed in oil which takes
away the heat. This oil is circulated from main tank to the radiator and back. this
occurs naturally due to convection or with the help of a pump. The oil is cooled in
the radiator either naturally or by forced cooling using fans. A buccholz relay is
provided to trip the circuit or ring a alarm in case of severe fault in oil tank or
winding.A conservator tank is provided to allow oil to expand and contract
according to change in temperature by breathing in or pushing out air from tank
through silica gel. Besides this oil temperature indicator and winding temperature
indicator are also present to monitor the temperature. Besides these
transformers is also provided with on load tap changer and off load tap changer.
This can be used to change the number of secondary turns and hence control the
voltage output. These are used when we require constant output voltage but
input voltage undergoes fluctuations. There are two types of transformers

POWER TRANSFORMERS

Power transformers are generally used in stepping up or down the voltage for
transmitting power or receiving power. Power transformers generally operate at
full load and hence are designed to have maximum efficiency at near full load.
These transformers are of very high rating (generally more than 200 MVA).These
transformers operate at very high voltages such as 200 KV,133KV,400 KV.These
transformers have only one primary and one secondary. No tapping is provided
.Since power transformers generally operate at full load so their performance is
usually judged by full load efficiency.

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

These transformers are used for distribution of power to the consumer end.
These transformers are generally designed to have maximum all day efficiency.
These operate on lower voltages such as 33 KV,6.6 KV,415 V etc .These
transformers may be provided with tap changing secondary. These transformers
operate at very low loads most of the times of the day. So to increase all day
efficiency distribution transformers are designed to have very low core loss. The
performance of these transformers is judged by all day efficiency.

OTHER COMPONENTS OF A TRANSFORMER

 CORE

Core is constructed by assembling (stacking) laminated sheets of steel, with

minimum air-gap between them (to achieve continuous magnetic path). The steel
used is having high silicon content and sometimes heat treated, to provide high
permeability and low hysteresis loss. Laminated sheets of steel are used to reduce
eddy current loss.

MAIN TANK

Main tank of the transformer consists of core wound with windings immersed
in the oil. Oil acts like an insulating medium and is also important for cooling
of the transformer.

CONSERVATOR TANK
Whenever electrical distribution transformer is loaded, the temperature of the transformer
insulating oil increases, consequently the volume of the oil is increased. As the volume of the oil
is increased, the air above the oil level in conservator will come out. Again at low oil
temperature; the volume of the oil is decreased, which causes the volume of the oil to be
decreased which again causes air to enter into conservator tank. The natural air always
consists of more or less moisture in it and this moisture can be mixed up with oil if it is allowed
to enter into the transformer. The air moisture should be resisted during entering of the air
into the transformer, because moisture is very harmful for transformer insulation. A silica gel
breather is the most commonly used way of filtering air from moisture.

EXPLOSION VENT

This is nothing but a bent pipe with thin aluminum diaphragms at both ends. A wire mesh is
provided at lower end of the explosion vent to prevent the pieces of rutted diaphragm from
entering the tank. A wire mesh is also provided at upper end of vent pipe to protect mechanical
damages of upper diaphragm. Near the lower end, a small oil level indicator is provided to lower
diaphragm ruptures; transformer oil rises in the vent pipe and is visible through the indicator
indicating the failure of the lower diaphragm. If even after brushing the lower diaphragm, there is
enough pressure and is not reduced, the upper diaphragm then bursts out to give way to release
the inside pressure

RADIATOR UNIT

This cycle is repeated continuously till the load is connected to the transformer. Dissipation of heat
in the
transformer radiator; can be accelerated further by force air provided by means of fans. These fans
are fitted either on the radiator bank itself or fitted nearby the bank but all the fans must be faced
towards the radiator. Sometime, the cooling rate of convectional circulation of oil is not sufficient.
That time an oil pump may be used for speeding up oil circulation.
BUCHHOLZ RELAY
Buchholz relay in transformer is an oil container housed the connecting pipe from main tank to
conservator tank. It has mainly two elements. The upper element consists of a float. The float is
attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon the oil level in the
Buchholz relay Container. One mercury switch is fixed on the float. The alignment of mercury
switch hence depends upon the position of the float. The lower element consists of a baffle plate and
mercury switch. This plate is fitted on a hinge just in front of the inlet (main tank side) of Buchholz
relay in transformer in such a way that when oil enters in the relay from that inlet in high pressure
the alignment of the baffle plate along with the mercury switch attached to it, will change.

TAP CHANGER

A tap changer on a transformer is the device that can connect different taps on the transformer
to the supply voltage. This device can regulate the output voltage on the transformer in steps
by connecting or disconnecting part of the windings on the transformer. The tap changer
basically allows you to fine tune the output voltage of the transformer, loading on the grid may
result in a drop in the line voltage at a substation and this may require you to change the
transformers winding ratio in order for the output to be within specification to your client.

MAGNETIC OIL LEVEL GAUGE

This device is used to indicate the position of transformer insulating oil level in conservator of
transformer. This is a mechanical device. Magnetic oil level indicator of transformer consists of
mainly three parts- One float, Bevel gear arrangement and an indicating dial.

OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

These are generally precision instruments. A temperature indicator of power transformer is
specially designed for protection of transformer in addition to its temperature indication and
cooling control features. That means, this device performs three functions.

These instruments indicate instantaneous temperature of oil and windings of transformer.This

also record maximum temperature rise of oil and windings.These instruments operate high
temperature alarm at a predetermined value of allowable temperature limit.

Temperature indicators of transformer can also trip the circuit breakers associated with the
power transformer when the temperature of oil or winding reaches a predetermined
limit.These devices also control the cooling system of transformer. Switch on the cooling
equipment when the winding attains a preset high temperature and switch it off when the
temperature drops by an established differential.

This device measures the LV and HV winding temperature. A winding temperature indicator or
WTI is also used as protection of transformer.

Operating Principle of Winding Temperature Indicator

The basic operating principle of WTI is same as OTI. But only difference is that the sensing
bulb pocket on transformer top cover is heated by a heater coil surrounded it. This heater
coil is fed by secondary of current transformers associated with transformer winding.
Hence the current through the heater coil is directly proportional to the current flowing
through transformer winding. This is because there is no scope of direct measuring of
temperature inside a winding. When load of transformer increases, the winding
temperature is also increased and this increased temperature is sensed by sensing bulb as
the heater coil surrounds it. Rest of the working principle of winding temperature indicator
is same as principle of oil temperature indicator.

LIGHTENING ARRESTER
TYPES OF LIGHTENING STROKES

1. Direct lightening strokes

Direct lightening strokes are caused when lightening path is directly from
cloud to the electrical equipments such as overhead wires. From here, the
current goes to the earth through the earthing provided in the poles. It may
also happen that the discharge goes directly to the ground by flashover due to
overvoltage and break ddown of air insulation.

There are two types of direct lightening strokes

 STROKE A
Stroke A occurs when a charged cloud is above a tall object such as overhead
wires then the cloud induces an opposite charge on the wires below it.When
the potential difference between cloud and overhead wire becomes too high
air insulation breaks down and discharge occurs.

STROKE B

This type of lightening strike on an equipment occurs due to discharge

between two clouds. Suppose there are three clouds P,Q and R having positive
, negative and positive charge respectively .The charge on cloud R is bound
due to Q and vice versa .Now if lightening discharge occurs between P and Q
they both become neutral. So charge on R is no longer bounded and it flows to
earth rapidly ignoring tall objects

Fig:(i) and (ii) depict stroke A and B respectively

INDIRECT STROKE
Indirect stroke occurs due to electrostatic charges induced on the
electrical equipments by the charged clouds. Suppose cloud P has
positive charge and it is above overhead wires .Then P induces
negative charge on top of the wire and positive on the side further
away from the cloud .Positive charge on wire flows to earth slowly
through the pole or leaks through insulator. Now if cloud P gets
discharged due to cloud to cloud or some other lightening. The
negative charge on the wire becomes free and it moves in both
directions like a travelling wave and ultimately goes to the earth
through the pole. Thus current through the wires increase
considerably due to indirect lightening strike.

Fig: Indirect lightening strike

LIGHTENING ARRESTER
A lightening arrester is used to protect insulation and electrical
equipments due to overvoltage caused due to lightening strike. A
lightening arrester provides a low impedance path for high voltages
caused due to lightening and a high resistance path for the normal
transmission voltages. Most of the lightening arresters consist of
MOV(Metal oxide varistors).The resistance of these varistors
decrease after voltage exceeds the normal transmission value
 CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
A capacitive voltage transformer(CVT) is a single phase used in substations to step down
extra high voltage signals to low voltage signals which is used to operate relays or for
measurement purpose .A CVT consists of 2 capacitors and an inductor(used for tuning to
the line frequency) and a transformer for stepping down the voltage .It has atleast four
terminals .One for connection to the high voltage input, second for earth connection and
two other terminals for the secondary output which acan be connected to a relay or a
measuring device.A CVT may also contain large number of capacitors instead of having just
two. CVT’s are generally used for measuring voltages in excess of 100 kilovolts where use
of a transformer is uneconomical. CVT’s in combination with wave traps are used to filter
high frequency communication signals from power signals and hence also used in
communication systems.

WAVE TRAP
A transmission line carries mainly two types of signals which are

1. Power signals (having low frequency -50hz-100hz and high voltage)

2. Communication signals (having low voltages and high frequency (few kHz)

If communication signals being transmitted from generating stations and other substations
enter the bus it may damage the equipments .To prevent this power signals are separated
from communication signals using wave trap. A wave trap is parallel inductor capacitor
tuned circuit.It is designed to resonate at the frequency of the communication signals and
hence pose high impedance for them. So it blocks the communication signals from entering
the bus. It only sends power signals to the bus while communication signal is sent
separately to the control room. These communication signals help substations and
generating stations to communicate among themselves without the need of separate cable
for carrying these signals or any telecom company network.

Picture of a wave trap in a power plant

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
A current transformer is generally used for measuring large currents. The
currents flowing in the bus and the transmission line is so large that directly
measuring it with an ammeter may damage the instrument. Current
transformers along with potential transformers are known as instrument
transformers. A current transformer lowers down the current to be measured
by transformer action and hence is used for measuring purpose and in
protective relays.The secondary winding of a current transformer should
never be kept open as a very large voltage may appear across the secondary
terminals damaging the insulation and increase the risk of an electric shock

A current transformer may be classified into two types

1. Metering type (0.5, 0.1, 1, 2, 5)

The numbers inside the bracket indicate the error of the instrument
transformer. Hence a 5 CT has an error of +-5%.These transformers saturate
easily.

2. Protection type: These may be further classified as

i) 5p1, 5p20 type: The letter P indicates that it is a protection type

transformer and 5p20 means that even if primary current becomes 20 times
the rated value the error does not exceed 5%

ii) PS TYPE OR PURCHASE SPECIFIC TYPE

Depending on the value of knee point voltage or magnetizing current, these

types of CT’s provide necessary protection.

Fig: Current transformer for each of the three phases of power system

CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is like a electrical switch for switching on/off circuits
containing high amounts of flowing currents. It operates on the basis of signal
given by a relay in case of fault or when someone switches it on/off .A circuit
breaker also minimizes arc formation during change of state (on/off).A circuit
breaker also acts as an arc quenching device. Different medium are used for
arc quenching depending on voltage levels.

Vacuum is generally used for voltages <33kV as arc quenching medium.

SF6 is used as arc quenching medium for voltages >33kV and less than 440
kV.The switching time of a circuit breaker should be as small as possible.

Given below is switching time of breakers used at JUSCO

Voltage ON/OFF Time
132 Kv ON 30ms
132Kv OFF <25ms
33Kv ON 60+-10% ms
33Kv OFF 40+-10% ms

ISOLATOR
An isolator is a mechanical device used for isolating a part of the circuit which
has to be maintained .It is operated manually unlike circuit breakers which
can act on the basis of commands given by relay. An isolator also earths the
isolated part of circuit so that the charges stored in the circuits are completely
discharged before maintenance can begin also isolator are provided with pad
locks to prevent inadvertent operation. Also isolators are off load device
means that they can be switched on/off only when the devices to be isolated
are off or when no current is flowing through the branch to be isolated.
Special precautions should be taken to ensure that the branch to be isolated
carries no current before isolator is turned off to prevent arc. Isolators are not
used for normally controlling the circuit but are used only for isolating the
part of the circuit to be maintained.
 USE OF SCADA IN SUBSTATIONS
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. It is used in
automation of power distribution network. When we talk about automation of
power distribution network we mean that all the substations as well as switch
rooms associated with the power distribution can be controlled and
monitored from a central location. SCADA system is a industrial automation
system used to collect data from sensors and instruments located at remote
sites and process them and sends supervisory command to the circuit
breakers and other field devices located at remote sites accordingly .A SCADA
system has PLC’s,RTU’s,FRTU’s which acts as a device for converting analogue
output of the the circuit breakers to digital output which is sent to the cloud
storage through GPRS or fiber optics from here it goes to gateway server
which distributes data to warehouse server(for storage for future use), active
directory server defines the access rights of different users for example if any
user connects to the scada network then he will not be able to access the data
meant for administrator. From the field devices data goes to front end server
and from there it goes to application server which sends it to workstation
(computer which has ws500 SCADA software installed as well as connected
with HMI ) .A De server is used to modify Single Line Diagram of the various
substations in case the substation has to be modified. A SCADA network may
also have a thin client server , a thin client server can be accessed through
internet ,this server makes data related to the status of various circuit
breakers and other information accessible through internet.

COMPONENTS OF SCADA SYSTEM

A SCADA system consists of following components

 RTU or Remote Terminal Unit: A RTU is a microprocessor controlled

electronics device which interfaces objects in physical world to SCADA.
It consists of many cards including CPU or processing with
communication interfaces
  FRTU or Field Remote Terminal Unit: It is also a microprocessor
controlled device which interfaces objects in physical world to SCADA .It
has many digital inputs and output along with GSM/CDMA device for
communication.
 Programmable Logic Unit or PLC’s: These are automation device
having many digital/analog inputs as well as outputs (analog/digital) .
A PLC can be programmed using ladder logic or STL .A PLC does not
have telemetry hardware but it can be separately installed alongside.
 A Telemetry system is used to connect the PLC’S, RTU’S and FRTU’S to
control centers, data warehouses and the enterprise. Examples of wired
telemetry are WAN, leased telephone lines and examples of wireless
telemetry are microwaves, cellular radio.

 Data Acquisition Server

 Human Machine Interface is an apparatus or a device which can
display processed data to the human operator so that operator can send
commands to the various field devices in the remote places.

 Historian
 A supervisory computer system: gathering (acquiring data) on the
process and sending commands (control) to the SCADA system.
 Communication infrastructure involves connecting the supervisory
system to remote terminal unit.

ADVANTAGES OF REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT

 Flexible and scalable hardware concept.
 Integrated HMI for substation monitoring
 Can perform the functions of PLC
  Flexible connections to IED(Integrated Electronic Device)
which is microprocessor controller used to control substation
equipments such as circuit breaker, relays.
MODES OF COMMUNICATIONS USED IN SCADA NETWORK
GPRS: Stands for General packet Radio Service .This is a packet
based wireless communication service. Two or more devices can use
same channel for data transfer hence it is less costly provides high
speed internet service to mobile users.
FIBRE OPTICS: It is a medium of data transfer in the form light
pulses using fibre optic cable. It works on the principle of Total
Internal Reflection in a transparent medium.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPONENTS USED IN A SCADA SYSTEM

HMI (Human machine interface)

Human-machine interface (HMI) is a component of certain devices that are
capable of handling human-machine interactions. The interface consists of
hardware and software that allow user inputs to be translated as signals for
machines that, in turn, provide the required result to the user. Human-
machine interface technology has been used in different industries like
electronics, entertainment, military, medical, etc. Human-machine interfaces
help in integrating humans into complex technological systems.

APPLICATION SERVER
An application server is a component-based product that resides in the middle-
tier of a server centric architecture. It provides middleware services for security
and state maintenance, along with data access and persistence.

DE SERVER: This server helps us to make single line diagram

BACK UP SERVER
 Server running Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) is called a domain controller. It
authenticates and authorizes all users and computers in a Windows domain type network—
assigning and enforcing security policies for all computers and installing or updating software.

THIN CLIENT SERVER

Although the term thin client usually refers to software, it is increasingly used for
computers, such as network computers and Net PCs that are designed to serve as the
clients for client/server architectures. A thin client is a network computer without a hard
disk drive, whereas a fat client includes a disk drive.It can be accessed through internet and
makes the data collected from substations available on internet.

GATEWAY: In computer networking and telecommunications, a gateway is a component that

is part of two networks, which use different protocols. The gateway will translate one protocol
into the other. A router is a special case of a gateway.

SCADA SYSTEM
Protection equipments such as Automation Equipments:
Relays, circuit breakers and
measuring instruments such as RTU’S, FRTU’S
Ammeter, voltmeters.

SERVERS warehouse Gateway

server
Gateway

server GPRS

HMI

Cloud (Tata
Communicati
on)
 CONCLUSION
The project contains information about the various equipments
used in an electric substation. From this project we get to know the
importance of each of the components and their functions. Through
this project I gained practical knowledge about Lightening arresters,
relays, transformers and other equipments. It was very interesting
for me to see how SCADA system is used in JUSCO to monitor and
give commands to the remote substations. I also saw various types
of cables used in substations such as three core cables, single core
cables and other cables of different cross sections. As a whole, the
summer training at JUSCO was a wonderful experience and a great
opportunity for me to gain practical knowledge in my core subject.