7.

Electromagnetic relations 1

7. ELECTROMAGNETIC RELATIONS

Quantity Gaussian CGS SI

Conversion factors:
Charge: 2.997 924 58 × 109 esu =1C=1As
Potential: (1/299.792 458) statvolt (ergs/esu) = 1 V = 1 J C−1
Magnetic field: 104 gauss = 104 dyne/esu = 1 T = 1 N A−1 m−1
v
Lorentz force: F = q (E + × B) F = q (E + v × B)
c
Maxwell equations: .
∇ D = 4πρ .
∇ D=ρ
1 ∂D 4π ∂D
∇×H− = J ∇×H− =J
c ∂t c ∂t
.
∇ B=0 .
∇ B=0
1 ∂B ∂B
∇×E+ =0 ∇×E+ =0
c ∂t ∂t
Constitutive relations: D = E + 4πP, H = B − 4πM D = 0 E + P, H = B/µ0 − M
Linear media: D = E, H = B/µ D = E, H = B/µ
Permitivity of free space: 1 0 = 8.854 187 . . . × 10−12 F m−1
Permeability of free space: 1 µ0 = 4π × 10−7 N A−2

Fields from potentials: 1 ∂A ∂A

E = −∇V − E = −∇V −
c ∂t ∂t
B=∇×A B=∇×A
X qi Z X qi Z
Static potentials: ρ (r0 ) 3 0 1 1 ρ (r0 ) 3 0
V = = d x V = = d x
(coulomb gauge) ri |r − r0 | 4π0 ri 4π0 |r − r0 |
charges charges
I Z I Z
1 I d` 1 J(r0 ) 3 0 µ0 I d` µ0 J(r0 ) 3 0
A= = d x A= = d x
c |r − r0 | c |r − r0 | 4π |r − r0 | 4π |r − r0 |

Relativistic transformations: E0k = Ek E0k = Ek

(v is the velocity of the 1
primed frame as seen E0⊥ = γ(E⊥ + v × B) E0⊥ = γ(E⊥ + v × B)
c
in the unprimed frame)
B0k = Bk B0k = Bk
1 1
B0⊥ = γ(B⊥ − v × E) B0⊥ = γ(B⊥ − 2 v × E)
c c
1 µ0 1
= c2 × 10−7 N A−2 = 8.987 55 . . . × 109 m F−1 ; = 10−7 N A−2 ; c= √ = 2.997 924 58 × 108 m s−1
4π0 4π µ0 0
2 7. Electromagnetic relations

7.1. Impedances (SI units) where α = e2 /~c is the fine-structure constant and

ρ = resistivity at room temperature in 10−8 Ω m: 3γ 3 c

ωc = (7.13)
∼ 1.7 for Cu ∼ 5.5 for W 2R
∼ 2.4 for Au ∼ 73 for SS 304
is the critical frequency. The normalized function F (y) is
∼ 2.8 for Al ∼ 100 for Nichrome
(Al alloys may have double the Al value.) Z ∞
9 √
F (y) = 3y K5/3 (x) dx , (7.14)
8π y
For alternating currents, instantaneous current I, voltage V ,
angular frequency ω: where K5/3 (x) is a modified Bessel function of the third kind. For
jωt electrons or positrons,
V = V0 e = ZI . (7.1)
~ωc (in keV) ≈ 2.22 [E(in GeV)]3 /R(in m) . (7.15)
Impedance of self-inductance L: Z = jωL .
Fig. 7.1 shows F (y) over the important range of y.
Impedance of capacitance C: Z = 1/jωC .
p 0.6
Impedance of free space: Z = µ0 /0 = 376.7 Ω .

High-frequency surface impedance of a good conductor: 0.5

(1 + j) ρ
Z= , where δ = skin depth ; (7.2)
δ 0.4
r
ρ 6.6 cm
δ= ≈p for Cu . (7.3) F(y) 0.3
πνµ ν (Hz)
File [deg.pdg]synch.top
0.2
7.2. Capacitance C b and inductance L b per unit
length (SI units) [negligible skin depth] 0.1
Flat rectangular plates of width w, separated by d  w with linear
medium (, µ) between:
0.0
0.01 0.1 1.0 10
b= w ; b=µ d ; y
C L (7.4)
d w Figure 7.1: The normalized synchrotron radiation spectrum F (y).
/0 = 2 to 6 for plastics; 4 to 8 for porcelain, glasses; (7.5)
µ/µ0 ' 1 . (7.6) For γ  1 and ω  ωc ,

Coaxial cable of inner radius r1 , outer radius r2 : dI

≈ 3.3α (ωR/c)1/3 , (7.16)
d(~ω)
b= 2π  b = µ ln (r2 /r1 ) .
C ; L (7.7)
ln (r2 /r1 ) 2π whereas for
γ  1 and ω & 3ωc ,
Transmission lines (no loss): r    
dI 3π ω 1/2 −ω/ωc 55 ωc
p ≈ αγ e 1+ + ... . (7.17)
Impedance: Z = b C
L/ b. (7.8) d(~ω) 2 ωc 72 ω

p The radiation is confined to angles . 1/γ relative to the instantaneous

Velocity: v = 1/ L b = 1/õ  .
bC (7.9) direction of motion. The mean number of photons emitted per
revolution is
5π
Nγ = √ αγ , (7.18)
3
7.3. Synchrotron radiation (CGS units)
and the mean energy per photon is
For a particle of charge e, velocity v = βc, and energy E = γmc2 ,
traveling in a circular orbit of radius R, the classical energy loss per 8
h~ωi = √ ~ωc . (7.19)
revolution δE is 15 3
4π e2 3 4
When h~ωi & O(E), quantum corrections are important.
δE = β γ . (7.10)
3 R
For high-energy electrons or positrons (β ≈ 1), this becomes

δE (in MeV) ≈ 0.0885 [E(in GeV)]4 /R(in m) . (7.11) See J.D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd edition (John Wiley
& Sons, New York, 1975) for more formulae and details. In his book,
Jackson uses a definition of ωc that is twice as large as the customary
For γ  1, the energy radiated per revolution into the photon energy one given above.
interval d(~ω) is

8π
dI = α γ F (ω/ωc ) d(~ω) , (7.12)
9