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Deductive Reasoning Geometry Postulates, Theorems, and Properties

This document outlines key concepts in deductive reasoning and geometry theorems. It defines conditional statements, proofs, deductive reasoning, and various angle and line properties. Several theorems are also presented, including the Midpoint Theorem, Angle Bisector Theorem, Vertical Angles Theorem, and theorems about perpendicular lines forming congruent angles and supplements/complements. Notes provide additional clarification on logical equivalences, proper notation, and accurately depicting geometric situations.

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Xinping Yuan
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55 views

Deductive Reasoning Geometry Postulates, Theorems, and Properties

This document outlines key concepts in deductive reasoning and geometry theorems. It defines conditional statements, proofs, deductive reasoning, and various angle and line properties. Several theorems are also presented, including the Midpoint Theorem, Angle Bisector Theorem, Vertical Angles Theorem, and theorems about perpendicular lines forming congruent angles and supplements/complements. Notes provide additional clarification on logical equivalences, proper notation, and accurately depicting geometric situations.

Uploaded by

Xinping Yuan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2 – Deductive Reasoning

Theorems, Postulates, Corollaries, and Properties


2-1
Law of Contrapositive A conditional and its contrapositive are logically equivalent.
2-2
Properties of Equality Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Reflexive, Symmetric,
Transitive, and Substitution
Distributive Property
Properties of Congruence Reflexive, Symmetric, and Transitive
2-3
Law of Detachment If p → q is a true statement and p is true, then q is true.
Law of Syllogism If p → q and q → r are true statements, then p → r is a true statement.
Theorem 2-1 Midpoint Theorem*
If M is the midpoint of segment AB, then AM = 1/2ab and MB = 1/2AB.
2-2 Angle Bisector Theorem*
If ray BX is the bisector of <ABC, then m<ABX=½ m<ABC and m<XBC = ½ m<ABC.
2-4
Theorem 2-3
Vertical angles are congruent.
2-5
Theorem 2-4
If two lines are perpendicular, then they form congruent adjacent angles.
2-5 If two lines form congruent adjacent angles, then the lines are perpendicular.
2-6 If the exterior sides of two adjacent acute angles are perpendicular, then the angles are
complementary.
2-6
Theorem 2-7 Congruent Supplements Theorem *
If two angles are supplements of congruent angles (or of the same angle), then the two angles are
congruent.
Theorem 2-8 Congruent Complements Theorem*
If two angles are complements of congruent angles (or of the same angle), then the two angles
are congruent.
Linear Pair Theorem If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.
Right Angle Congruence Theorem All right angles are congruent.
Key Terms:
2-1
A conditional statement is a statement that can be written in the form “if p, then q.”
The hypothesis is the part p of a conditional statement following the word if.
The conclusion is the part q of a conditional statement following the word then.
A conditional statement has a truth value of either true (T) or false (F).
The negation of a statement p is “not p,” written as ~p.
The converse is the statement formed by exchanging the hypothesis and conclusion.
The inverse is the statement formed by both exchanging and negating the hypothesis and
conclusion.
The contrapositive is the statement formed by exchanging and negating the hypothesis and
conclusion.
Related conditional statements that have the same truth value are called logically equivalent
statements.
Counterexample
A biconditional statement is a statement that can be written in the form “p if and only if q.” This
means “if p then q” and “if q then p.”
A definition is a statement that describes an object and can be written as a true biconditional.
A polygon is a closed plane figure formed by three or more segments, where each segment
intersects exactly two other segments only at their endpoints and no two segments with a
common endpoint are collinear.
A triangle is a three-sided polygon.
A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon.
2-2
A proof is an argument that uses logic, definitions, properties, and previously proven statements
to show that a conclusion is true.
2-3
Deductive reasoning is the process of using logic to draw conclusions based on given facts,
definitions, and properties.
2-4
Adjacent angles are two angles in the same plane with a common vertex and a common side, but
no common interior points.
A linear pair of angles is a pair of adjacent angles whose noncommon sides are opposite rays.
Complementary angles are two angles whose measures have a sum of 90˚.
Supplementary angles are two angles whose measures have a sum of 180˚.
Vertical angles are two nonadjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines.
2-5
Perpendicular lines are two lines that intersect to form right angles.
2-6
A theorem is any statement that you can prove.
A two-column proof is a type of proof where the statements and corresponding reasons are listed
in two columns with the statements in the left column and the reasons in the right column.
Notes from quizzes and homework:
2-1
- Other words for if-then
 p implies q
 p only if q
 q if p
- “p if q” and “p only if q” are converses
- If p then q. p = hypothesis
- If q, then p. q = hypothesis
2-2
- Segment XY is an object; XY is a number
- There are no addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, or substitution properties of
congruence.
- Segment AB + Segment BC is congruent to Segment AC is NOT proper notation
 Change to AB+BC = AC
2-4
- Definition of vertical angles: nonadjacent angles formed by 2 intersecting lines and
nothing about congruence
- Vertical angles theorem: vertical angles are congruent.
2-6
- When asked for accurate depiction of the same situation, the basic structure of the
diagram is kept …
 Things that are kept: specifically marked info, collinear pts., coplanar pts., pt.
between two other pts., any point in the interior or exterior of an angle or
polygon, any (non) adjacent angles, no new points or other objects created.
 Things that can change: lengths, measures, ratios, etc.
- When asked if a theorem will prove a statement, it only works when the statement is in
the conclusion of the theorem.

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