M.

SHAHBAZ ANWAR(MSC PHYSICS) PHYSICS 2ND YEAR SHORT QUESTIONS

Q # 1. The potential is constant throughout a given region of space. Is the electric field zero or non zero in
this region? Explain.
Ans. The electric field intensity is described by the relation: E= -ΔV/Δr
According to the relation, the electric field is negative gradient of electric potential. If the electric potential is
constant throughout given region of space, then change in electric potential ΔV= 0, hence E= 0.
Q # 2. Suppose that you follow an electric field line due to a positive point charge. Do electric field and the
potential increases or decreases.
Ans. If we follow an electric field line due to a positive point charge, then it means that we are moving await from
point charge. Thus the distance from the charge increases. Due to increase of distance from positive charge, both
electric field intensity and electric potential decreases as: E=1/R2 AND V=1/R
Q # 3. How can you identify that which plate of capacitor is positively charged?
Ans. The presence of charge on a body is detected by a device called gold leaf electroscope. The leaves of gold leaf
electroscope are diverged by giving them negative charge.
 If the disc is touched with any plate of the charged capacitor and the divergence of the leaves increases, the
plate of capacitor is negatively charged
 If the divergence of leaves decreases, then that plate of capacitor is positively charged
Q # 4. Electric lines of force never cross. Why?
Electric lines of force never cross each other. This is because of the reason that electric field intensity has only one
direction at any given pint. If the lines cross, electric intensity could have more than one direction which is
physically not correct.
Q # 5. If a point charge of mass m is released in a non-uniform electric field with field lines in the same
direction pointing, will it make a rectilinear motion.
Ans. A non-uniform field of a positive point charge .If a point charge q of mass m is placed at any point in the field,
it will follow straight or rectilinear path along the field line due to repulsive force.
Q # 6. Do electrons tends to go to region of high potential or of low potential?
Ans. The electrons being negatively charge particle when released in electric field moves from a region of lower
potential (negative end) to a region of high potential (positive end).
Q # 7. Describe the force or forces on a positive point charge when placed between parallel plates:
i. With similar and equal charges ii. With opposite and equal charges
Ans. When a positive point charge is placed between parallel plates with similar and equal charges, then the electric
field intensity due to one plate is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction of electric intensity due to other plate.
So the value of resultant electric field intensity E is zero. Hence the net force on the positive point charge is zero.
Thus it will remain at rest.
When a positive point charge is placed between parallel plates with opposite but equal amount of charge, then
electric field intensity due to one plate is equal in magnitude but in same direction of the electric field intensity due
to other plate. So the value of resultant electric field intensity is non zero. Hence the point charge will be
accelerated towards negative plate.
Q # 7. Is E necessarily zero inside a charged rubber balloon if the balloon is spherical. Assume that
charge is distributed uniformly over the surface.
Ans. Yes, E is necessarily zero inside a charged rubber balloon if balloon is spherical. If the Gaussian surface is
imagined inside charged balloon, then it does not contain any charge i.e., q=0
Applying Gausses law:
Hence electric field ....1 from eq 1 and 2
intensity will be zero
inside a spherical balloon. AS A ≠ 0 therefore

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M.SHAHBAZ ANWAR(MSC PHYSICS) PHYSICS 2ND YEAR SHORT QUESTIONS

Chapter no 13
Q # 1. A potential difference is applied across the ends of a copper wire. What is the effect on the drift
velocity of free electrons by
i. Increasing the potential difference ii. Decreasing the length and the temperature of the wire.
Ans. The drift velocity Vd of electrons in a conductor is described by the formula:
Where ΔVis the potential difference between the ends of conductor, L is the length of
conductor and is the resistivity of wire. From equation, it is clear that
i. Drift velocity of electron increases with increase in potential difference
ii. Drift velocity of electron also increases by decreasing the length and temperature of wire.
Q # 2. Do bends in a wire affect its electrical resistance? Explain.
Ans. The resistance of the conductor is described by the formula:
Where L is the length and A is the cross-section area of conductor. the electrical
resistivity of the material which depends upon the nature of conductor.
Hence the resistance of conductor depends upon the geometry and nature of conductor.
Hence the bends in conducting wires don’t affect its electrical resistance.
Q # 3. What is the tolerance ? Explain what is meant by the tolerance.
Tolerance :Tolerance means the possible variation in the value of resistance from the marked value. For example, a
1000 Ω resistance with a tolerance of 10% can have an actual resistance between 900 Ω and 1100 Ω.
Q # 4. Why does the resistance of conductor rise with temperature?
Ans. The resistance offered by a conductor to the flow of electric current is due to collisions which the free
electrons encounter with atoms of the lattice. As the temperature of the conductor rises, the amplitude of vibration
of atoms increases and hence the probability of their collision with free electrons also increases which result
increase of resistance of conductor.
Q # 5. What are the difficulties in testing whether the filament of a lighted bulb obeys ohm’s law?
Ans. Ohm’s law states that the current flowing through the conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference applied across its ends provided that the temperature of the conductor remains constant. In case of a
lighted bulb, the temperature of the filament increases with the passage of current through it. Hence the Ohm’s law
can’t be applied to filament bulb. Thus the main difficulty in testing whether the filament of a lighted bulb obeys
ohm’s law is the change in temperature with the flow of current in it.
Q # 6. Is the filament resistance lower or higher in a 500 W, 220 V bulb than in a 100 W, 220 V bulb?
Ans. We know that

AND
It is clear that the filament resistance is lowered in a 500 W, 220 V bulb than 100 W, 220 V bulb.
Q # 7. Explain why the terminal potential difference of a battery decreases when current drawn from it
is increases.
Ans. The terminal potential difference Vt of the battery of emf ε is described by the formula:
Where r is the internal resistance of the battery and I is the current flowing through outer circuit.
It is clear from equation that when I is large, the factor Ir becomes large and Vt becomes small.
Hence terminal potential difference of a battery decreases when current drawn from it is increased.
Q # 8. What is Wheatstone bridge? How can it be used to determine an unknown resistance?
Ans. It is an electrical circuit which can be used to find the unknown resistance of a wire. It consist of four
resistance connected in the form of a mesh, galvanometer, battery and a switch.When the bridge is balanced, it
satisfies the following relation:
If the values of R1, R2 , R3 are known, then R4 can be calculated,
provided the bridge is balanced.

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M.SHAHBAZ ANWAR(MSC PHYSICS) PHYSICS 2ND YEAR SHORT QUESTIONS

Chapter no 14
Q # 1. A plane conducting loop is located in a uniform magnetic field that is directed along the x-axis. For
what orientations of the loop, is the flux maximum? For what orientation, is the flux minimum?
Ans. The magnetic flux through a conducting loop can be find out by the expression:
Here B is the magnetic field strength and A is vector area whose direction is
perpendicular to the planeof the loop.
Case 1. When vector area of the conducting loop is in the direction of magnetic field strength i.e., θ = 0°, then
the magnetic flux:
or
Thus the magnetic flux through the coil is maximum,
when the vector area of the conducting loop is parallel tomagnetic field strength.
Case 2. When vector area of the conducting loop is perpendicular to magnetic field strength i.e.,θ = 90°, then
the magnetic flux:
Thus the magnetic flux through the coil is
minimum, when the vector area of the conducting loop is perpendicular to magnetic field strength .
Q # 2. A current in a conductor produce a magnetic field, which can be calculated using Ampere’s Law.
Since current is defined as the rate of flow of charge. What can you conclude about the magnetic field due
to stationary charges? What about moving charges?
Ans. A stationary charges cannot produce any magnetic field. In case of stationary charges, the rate of flow of
charges is zero( i.e. current = 0), so there will be no magnetic field.
As the moving charges produce current, so the magnetic field produced around the path of its motion similar to the
magnetic field produced around a current carrying conductor.
Q # 3. Two charged particles are projected into a region where there is a magnetic field perpendicular to
their velocities. If the charge are deflected in opposite directions, what can you say about them?
Ans. When a charge particle is projected in a magnetic field, it will experience the magnetic force given by:

The magnetic force is a deflecting force. Thus if the charged particles are deflected in opposite direction, then
particles are oppositely charged. i.e., one particle is positively charged and the other is negatively charged.
Q # 4. Suppose that a charge q is moving in a uniform magnetic field with a velocity v. Why is there no
work done by the magnetic force that acts on the charge?
Ans. The magnetic force on a charge particle will act normal to the direction of motion of the particle, so the
work done by the force is given by:
Where is the angle between the magnetic force and displacement of charge particle. For present case:θ=900
Thus we can say that magnetic force is a deflecting force and it cannot do any work.
Q # 5. If a charge particle moves in a straight line through some region of space, can you say that the
magnetic field in the region is zero.
Ans. The magnitude of magnetic force on a charge particle can be expressed as: Where θ is the
angle between B and v. So if the particle moves in a straight line through some region of space then it means that
the charge particle is not experiencing magnetic force which might be due to one of the following reasons:
i. Magnetic field strength B in the region is zero
ii. Magnetic field is parallel or anti-parallel to the direction of motion.
Q # 6. Why does the picture on a TV screen become distorted when a magnet is brought near the screen?
Ans. The picture on a TV is formed when moving electrons strike the florescent screen. As magnet is brought close
to the TV screen, the path of electrons is distorted due to the magnetic force on them. So the picture on the screen of
TV is distorted.
Q # 7. Is it possible to orient a current loop in a uniform magnetic field such that the loop will not tend to
rotate? Explain.
Ans. A current carrying loop when placed in magnetic field will experience a torque given by

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M.SHAHBAZ ANWAR(MSC PHYSICS) PHYSICS 2ND YEAR SHORT QUESTIONS

Where B is the magnetic field strength, I is current flowing through coil, N is number of turns in a coil, A is the area
of the coil and α is the angle between plane of the coil and magnetic field.
It is clear from expression that when plane of the coil makes and angle of 90°with magnetic field, the torque on the
coil will be zero. In this condition, the coil will not tend to rotate.
Q # 8. How can a current loop be used to determine the presence of a magnetic field in a given region of
space?
Ans. When a current carrying loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field, a torque is produced in the loop is
given by:
If the loop is deflected in a given region, then it confirms the presence of magnetic field, otherwise not.
Q # 9. How can you use a magnetic field to separate isotopes of chemical element?
Ans. If the ions of isotopes of an element are projected in a magnetic field of known strength B, the ions move
in circular path of radius r. The e/m of the ion is given by the expression:

If v, B and e of the ions are constant, then So the

ions of different mass will have different radii of curvature and hence they can be separated in magnetic field.
Q # 10. What should be the orientation of a current carrying coil in a magnetic field so that torque acting
upon the coil is (a) maximum (b) minimum?
Ans. A current carrying loop when placed in magnetic field will experience a torque given by
Where B is the magnetic field strength, I is current flowing through coil, N is number of turns in a coil, A is the
area of the coil and α is the angle between plane of the coil and magnetic field.
(a) When plane of the coil is parallel to magnetic field, α =0 and the torque acting on the coil will be maximum.
(b)When plane of the coil is perpendicular to magnetic field, α= 90°and the torque acting on the coil will be
minimum,
Q # 11. A loop of wire is suspended between the pools of a magnet with its plane parallel to the pole faces.
What happens if a direct current is put through the coil? What happens if an alternating current is used
instead?
Ans. When direct current is passed through he coil of wire, a torque acts on the coil which rotates the coil.However,
when alternating current is passed through the coil, the direction of current is reversed after every half cycle of the
coil. So the coil oscillates in the magnetic field instead of rotating.
Q # 12. Why the resistance of an ammeter should be very low?
Ans. An ammeter is connected in series with a circuit to measure the current. It is connected in series so that
total current passing through the circuit should pass through it. If the resistance of the ammeter will be large, it
will alter the current of the circuit to great extent and the measurement of current will not be accurate.
Q # 13. Why the voltmeter should have a very high resistance?
Ans. A voltmeter is connected in parallel to the resistor to measure potential difference across it. It should have
very high resistance so that practically, a very little current should pass through it and the current of the circuit
should almost remain constant, so that it might measure the potential difference across a resistor accurately.
CHAPTER 15
Q # 1. Does the inducted emf in circuit depend on the resistance of the circuit? Does the induced
current depend on the resistance of the circuit?
Ans. The expression for induced emf is given by
The relation shows that the induced emf in a coil only depend upon the rate
of change of magnetic flux and number of turns but does not depend upon the
resistance of the coil.
As the induced current flowing through a coil is given by:
this expression shows that the value of current depends upon the resistance of the coil. The
smaller the value of the resistance of the coil, greater will he the value of current.

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M.SHAHBAZ ANWAR(MSC PHYSICS) PHYSICS 2ND YEAR SHORT QUESTIONS

Q # 2. A square loop of wire is moving through a uniform magnetic field. The normal to the loop is
oriented parallel to the magnetic field. Is a emf induced in the loop? Give a reason for your answer.
Ans. The induce emf in a wire is given by:
Where θ the angle between “v” and “B”.
When normal to the loop is parallel to the field, the velocity vector “v” of side of loop is also parallel to field
“B ”, so θ = 0. Therefore,
Thus, emf induced in the loop is zero.
Q # 3. Does the induced emf always act to decrease the magnetic flux through a circuit?
Ans. The induced emf always opposes the cause that produces it.
 If the magnetic flux through the circuit through the circuit is increasing, then induced emf acts to decrease
the magnetic flux.
 If the magnetic flux through the circuit through the circuit is decreasing, then induced emf acts to increase
the magnetic flux.
Hence, the induced emf does not always act to decrease the magnetic flux through the circuit.
Q # 4. When the switch in the circuit is closed, a current is established in the coil and the metal ring
jumps upward. Why? Describe what would happen to the ring if the battery polarity were reversed?
Ans. When the switch in the circuit is closed, the current is set up in the coil which establish magnetic field in
it. This result in change of magnetic flux through the metallic ring and hence an induced emf is produced in it.
The induced magnetic field in the ring opposes the magnetic field of the coil (according to Lenz’s law).
Therefore the ring experience a force of repulsion and jumps up.
The same event occurs even if the polarity of the battery is reversed.
Hence if the coil is rotated about x-axis, then there is a change of magnetic flux passing through a coil. So only
in this case, an emf is induced in the coil.
Q # 5. How would you position a flat loop of wire in a changing magnetic field so that there is no emf
induced in the loop?
Ans. If the plane of loop of wire is placed parallel to changing magnetic field i.e., θ = 0, then no flux
through it will change. Hence no emf will be induced through the loop as:

Q # 6. In a certain region, the earth’s magnetic field point vertically down. When a plane flies due north,
which wing tip is positively charged?

Ans. The magnetic force on electrons in the wing is given by:

When the plane flies due north in the earth magnetic field directed vertically downward, then electrons will
experience force in east direction. Thus west wingtip of the plane is positively charged.

Q # 7. Show that ε and have the same units.

Ans. As we know that:

have the same units.

Q # 8. When an electric motor, such as an electric drill, is being used, does it also act as a generator? If
so what is the consequences of this?
Ans. When an electric motor is running, its armature is rotating in a magnetic field. A torque acts on
the armature and at the same time, magnetic flux is changing through the armature which produces an
induced emf. The induced emf opposes the rotation of armature. This means that motor also acts as
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M.SHAHBAZ ANWAR(MSC PHYSICS) PHYSICS 2ND YEAR SHORT QUESTIONS

generator when it is running.

Q # 9. Can a DC motor be turned into a DC generator? What changes are required to be done?
Ans. Yes, a DC motor be turned into a DC generator.
In order to convert DC motor into a DC generator, two changes are to be done:
 The magnetic field must be supplied by the permanent magnet and not by electromagnet.
 An arrangement to rotate the coil armature should be provided.
Q # 10. Is it possible to change both the area of the loop and the magnetic field passing through the loop
and still not have an induced emf in the loop?
Ans. If both area of the loop A and magnetic field strength B are changed such that change is
magnetic flux is zero i.e., Δ = 0. Then by Faraday’s law:
Hence no induced emf in the loop will be produced.
Q # 11. Can an electric motor be used to drive an
electric generator with output from the
generator being used to operate the motor?
Ans. No it is not possible. Because if it is possible, it will be a self operating system without getting
energy from some external source and this is against the law of conservation of energy.
Q # 12. A suspended magnet is oscillating freely in a horizontal plane. The oscillations are
strongly damped when a metal plate is placed under the magnet. Explain why this occurs?
Ans. the oscillating magnet produces change of magnetic flux close to it. The metal plate placed below it
experiences the change of magnetic flux. As the result, eddy current are produced inside metal. According to
Lenz’s law, these eddy current oppose the cause which produce it. So, the oscillations of magnet are strongly
damped.
Q # 13. Four unmarked wires emerge from a transformer. What steps would you take to determine the
turn ratio?
Ans. By checking continuity of the coils, the coils are separated as primary and secondary coils. An alternating
voltage of known value Vp is connected to one coil (primary coil), the output voltage VS
across the ends of the other coil (secondary coil) is measured. The turn ratio of the coil
is determined by using relation:
Q # 14. (a) Can a step-up transformer increase the power level? (b) In a transformer,
there is no transfer of charge from the primary to the secondary. How is, then the power transferred?
Ans.(a). In case of an ideal transformer, the power output is equal to the power input. In actual transformer,
due of dissipation of energy in the coil, the output power is always less than input power. Therefore, a step-up
transformer can’t increase power level.
(b). The two coils of transformer are magnetically linked i.e., the change of flux through one coil is linked
with the other coil.
Q # 15. When the primary of a transformer is connected to AC mains, the current in it (a) Is very small
if the secondary circuit is open, but(b) Increases when the secondary circuit is closed. Explain these
facts.
Ans. (a). If the secondary circuit is open, then output power will be zero. Because output power is
always slightly smaller than the output power, therefore a very small value of current is being drawn
by a primary coil of transformer form AC mains.
(b). When the secondary circuit is closed, the output power will be increased. As we know that output power is
equal to input power, therefore the transformer will draw large current from the AC mains to increase the
primary power. Hence, greater current is needed in primary to equalize power in secondary coil.

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M.SHAHBAZ ANWAR(MSC PHYSICS) PHYSICS 2ND YEAR SHORT QUESTIONS

Chapter no 16
Q # 1. A sinusoidal current has rms value of 10 A. What is the maximum or peak value?
Ans.Using formula:
Thus, the maximum
value of the current
is 14.14A
Q # 2. Name the devices that will (a) Permit flow of direct current but oppose the flow of alternating current
(b) Permit flow of alternating current but not the direct current.
Ans.(a) An inductor (choke) is a device which permits flow of direct current but opposes the flow of alternating
current. It is represented by the following symbol:
(b) A capacitor is a device which permits flow of alternating current but not the direct current.
It is represented by the symbol given below:
Q # 3. How many times per second will an incandescent lamp reaches maximum brilliance when connected to
a 50 Hz source?
Ans. The brilliance of the lamp will become maximum twice in one AC cycle because the current also becomes
maximum two times in a cycle (i.e., for +ve half cycle and –ve half cycle). As the frequency “f” of AC cycle is 50
Hz. so 50×2=100 Hence, the brilliance will be maximum 100 time in one second.
Q # 4. A circuit contains an iron-cored inductor, a switch and a DC sources arranged in series. The switch is
closed and after an interval reopened. Explain why a spark jumps across the switch contacts?
Ans. When a switch of circuit containing iron cored inductor is closed, current increases from zero to maximum
value. This changing current produce change of magnetic flux and hence emf is produced. After an interval, when
switch is reopened, the current changes from maximum to zero. Again emf is developed across the coil. This is back
emf. This produces spark across the switch contacts.
Q # 5. How does doubling the frequency affect the reactance of (a) an inductor (b) capacitor?
Ans.

Hence doubling the frequency, the inductive reactance will become double, while capacitive reaction remains half.
Q # 6. Explain the condition under which electromagnetic waves are produced from a source.
Ans. When alternating voltage is applied across the ends of a metallic antenna, and oscillating electric field comes
into existence which accelerates the electrons again and again as the polarities of the antenna changes after half a
cycle.The accelerated electrons radiate energy carried by changing electric field. A changing electric field creates a
magnetic field and a changing magnetic field creates electric field. Thus each field will generate the other and the
whole package of electric and magnetic fields will move along propelling itself through space.
Q # 7. How the reception of a particular radio station is selected on your radio set?
Ans. A particular radio station can be selected on a radio set by tuning it. When the frequency of the LCoscillator in
the radio set is equal to the frequency of the radio wave from a particular radio station, a resonance is produced. The
current of this signal becomes maximum and can detected and amplified. The resonance frequency:
Q # 8. What is meant by A.M and F.M?
Ans. Amplitude Modulation:In this type of modulation, the amplitude of the carrier wave
is increased or diminished as the amplitude of the superposing modulating signal increases or decreases.
Frequency Modulation In this type of modulation, the frequency of the carrier wave is increased or diminished as
the amplitude of the superposing modulating signal increases or decreases. But the carrier wave amplitude remains
constant.

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M.SHAHBAZ ANWAR(MSC PHYSICS) PHYSICS 2ND YEAR SHORT QUESTIONS

Chapter 17
Q,NO,1 Distinguish between crystalline, amorphous and polymeric solids.
ANS:Amorphous solid:a solid with considerable disorder in its structure.
Crystalline solid: solids with highly regular arrangements of their components. There are three types
of crystalline solids; ionic, molecular, and atomic.
Q,NO,2 Define stress and strain,what are there units?
ANS:Stress is defined as force per unit area.Units of s : Nm-2 or Pa.
Strain is defined as the amount of deformation an object experiences compared to its original size and
shape.Strain has no units because it is a ratio of lengths.
Q,NO,3Define modulus of elasticity .show that the units of elasticity and stress are the same?
ANS: Modulus of Elasticity:Rate of change of strain as a function of stress.
Modulus of elasticity= stress/ strain strain has no units .so modulus of elasticity has same unit of strain Nm-2
Q,NO,4what is meant by strain energy? How can it be determined from the force extension graph?
Ans:The potential energy stored in a body by virtue of an elastic deformation, equal to the work that must be done
to produce this deformation. This value can be determined by calculating the area under the the
force-extension graph. If the sample obeys Hook's Law, and is below the elastic limit, the Elastic
Strain Energy can be calculated by the formula: E=1/2 kx
Q,NO,5 distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors?
ANS:Intrinsic semiconductor is an un-doped semiconductor, in which there is no impurities added
where as extrinsic semiconductor is a doped semiconductor, which has impurities in it. Doping is a
process, involving adding dopant atoms to the intrinsic semiconductor, there by gives different
electrical characteristics
Q,NO,6 discuss the mechanism of electrical conduction by holes and electrons in a pure semi-conductor
element?
ANS:Electron and holes will move under the influence of an applied electric field since the field exert a force on
charge carriers (electrons and holes).When electric field applied across the semiconductor the electron move toward
positive end and holes move towards negative ends.total current through semiconductor due to both hole and
electron
Q,NO,7 write a note of superconductor ?
A superconductor is a material that can conduct electricity or transport electrons from one atom to
another with no resistance. This means no heat, sound or any other form of energy would be released
from the material when it has reached "critical temperature" (Tc), or the temperature at which the
material becomes superconductive.
Q,NO,8 what is meant by hysteresis loss ?how is it used in the construction of a transformer ?
If the magnetic field applied to a magnetic material is increased and then decreased back to its
original value, the magnetic field inside the material does not return to its original value. The internal
field 'lags' behind the external field. This behaviour results in a loss of energy, called the hysteresis
loss,
Reducing the supply frequency from 60 Hertz to 50 Hertz will raise the amount of hysteresis present,
decreased the VA capacity of the transformer.
Chapter 18
Q,1How does motion of an electron in a n-typ substance differ from the motion of holes in p-type substance ?
Electrons constitute electronic current in n-type substance and holes constitute conventional current
in p-type substance.The motion of electron in a n-type substance is opposite to that of holes in a
p-type substance.
Q,NO,2 what is the net charge on n-type substance and p-type substance ?
ANS: net charge on them is zero and they remain electricaly neutral unless a battery is put in the circuit which

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M.SHAHBAZ ANWAR(MSC PHYSICS) PHYSICS 2ND YEAR SHORT QUESTIONS

makes electrons and holes drift in opposite direction.

Q,NO,3 the anode of a diode is 0.2 V positive with respective to its cathode .is it forward biased ?
When electric potential of anode (p-type) ,is greater by 0.2 V w r t cathode (n-type)then
pn-junction is called forward biased ,as the electron alwaays move from a lower
potential to a higher potential .

Q,NO,4 why charge carriers are not present in the depletion region ?
Ans: an n-region contain free electrons as majority charge carriers and p-region
contain holes as majority charge carriers just after the formation of junction .the
free electron in the n-region diffuse into p-region because of random motion.
As a result of their diffusion , a charge less region is formed around the junction
in which the charge carriers are not present .so it offer resistance for flow of
current.
Q,NO,5 what effect of forward and reversed biasing of a diode on the width depletion region?
ANS:Forward biasing will reduce the width of depletion region whereas reverse biasing will increase the width of
depletion region resistance .
Q,NO,6 why ordinary silicon diodes do not emit light ?
ANS: during forward bias conduction in a LED ,the electron junction an energy change before combining with the
hole .the energy radiated by the electron appears as light . in ordinary silicon diode ,this radiated energy is very
small .so no visible light is seen due to the transition of electron.
Q,NO,7 why a photo diode is operated in reverse biased state?
When light fall on the reverse biased junction of photo diode ,a current is produced . The current is due to flow of
electrons and holes . Therefore , it is always reverse biased .
Q,NO,8 why is the base current in a transistor very small?
ANS:since the base is extremely thin very few electrons manage to recombine with holes and escape out of the
base . Therefore , the base current is very small.
Q,NO,9 the input of a gate are 1and 0 .identify the gate if its output is (a) 0 (b) 1
ANS:(a)when out put is 0 , the gate is AND gate
(b) when out put is 1 , the gate is OR gate
Chapter 19
Q,NO,1 What are the measurements on which two observers in relative motion will always agree upon ?
ANS : force , acceleration , mass , time
Q,NO,2 Does the dilation means that time really passes more slowly in moving systems or that it only seems
to pass more slowly?
ANS: yes time really passes more slowly in moving system.
Q,3 If the speed of light were infinite,what would be the equations of special theory of relativity reduce to ?
Ans : if c=∞ than M=MO , T = TO AND L =LO
Q,NO,4 As a is solid heated and begins to glow, why does it first appear red ?
Ans : At 800 oC a body emits enough radiation to be self-luminous and appear “red” because red color is the first
color of visible light spectrum.
Q,NO,5 What happen to total radiations from black body if its absolute temperature is doubled ?
Ans :according to Stephan-Boltzmann law H=σ T4 . The total radiation from black body will becomes 24=16
times when absolute temperature is doubled .
Q,NO,6 Which photon ,red ,green , blue carries most (a) energy(b)momentum
ANS: Energy of photon =h c / λ and momentum = h/λ λ red > λblue >λ green
Therefore green photon has smaller wavelength so green photon has caries most energy and momentum.
Q,NO,7 Which has lower the lower energy quanta ? Radio-waves or x-rays

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M.SHAHBAZ ANWAR(MSC PHYSICS) PHYSICS 2ND YEAR SHORT QUESTIONS

ANS:Radio waves have the lower energy quanta due to their smallest frequency and longest wavelength
Q,NO,8 Will bright light eject more electron from a metal surface than dimmer light of the same color?
Ans:More electrons are emitted when bright light is used , because it has greater number of photons than the
dimmer light .
Q,NO,9 When light shines on a surface is momentum transferred to the metal surface?
Ans:Yes ,both momentum and energy are transformed to the metal surface on which light shines .
Q,NO,10 Photon A has twice the energy of photon B.what is the ratio of the momentum of A to that of B?
ANS: P = E/ c ...... PA = EA / c PB=EB/ c EA = 2EB It is given.
So PA=2PB
Q,NO,11 Why don’t we observe a Compton effect with visible?
Ans: The Compton’s wavelength of electron is very small as compared to the wavelength of visible light . As the
photons of visible light have smaller energy and momentum than the photons of X-rays. Also their penetrating
power is almost negligible . So, photons of visible light are unable to show Compton’s effect.
Q,NO,12 Can pair production take place in vacuum? Explain
ANS:NO, pair production cannot take place in vacuum ,because in vacuum there is no heavy nucleus which is
essential for the pair production to take place and takes a recoil to conserve momentum .
Q,NO,13 Is it possible to create a single electron from energy ?explain
Ans :Electron has negative charge . Energy has no charge . production of a single electron from energy means
violation of law of conservation of charge .So single electron cannot be create from energy.
Q,NO,14 If an electron and proton have same de Broglie wavelength,which particle has greater speed?
Ans : From the relation λ = h/mv and v = h /mλ
For electron , mass is smaller than proton ,therefore ,it will have great speed .
Q,NO,15 We do not notice the de Broglie wavelength for a pitched cricket ball .explain why?
Ans:The pitched cricket ball has very large mass and de Broglie wavelength is so small that it cannot be seen.
Q,NO,16 When does light behaves as a wave ?When does it behave as a particle?
ANS:Light behaves as wave in phenomenon of interference , diffraction and polarization and it behave as particle
in the phenomenon of photoelectric effect , Compton effect and pair production.
Q,NO,17 What advantage an electron microscope has over an optical microscope ?
Ans : As the resolving power of an electron microscope is about 1000 times greater than that of an optical
microscope , therefore , it can be used to observe very minute details of objects.
Chapter 20
Q,NO,1 Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom is based upon several assumptions.do any of these assumption
contradicts classical physics ?
ANS: (a) an electron revolving in an orbit around a nucleus does not radiate or absorb energy.
(b) an electron can have only distinct energy state or energy level.
Q,2 what is meant by a line spectrum? Explain how line spectrum can be used the identification of element?
ANS: The spectrum of gaseous atoms often contain a number of sharp bright lines of emitted radiation or a number
of dark lines on a continuos background due to absorption . Such a spectrum is called line spectrum and occur when
atoms make transitions between definite energy levels.
As different elements emit line spectrum of different set of wavelength ,so lins spectrum can be used to identify the
elements.
Q,NO,3 how can the spectrum of hydrogen contain so many lines when hydrogen contain one electron ?
ANS: SIENCE ground state energy of an electron is equal to its ionization energy , so an electron in the ground
state of hydrogen atom can only absorb a photon of energy of 13.6 e V which will ionize the hydrogen atom.
Q,NO,4 Is energy conserved when atom emits a photon of light?
ANS: Yes , the energy is conserved when an atom emits a photon of light . This is so because the energy absorbed
by an atom during its excitation is exactaly equal to the energy emitted during its de-excitation process.

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M.SHAHBAZ ANWAR(MSC PHYSICS) PHYSICS 2ND YEAR SHORT QUESTIONS

Q,NO,5 What do we mean when we say that atom is excited?

Ans :In an excited atom, the electron at ground state is raised to some higher energy state by absorbing some
energy.
Q,NO,6 Can X-rays be reflected, refracted diffracted and polarized just like any other wave ? explain
Ans :X-rays are a form of electromagnetic wave and can show all properties of reflection, refraction, diffraction
and polarization like light .
Q,NO,7 what are the advantage of lasers over ordinary light ?
ANS:(1)A laser produce a very intense beam of light (2)is monochromatic (3)is coherent (4)is collimated
Q,NO,8 explain why laser action could not occur without population inversion between atomic levels?
ANS: When the rate of energy radiated by stimulated emission is exceeded than the rate of absorption , then system
act as a net source of radiation .Without population inversion laser action cannot be started.
Chapter 21
Q,NO,1what are isotopes ? What do they have in common and what are differences ?
ANS:The nuclei of an element which have same charge number but different mass number are called isotopes.
In the isotopes ,they have same proton number but they have different neutron number .
Q,NO,2 why are heavy nuclei unstable?
ANS;The binding energy per particle decrease on account of electrostatic force with increasing mass number ,
making nucleus unstable .
Q,NO,3 what fraction of a radioactive sample decays after two half lives have elapsed?
ANS: If N is original number of atom than after 1st half life time the atoms left = 1/2 N
After 2nd half life time , the atoms left = 1/2 × 1/2 N =1/4 N
Q,NO,4discribe a brief account of interaction of various types of radiation with matter?
ANS:Photo electric effect ,Compton effect, pair production is brief example of interaction of radiation with matter.
Q,NO,5 . A particle which produces more ionization is less penetrating .why?
ANS: Due to intense ionization , the particle loss its energy and therefore cannot penetrate through large distance.
Q,NO,6 what do we mean by the term critical mass ?
ANS: A mass of uranium in which one neutron , out all the neutrons produced in one fission reaction , produced
further fission is called critical mass.
Q,NO,7 what factor make a fusion reaction difficult to achieve ?
NAS: THE FUSION reaction is difficult to start because when two positively charged nuclei are brought closer and
closer and fused , work has to be done against the electrostatic force of repulsion . It can be achived at very high
temperature of the oder of
Q,NO,8 what do you understand by background radiation ?state two sources of this radiation .
ANS:Background radiation refers to the radiation originating from sources other than the sources being observed.
two sources, cosmic radiation and radioisotopes in the rocks and soil.
Q,NO,9 how can radioactivity help in the treatment of cancer?
ANS; Radiotherapy with γ-rays from cobalt-60 often used in the treatment of Cancer . The γ-rays are carefully
focused on to the malignant tissue .Strict safety precaution are necessary for both patient and attendant medical
staff.

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