SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Development is the accumulation of human capital and its effective investment in the progress of an
economy.

Development entails improvement in the quality as well as quantity of life.

Shifts in Development Paradigms

 Development Act of US (1929) – natural resources to generate profit

o plantations/haciendas; american firms in logging/mineral exploration
 Developed vs underdeveloped – industrialization as vehicle of econ devt
o (greater production is key to prosperity and peace – truman)
 Recognition of disparity between north and south
o first NGO – Phil rural reconstruction movement (cooperativism)
o massive infusion by WB of capital and infrastructure
 Agri production and geographical equity – endless poverty/equity problem
o example – river basin development – NIA/Bureau of cooperatives
 Reversal of TOP-DOWN approach
o blooming of NGOs/Pos
 1971 – limit to growth
1972 – UN Conference on Human Settlements and Environment (Stockholm)
1973 1983 – UN – world commission on environment and development
1987 – our common future = PSSD – 1989
1988 1989/1992 – UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio Summit)
1996 – PA 21

For Sustainable Development to happen, the world of nations agreed to focus all development
initiatives towards sustainability of resources.

Initiatives
 The Stockholm Convention held 30 years ago. The whole world agreed on the urgent need
to respond to the problem of environmental deterioration.

The Road to Rio

 Publication of “Our Common Future” by the UN World Commission on Environment and
Development in 1987
 Publication of the “Brundtland Report,” a landmark report establishing the need for
sustainable development in industrialized and developing countries.
 An “Earth Summit” officially known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development, was held in June 1992 at Rio de Janeiro and participated by over 170 states
worldwide (114 of whom were represented by Heads of States of Governments)

Outcomes of the Earth Summit

• convention on biodiversity;
• framework convention on climate change;
• principles of forest management;

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 • Agenda 21;
• the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development It was agreed that the protection of
the environment, and social and economic development are fundamental to Sustainable
Development (based on the Rio Principles).
To achieve such development, the global program Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration to reaffirm
global commitment were adopted.

The Agenda 21 was localized based on the maxim “Think globally, Act Locally” through our
Philippine Agenda 21.

Monterrey Conference on Finance for Development

Doha Ministerial Conference which defined for the world a comprehensive vision for the future of
humanity.

World Summit on Sustainable Development held at Johannesburg, South Africa from 2-4 September
2002.

What is Sustainable Development?

Development that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of the future
generation to meet their own needs. (Brundtland, 1987)

it is the harmonious integration of

o a sound and viable economy;
o responsible governance;
o social cohesion; and
o ecological integrity

to ensure that development is a life-sustaining process.

Sustainable Development = Economic Development

+ Environment Protection
+ Social Reform
+ People’s Empowerment

Elements / Dimensions of Sustainable Development

• Political
• Economic
• Institutional
• Technological
• Socio-cultural
• Ecological

Parameters of Sustainable Development

Economic
• Maintaining a sustainable population
• Maintaining productivity and profitability of environment and natural resources

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Ecological
• Adopting environmental management weapons in policy and decision making
• Protecting the environment and conserving natural resources

Technological
• Promoting proper management of wastes and residuals
• Adopting environment-friendly technologies

Political
• Empowering the people
• Maintaining peace and order

Socio-cultural
• Promoting resource access and upholding property rights
• Promoting environmental awareness, inculcating env ethics and supporting env management
action

Institutional
• Improving institutional capacity/ capability to manage sustainable development

Key Concepts and Principles of Sustainable Development

• Operates on the principle of indivisible world. Environmental problems cross national

boundaries in such phenomena as acid rain and global warming.
• It does not mean economic stagnation or giving up economic growth for the sake of the
environment. It should even promote economic development as a requisite for maintaining
environmental quality.
• SD in agriculture, forestry and the fisheries sectors involves conservation of land, water,
plant and animal genetic sources, does not degrade the environment and is technologically
appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable. (ADB, 1991)
• At the level of the individuals and communities, SD is a process focused on people and
societies – how they define needs with reference to their own goals and the goals they share
as members of communities and nations.
• It is in contrast to development that focused on resource exploitation to generate short –
term wealth.

The Concept of Sustainable Development

• The concept of SD is an evolving one. There is no quick and fast rule towards SD because of
its multi-dimensional and complex nature.
• SD is dynamic and adjusts to the changing conditions and needs of the time.

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Fisheries Management

Objectives
• To increase productivity of fishery resources in order to achieve food security.
• To regulate access to municipal waters and reserve its resources for the benefits of the
municipal fishers.
• To regulate the exploitation of fisheries resources and limit fishing efforts to sustainable
levels.
• To ensure the rational and sustainable development and management of the fishery
resources.
• To develop monitoring, control, and surveillance mechanisms and strengthen law
enforcement units.
• To ensure equity in fisheries exploitation.

Strategies
• Designation of closed season in harvesting commercially and ecologically important fish and
invertebrates during their spawning season and/or juvenile stage.
• Designation of closed areas for identified migration routes of commercially and ecologically
important fish.
• Registration, licensing, and permitting of fishers, fishing gear and fishing boats.
• Sustainable management of coastal aquaculture.
• Regulation on the deployment, use of and access to artificial reefs.
• Regulation of the construction and operation of fish corrals, other fishing gear activities that
occupy space in coastal waters.

Habitat Management

Objectives
• To protect, conserve, and rehabilitate existing habitats.
• To improve productivity and biodiversity of corals, seagrasses, mangroves, and estuaries.

Strategies
• Establishment of marine protected areas.
• Management of mangroves under the community-based forest management framework.
• Protection of seagrass beds by regulating fishing activities that are destructive to habitat.
• Enforcement of environmental and fisheries laws.

Coastal Zoning

Objectives
• To eliminate use conflict by delineating zones for specific uses or activities in the municipal
waters.
• To regulate activities in the different zones.
Strategies
• Delineation of municipal waters’ boundaries
• Designation of zones for specific uses (tourism, aquaculture, rehabilitation, etc.)
• Regulation of fishing activities and use of fishing gear in every zone.

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PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 705

• Approved on May 19, 1975

• Revised the Presidential Decree No. 389
• Also known as the "Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines."

Section 2.
The State hereby adopts the following policies:
(a) The multiple uses of forest lands shall be oriented to the development and progress
requirements of the country, the advancement of science and technology, and the public welfare;
(b) Land classification and survey shall be systematized and hastened;

(c) The establishment of wood-processing plants shall be encouraged and rationalized; and
(d) The protection, development and rehabilitation of forest lands shall be emphasized so as to
ensure their continuity in productive condition.

Terms and Definition:

Public forest
Is the mass of lands of the public domain which has not been the subject of the present
system of classification for the determination of which lands are needed for forest purposes and
which are not.

Permanent forest or forest reserves

Refer to those lands of the public domain which have been the subject of the present system
of classification and determined to be needed for forest purposes.

Forest lands
Include the public forest, the permanent forest or forest reserves, and forest reservations.

Grazing land
Refers to that portion of the public domain which has been set aside, in view of the
suitability of its topography and vegetation, for the raising of livestock.

Mineral lands
Refer to those lands of the public domain which have been classified as such by the
Secretary of Natural Resources in accordance with prescribed and approved criteria, guidelines and
procedure.

Forest reservations
Refer to forest lands which have been reserved by the President of the Philippines for any
specific purpose or purposes.

National park
Refers to a forest land reservation essentially of primitive or wilderness character which has
been withdrawn from settlement or occupancy and set aside as such exclusively to preserve the
scenery, the natural and historic objects and the wild animals or plants therein, and to provide
enjoyment of these features in such a manner as will leave them unimpaired for future generations.

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Game refuge or bird sanctuary
Refers to a forest land designated for the protection of game animals, birds and fish and
closed to hunting and fishing in order that the excess population may flow and restock surrounding
areas.

Marine parks
Refers to any off-shore area inhabited by rare and unique species of marine flora and fauna.

Seashore park
Refers to any public shore area delimited for outdoor recreation, sports fishing, water skiing
and related healthful activities.

Watershed reservation
Is a forest land reservation established to protect or improve the conditions of the water
yield thereof or reduce sedimentation.

Watershed
Is a land area drained by a stream or fixed body of water and its tributaries having a
common outlet for surface run-off.

Critical watershed
Is a drainage area of a river system supporting existing and proposed hydro-electric power
and irrigation works needing immediate rehabilitation as it is being subjected to a fast denudation
causing accelerated erosion and destructive floods. It is closed from logging until it is fully
rehabilitated.

Mangrove
Is a term applied to the type of forest occurring on tidal flat along the sea coast, extending
along streams where the water is brackish.

Kaingin
Is a portion of the forest land, whether occupied or not, which is subjected to shifting
and/or permanent slash-and-burn cultivation having little or no provision to prevent soil erosion.

Forest product
Means timber, pulpwood, firewood, bark, tree top, resin, gum, wood, oil, honey, beeswax,
nipa, rattan, or other forest growth such as grass, shrub, and flowering plant, the associated water,
fish, game, scenic, historical, recreational and geologic resources in forest lands.

Dipterocarp forest
Is a forest dominated by trees of the dipterocarp species, such as red lauan, tengile, tiaong,
white lauan, almon, bagtikan and mayapis of the Philippine mahogany group, apitong and the
yakals.

Pine forest
Is a forest composed of the Benguet Pine in the Mountain Provinces or the Mindoro pine in
Mindoro and Zambales provinces.

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Industrial tree plantation
Is any tract of forest land purposely and extensively planted to timber crops primarily to
supply the raw material requirements of existing or proposed processing plants and related
industries.

Tree farm
Refers to any tract of forest land purposely and extensively planted to trees of economic
value for their fruits, flowers, leaves, barks, or extractives, but not for the wood thereof.

Selective logging
Means the systematic removal of the mature, over-mature and defective trees in such
manner as to leave adequate number and volume of healthy residual trees of the desired species
necessary to assure a future crop of timber, and forest cover for the protection and conservation of
soil and water.

Seed tree system

Is partial clearcutting with seed trees left to regenerate the area.

Healthy residual
Is a sound or slightly injured tree of the commercial species left after logging.

Processing plant
Is any mechanical set-up, machine or combination of machine used for the processing of
logs and other forest raw materials into lumber, veneer, plywood, wallboard, block-board, paper
board, pulp, paper or other finished wood products.

Forest officer
Means any official or employee of the Bureau who, by the nature of his appointment or the
function of the position to which he is appointed, is delegated by law or by competent authority to
execute, implement or enforce the provisions of this Code, other related laws, as well as their
implementing regulations.

Bureau of Forest Development

• Shall have jurisdiction and authority over all forest land, grazing lands, and all forest
reservations including watershed reservations presently administered by other
government agencies or instrumentalities.
• It shall be responsible for the protection, development, management, regeneration, and
reforestation of forest lands;

the regulation and supervision of the operation of licensees, lessees and permittees for the taking or
use of forest products therefrom or the occupancy or use thereof; the implementation of multiple
use and sustained yield management in forest lands; the protection, development and preservation
of national parks, marine parks, game refuges and wildlife; the implementation of measures and
programs to prevent kaingin and managed occupancy of forest and grazing lands; in collaboration
with other bureaus, the effective, efficient and economic classification of lands of the public domain;
and the enforcement of forestry, reforestation, parks, game and wildlife laws, rules, and regulations.

• Shall regulate the establishment and operation of sawmills, veneer and plywood mills
and other wood processing plants and conduct studies of domestic and world markets of
forest products.

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 • Shall be headed by a Director, who shall be assisted by one or more Assistant Directors.
The Director and Assistant Directors shall be appointed by the President.
• Shall be directly under the control and supervision of the Secretary of the Department of
Natural Resources, hereinafter referred to as the Department Head.

Cutting, gathering and/or collecting timber or other products without license

Any person who shall cut, gather, collect, or remove timber or other forest products from
any forest land, or timber from alienable and disposable public lands, or from private lands, without
any authority under a license agreement, lease, license or permit, shall be guilty of qualified theft as
defined and punished under Articles 309 and 310 of the Revised Penal Code; Provided, That in the
case of partnership, association or corporation, the officers who ordered the cutting, gathering or
collecting shall be liable, and if such officers are aliens, they shall, in addition to the penalty, be
deported without further proceedings on the part of the Commission on Immigration and
Deportation. (Section 68)

The Court shall further order the confiscation in favor of the government of the timber or forest
products to cut, gathered, collected or removed, and the machinery, equipment, implements and
tools used therein, and the forfeiture of his improvements in the area.
The same penalty plus cancellation of his license agreement, lease, license or permit and
perpetual disqualification from acquiring any such privilege shall be imposed upon any licensee,
lessee, or permittee who cuts timber from the licensed or leased area of another, without prejudice
to whatever civil action the latter may bring against the offender. (Section 68)

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 318

• Approved on February 12, 1988

• Amending Sections 2 (a-i) and 3 (a) OF Executive Order No. 308, "Providing for the
reorganization of the Regional Development Councils"

Sec. 1. Section 2 (a-i) of Executive Order No. 308 providing for the reorganization of the Regional
Development Councils is hereby amended to read as follows:
"(i) All provincial Governors and Mayors of chartered cities; Mayors of municipalities designated as
Provincial Capital of provinces where there are no chartered cities; and Mayors of the regional
center in each region;"

Sec. 2. Section 3 (a) is hereby amended to read as follows:

"Sec. 3. Regional Consultative Assembly. To strengthen further coordinative and consultative efforts
in the region, there is hereby created in every region a Regional Consultative Assembly herein
referred to as the Assembly to serve as a deliberative and consultative body to advise, assist, support
and cooperate with the Council in discharging its functions.

a. Membership in the Assembly. The Assembly shall be composed of the members of the House of
Representatives of the Philippine Congress representing the provinces and districts of the region
when authorized by Resolution of the House; members of the Regional Development Council and its
sectoral committees; heads of other national government agencies in the region; and upon
invitation of the Council, representatives of non-government organizations, sectarian organizations
and the academe in the region nominated by the said entities.
The assembly may meet as often as necessary but not less than once a semester."

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Sec. 3. Section 4 is hereby amended to read as follows:

"Sec. 4. Chairmanship of the Council. The Council shall be headed by a Chairman who shall be
appointed by the President. The President shall appoint a Co-Chairman to exercise such functions as
the President may designate, provided that the co-chairman comes from the private sector if the
chairman is from the public sector or vice-versa. The Regional Director of the NEDA Secretariat shall
be Vice-Chairman of the Council.

The Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the Council shall be the ex-officio Chairman and Vice-Chairman,
respectively, of the Assembly."

UNFCC & Kyoto protocol

A few basic facts

• Human activities are releasing greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere.
• Climate change is a global issue:
1 tCO2 emitted in India = 1 tCO2 emitted in USA.
• Rising levels of greenhouse gases are already changing the climate.
• Climate models predict the global temperature will rise by about 1,4 to 5,8 degrees by 2100.
• Climate change is likely to have a significant impact on the global environment, economy
and society.

The greenhouse gas effect

• Solar radiation
• Reflected back to space
• Absorbed by atmosphere
• Infra-red radiations emitted from Earth
• Some of the IR passes through the atmosphere
• Some is absorbed and re-emitted by greenhouse gas molecules
• Human activities are causing greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere to increase. This
graphic explains how solar energy is absorbed by the earth's surface, causing the earth to
warm and to emit infrared radiation. The greenhouse gases then trap the infrared radiation,
thus warming the atmosphere.

The Earth has a natural temperature control system. Certain atmospheric gases are critical to this
system and are known as greenhouse gases. On average, about one third of the solar radiation that
hits the earth is reflected back to space. Of the remainder, some is absorbed by the atmosphere but
most is absorbed by the land and oceans. The Earth's surface becomes warm and as a result emits
infrared radiation. The greenhouse gases trap the infrared radiation, thus warming the atmosphere.

Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane and
nitrous oxide, and together create a natural greenhouse effect. However, human activities are
causing greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere to increase. Note: Greenhouse gases are mixed
throughout in the atmosphere. For pedagogical reasons they are depicted here as a layer.

Center for climatic research, Institute for environmental studies, university of Wisconsin at Madison;
Okanagan university college in Canada, Department of geography; World Watch, November-
December 1998; Nature.

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The global carbon cycle shows the carbon reservoirs in Gt (Giga tonne= one thousand million tonnes)
and fluxes in Gt/year. The indicated figures are annual averages over the period 1980 to 1989. The
component cycles are simplified and the figures present average values. The riverine flux,
particularly the anthropogenic portion, is currently very poorly quantified and is not shown here.

Evidence is accumulating that many of the carbon flows can fluctuate significantly from year to year.
In contrast to the static view conveyed in figures like this one, the carbon system is dynamic and
coupled to the climate system on seasonal, annual and decadal timescales.

Carbon cycle
Carbon is the basis of all organic substances, from fossil fuels to human cells. On Earth, carbon is
continually on the move – cycling through living things, the land, ocean, atmosphere. What happens
when humans start driving the carbon cycle? We have seen that we can make a serious impact –
rapidly raising the level of carbon in the atmosphere. But we really have no idea what we are doing.

At the moment we don’t even know what happens to all the carbon we release from burning fossil
fuel. Obviously a lot of it goes into the atmosphere, but every year we loose track of between 15 and
30% (NASA). Scientists speculate that it is taken up by land vegetation, but no one really knows. This
sort of uncertainty makes it doubly difficult to predict the outcome of tampering with something as
complex as the carbon cycle.

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