CHILDREN OF FATIMA SCHOOL, INC.

Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Effects of Fake News on Facebook to ICT Students

A Research Presented to
Senior High School Department of Children of Fatima School, Inc.
Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Senior High School

Information and Communication Technology Strand

By:

Cabalbag, Princess Pearl L.

Chavez, Dexbert M.
De Peralta, Jarlem Red J.
Pineda, Carlo G.
Tanglao, Maria Jhaska G.
Teodoro, Sean Dwayne

12 ICT - A
February 2019
 Effects of Fake News on Facebook to ICT Students

1.0 Introduction
Facebook is a social media network in which information are widely spread

wherein, 21st century learners spend most of the time browsing Facebook obtain additional

knowledge for educational purposes. Specific information in different subjects of matter

created quite an impact to the students. However, false information spreading across

Facebook rises and learners are threatened because of the different cases about false

information. Most of the social media users are learners who are not aware whether a piece

of information is genuine or not because of how it convinces them that the given

information is true.

Social Media Network creates a large influence on netizens. However, because of this

matter, an abusive way of using Social Media Network in terms of spreading false

information have developed, creating an impact to users who lacks literacy in determining

false information. Based on the article of Rappler (2017) stated that there are now 47

million active Facebook accounts in the Philippines and the Philippines is the fastest

growing app market in the Southeast Asia. This means that if there are a lot of users, there

is a big chance of fake news spreading throughout social media very easily since not all of

us are experts on identifying if the news is fake or not.

The barriers to entry for producing fake news have been diminished due to the rise

of the internet, given how easy it is to set up a website or social media page and monetise it

through advertising. This has led to the spreading of fake news among news media outlets

in general (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017).

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 Effects of Fake News on Facebook to ICT Students

The era of printing press as well as the simultaneous spread of literacy have stepped

up the spread of information wider. Burkhardt (2017) stated that, “Those who were literate

could easily use that ability to manipulate information to those who were not literate. As

more people became literate, it became more difficult to mislead by misrepresenting what

was written.”

After the era of printing press came the mass media era. In January 1926, there was

a broadcast done by Father Ronald Arbuthnott Knox called “Broadcasting the Barricades”

on BBC Radio. During the broadcast, Knox stated that London was under attack by

Communists, Parliament was under siege, and the Savoy Hotel and Big Ben had been

blown up. Those who tuned in late did not hear the disclaimer that the broadcast was a

spoof and not an actual news broadcast. This caused a minor panic among listeners until

further explanation is done, as this occurred only a few months after the General Strike in

England.

This was followed by Orson Welles’s War of the Worlds broadcast in 1938, an

adaptation of the science fictional book in 1898 with the same title. This resulted to the

minor panic of those who were unfamiliar with the story in United States, as there were few

clues indicating that Martian invasion were fictional. Although the broadcast was not meant

to be fake news, those who had no idea about the state of the broadcast being fiction were

affected.

With these given occurrences of fake news throughout history, Burkhardt affirmed

that “it is easy to see that fake news has existed for a long time.” Ranging from amusement

to death, fake news has a wide purpose depending on the authors’ intentions or whether it

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 Effects of Fake News on Facebook to ICT Students

was intended or not. “The intended and unintended consequences of fake news of the pre-

internet era were profound and far-reaching for the time” said Burkhardt. As methods of

spreading fake news increases, consequences became increasingly alarming.

Access to the internet was possible for anyone who had a computer. “Making

information available on the internet became a new way to promote products as well as

make information available to everyone almost instantly” as stated by Burkhardt. Shocking

claims tend to be remembered even if the information is flagged as suspect (Lazer & Baum,

2017).

According to Bolman (2017), fake news on social media is a behavioral trade within

an attention exchange. News that is often surprising, scary, or anger-provoking, fake news

triggers emotional reactions by people who encounter it. Meanwhile, anger and other high-

valence or arousing emotions motivates people to share something.

False information may come as plain texts, infographics, chain messages, etc., as

Ciamplagia (2016) reiterated that, “fake news stories are intended to mislead people tend to

get hundreds of thousands of shares while accurate information sources lag behind.” One of

the factors that make a false information convincing is the use of simple words on how they

deliver it.

The study focused on the factors that make fake news spread faster and how it

affects ICT Student, especially Facebook as the social media platform whereas it was

conducted at Children of Fatima School Inc., Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga.

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 Effects of Fake News on Facebook to ICT Students

The study determined why fake news spread faster than real news affecting 21st

century learners. In line with that, the researchers conducted this study and focused on the

ICT Students who were affected by different types of fake news.

Research Questions:

1. How many ICT Students of CFSI Mabiga have been victim of fake news?

2. What are the factors affecting the fast spread of fake news?

a. Convincing Delivery

b. Lack of Awareness on Information

c. Entertainment Purposes

3. How do the above factors affect the ICT Students?

Scope & Delimitation

The scope of the study is how fake news spread faster, especially on the social media

platform Facebook, and how it affects ICT Senior High School Students. The study was

conducted at Children of Fatima School Inc. Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga.

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 Effects of Fake News on Facebook to ICT Students

Simulacrum

1. How many ICT

Students of CFSI
 60 out of 120 ICT Students
Mabiga have been

victim of fake news?

 Convincing Delivery
2. What are the factors
 Lack of Awareness on
affecting the fast
Information
spread of fake news?
 Entertainment Purposes

3. How do the above  Easily Influences young

factors affect the ICT minds

Students?  Misleading

 Manipulate human emotions

Figure 1 shows the paradigm of the research question.

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 Effects of Fake News on Facebook to ICT Students

Conceptual Framework

 Convincing  Easily influenced

Delivery young minds

 Lack of  Misleading

Awareness on

Information

 Manipulate human
 Entertainment
emotions
Purposes

Figure 2 shows the conceptual framework on how fake news spread faster on Facebook

affecting ICT students.

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 Effects of Fake News on Facebook to ICT Students

1.1 Review of Related Literature and Studies

According to the study of Regina Mack (2016), she supported Ciamplagia’s

statement he mentioned, fake news stories that are intended to mislead people tend to get

hundreds of thousands of shares while accurate information sources lag behind. The ability

of fake news outlets to create website that look professional is what Ciamplagia said makes

spread of misinformation easy.

“Most of what we've seen in the industry of fake news is based on the idea that

people really want to get information from a diverse set of sources, but they can get

deceived in the process. Social media tends to personalize what we are interested in,” as

Ciamplagia has mentioned. (Mack,2016)

“The mainstream media is reliable, and it is ironic that people who don't think so

are turning to even less reliable sources,” a statement from Steinberg which Mack also

supported. He stated that if something that is seen on a fake news source and does not

eventually show up in mainstream media, which probably means that it is not verified.

In order to get rid of fake news, Mack also introduced Steinberg’s statement, “There

needs to be more media literacy education, teach kids at an early age what sources are

credible and what sources aren’t, so they won't believe everything they see on the internet.”

The media can try combating the spread of fake news sources by talking more about how

distinguish reliable sources from unreliable sources and by using social media to explain to

people what to look for in a reliable source.

For millennials, life without the internet is no life at all. It is often a primary focus

nowadays as based on the study, 75% of teens are online several times per day and an

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 Effects of Fake News on Facebook to ICT Students

important means by which they communicate with the world and take in new information.

While information can be found in various sources across the internet, an overwhelming

majority of teens and pre-teens tend to gather their information from social media sites like

Facebook and Twitter. Unfortunately, Facebook is not known as a credible source for news.

The recent outbreak of “fake news" has hit social media sites particularly hard, as these

types of platforms are set up to propagate information at record speed regardless of source

or content. In addition, teens are particularly bad at discriminating between real and fake

news. (McCusker, 2017) Furthermore, he added that the danger of fake news lies in its

ability to appear like any other news story when taken at face value. However, the intent

behind publishing fake news is to deliberately mislead readers into believing one set of

“facts" over another. Creators of fake news carefully craft attention-grabbing headlines that

appeal to a certain group of people (Republicans, Democrats, Teens, Millenials etc.) to get

the most clicks and ad revenue possible. Most of the information found within these fake

news stories is misleading, if not demonstrably false, which can lead to confusion and

conflict in the general population.

Most users are initially unaware whether a piece of information is genuine or not.

Trewinnard (2015) points out that users tend to share these posts as soon as this piece of

information has been posted. Later on, someone informs them about the post being fake

and these users will delete what they have shared from their news feed. These

information—sometimes humorous, sometimes political, sometimes personal — tends to

spread quickly across social networks.

With these given situations, Facebook recently became the first company to

implement an early solution directly addressing the problem: A new option to flag news

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 Effects of Fake News on Facebook to ICT Students

feed items as “It’s a false news story”. If enough users flag a link as “false news” then it

will appear less in the News Feed and will show a warning: “Many people on Facebook

have reported that this story contains false information.” (Trewinnard, 2015)

Furthermore, the quantity of fake news on Facebook doesn’t necessarily matter —

but the number of people who share it absolutely does (Romano,2016).

“Fake news is crafting a lie, backed up with a set of supporting arguments selected

because they will convince the intended readers, not because they are true. A fake news

campaign involves creating a set of different lies, each backed up by a different set of

supporting arguments, with each designed to convince a different group of readers.”

(Wharton,2018)

In January 2017, another project was launched by Facebook. The Journalism Project

stated in Pamintuan’s journal was “to promote news or media literacy and curb news

hoaxes. It has also started using flags to fact-check stories that go viral on Facebook.

Experts are still assessing the effectiveness of this system.”

Fake news may seem new, but the platform used is the only new thing about it.

Propaganda has been around for centuries, and the internet is only the latest form of

communication to be abused to spread lies and misinformation. (Gu, Kropotov, Yarochkin,

2017)

Identifying fake or false news can be very tricky nowadays especially when people

are bombarded with many news every single day. Most of the time, people do not have

such expertise to identify and verify the information and that is why people do not know if

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 Effects of Fake News on Facebook to ICT Students

the news is fake or real. As part of the society, people should have the ability to determine

accurate and real news from fake news.

According to the study by Haut in the year 2017, which surveyed 7,804 students

from middle school age to college age, asking questions about information online. The

study described young people’s ability to reason about information they find online as

“bleak.” It further suggests that young people’s inability to recognize untrue information

threatens democracy itself. In one part of the study, 44 undergraduate students from three

universities were shown a tweet about gun control from a left–leaning polling website and

asked about its trustworthiness. Less than a third of the students properly identified the bias

present in the tweet, according to the study.

The researchers also tested high school and college students to see if they could find

the bias in a site about minimum wage. The students were shown a website sponsored by a

left-leaning D.C. lobbying firm, then asked whether it was a reputable source. Ninety-three

percent of college students and 91 percent of high school students surveyed never checked

other sites to see if the information was reputable, according to the study.

Haut also supported Cyndy Scheibe’s findings, professor of psychology and

executive director of the media literacy initiative Project Look Sharp. She said there is a

problem in having so much information online without restrictions on what gets published.

Scheibe said young people use social media much more than other news sources without

much regard for the source of the information.

Junior Christine Valderrama said she gets her news from social media and said she

does fact-check some of the news she reads online but that this is not the case for everyone.

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 Effects of Fake News on Facebook to ICT Students

“Probably happens a lot because everyone sees what they see, and they don’t double-think

it,” Valderrama said.

“One crisis is the fact that anybody can put stuff out there. The other crisis is the

fact that people believe it and don’t ask questions,” Scheibe said. “We have to raise a

generation of people who understand that you cannot take everything, or anything that you

read particularly, at face value.”

Scheibe said she does not see the problem of fake news affecting older generations

as much because they are inherently skeptical of the news they see on Facebook.

Sophomore Kyle Davis, who said he gets some of his news from Facebook, shares

Scheibe’s view that the younger generation has a problem with believing whatever it reads

online. “A lot of people do just rely on social media entirely for their news, and I think that

a bigger problem with our generation, too, is people don’t just necessarily read that

information, but then they go and spread it, too,” Davis said.

Based on the article published by Anjum Khan (2018), fake news is another hazard

of technology advancement and networking because it always existed but now as people

are active on social media websites, they see various viral posts that include news, content

and pictures which affect their mindset towards certain things/people/scenarios to a great

extent. The Fake news has a wide reach through the INTERNET and most people fall for

such news because these are conveyed in such a way that it seems actual. Students are the

most vulnerable to such fake news viral posts because they are young minds and have little

knowledge of the factual data and hence, they easily get influenced by the fake news

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 Effects of Fake News on Facebook to ICT Students

sources. Here are the sources of fake news, types of fake news and what steps students

should take to save themselves and others from this trending hazard –

Sources of fake news –Social media websites like Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp etc.,

Fake news websites, Fake news websites using names of real media channels or websites

with slight difference in the name or website URL. for example – real news website:

timesofindia.indiatimes.com and fake news website: timesindia.com

Rumors spread around in social circles

Types of fake news:

1. For entertainment purposes– Use of pictures and content that is used to entertain

the readers and it has nothing factual, but the audience does not understand it is based on

facts or not.

For example – Memes/Trolls regarding the life of engineering students; it is used

for fun, but some people develop this understanding that engineering course students

‘actually’ go through such situations.

2. Use of fake image or title for Irrelevant content – It relates two things which have

no logical similarity, where photos' title or news/article headline promotes a story, but the

content does not match with the headline or picture.

For example – ‘Amitabh Bachchan is in Hospital’ with an image showing him

ill/wounded but then the content mentions that he is shooting a scene for his upcoming

movie. Such headlines/title/pictures make the reader click on the link and increase the user

count for these websites which help them (websites) make revenue.

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Tips to help students learn from their mistakes:

1. Misinterpreted information – Content that presents real information, even imagery

and video, but is manipulated in some way to tell a different story by misuse of

information to show an issue in completely different meaning.

For example – A viral video of a mother making her child do homework in a strict manner,

but it is interpreted as ‘Some teacher harassing kid’. People share such videos without

cross-checking, and it harms the image of people involved.

2. Completely baseless content – This type of story is completely fake (i.e. never

existed) and designed with the intention to do harm.

For example – Some group spreading fake news regarding religious beliefs of some people

with an intention to start conflicts among different religious groups.

3. Rumors spread by blind followers – Sometimes, just to make people a follower /to

increase fan following of some person, their blind followers spread words which are

not true.

For example – Followers of some politician spread fake stories about his good deeds/work

for society so that people start following him and vote for him.

Overall, a conclusion can be made that fake news is intended to influence the young

minds such as for political gain/influence or sometimes, people want to show off their

connections with popular people, organisation, brand or anything that is of high importance

for people.

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Awareness regarding fake news among school students is essential because they

should know the truth/fact about things in their surroundings and should be protected from

the negative impacts of such news. Students should not believe everything they see, read, or

hear. There is always a different story than what is conveyed through these fake news

websites and hence, students are advised to cross-check everything in detail.

One of the articles in the Philippines published by Patricia Francisco (2017) stated

that it is no lie that millennials comprise a huge part of society, and they are not immune to

the many issues happening in the country. One issue that widely affects millennials is the

spread of what we call “fake news”. Born at a time when technology is continually

evolving, it is a given that most millennials are on social media platforms such as

Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. These social media sites have been helpful to many since

they were developed. Because of them, it is easier to disseminate information to people all

over the world. The same social media sites have also been avenues for negative things,

however. These days, the spread of fake news on the Internet is getting out of hand.

Millennials are widely affected by the issue of “fake news” since most of social

media users use this as a way to distress and entertain themselves. People who believe

stories from pages that feature fake news. What is worse is that they also share the posts

and influence others. Millennials are not the ones who are at fault. Neither are those who

share fake news. They are just the ones who are affected and victimized. People knowingly

share fake news because they think the content is hilarious or entertaining. There are people

who do not realize that spreading fake news can lead to conflict and misinformation. Fake

news isn’t supposed to be treated as real news.

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2.0 Methodology

A. Research Design

This research utilized a non-experimental design focusing on a Descriptive

approach, is a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behavior of a

subject without influencing it in any way. The study aims to determine how quick fake

news can be disseminated across Facebook and how it affects ICT students.

B. Sample / Sampling Procedure

The study utilized quota sampling on selecting the respondents. It is a kind of non-

probability sampling which means that members of a population have an unequal chance to

be selected. Quota sampling only selects the members of the population who have met first

by the researchers. There are 194 ICT Students of Grade 11 and 12 of Children of Fatima

Mabiga Senior High School as respondents for the academic year 2018-2019. Out of this

number of respondents, the researchers chose 120 ICT Students of both levels which

include 15 males and 15 females from Grade 11 ICT A; 15 males and 15 females from

Grade 11 ICT B; 15 males and 15 females from Grade 12 ICT A; and 15 males and 15

females from Grade 12 ICT B, a total of 120 ICT students. The researchers used a survey

questionnaire consisting of questions that corresponds to this study that were answered by

the chosen ICT Students.

C. Research Locale

This research was conducted at Children of Fatima School Inc. Mabiga Senior High

School. The school was established in the year 2017. It is headed by Mrs. Presentacion G.

Pineda and associated with the Principal Mr. Jojit F. Tobias. The Grade 12 students of

CFSI in the ICT strand was the respondents of this study.

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D. Research Ethics

The researchers ensured that their standards/procedures in gathering data, to help them

achieve the expected amount of data from the chosen number of respondents. There were

no discriminations on the part of participants of this study and treated respectively and fair

play as observed in the procedure of the research.

E. Research Instrument

The research instrument is a survey questionnaire that answers the research

questions. The instrument used by the researcher was questionnaire checklist to gather the

needed data. Open – ended options were provided to accommodate to free formatted views

related to the topics or issues. In this way, the instrument is authorized to obtain valid

responses from the students. In addition, the instrument was validated by the research

adviser and a statistician before it laid on the study.

F. Data Gathering Procedure

The first step before going to the testing proper is to make a request letter. Upon

approval, the researchers retrieved the request letter. The Focal Person, as well as the

research adviser were selected in the administration. In administering the questionnaire, the

researchers were given allotted time for vacant to avoid distraction of class discussion. The

student responses were given enough time to answer the questions. After data gathering, the

researchers collected it for tallying the scores and applied the statistical treatment to be used

with the study.

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G. Statistical Treatment

The study analyzed the collected data by utilizing a formula called weighted mean

(also known as weighted average). This is almost equivalent as to finding the average, yet

the quantity of respondents must be multiplied according to the category. The combined

result of the product will be split to the total number of respondents, which will result to the

weighted average.

Weighted Mean Formula

ΣWX
Weighted Mean =
Σ W
Where:

W = number of respondents in a category

X = rate of the category

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3.0 Results and Discussion

1.1) Number of students who encountered fake news

Grade & Section Yes No

11- ICT (A) 28 2

11- ICT (B) 24 6

12- ICT (A) 20 10

12- ICT (B) 11 19

Table 1.1 shows the number of students who encountered fake news. Twenty –

eight students from Grade 11 – ICT (A) encountered fake news and two students were not.

On the other hand, twenty-four students from 11 – ICT (B) indicated yes and five students

stated no. the Grade 12 – ICT (A), twenty students have witnessed fake news and ten

students did not. Lastly, 12 – ICT (B), eleven students have spotted fake news and nineteen

students did not. Students who encountered fake news (answered yes) were asked to give

examples of fake news. Most of the students’ given examples were the suspension of

classes and death hoaxes about famous artists.

1.2) Certainty of students to the given examples about fake news

Grade & Section Sureness Equivalent

11 – ICT (A) 3.25 Very Sure

11 – ICT (B) 2.83 Sure

12 – ICT (A) 3.5 Very Sure

12 – ICT (B) 2.6 Sure

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Scale:

4.0 – 3.1 Very Sure 2.0 – 1.1 Slightly Sure

3.0 – 2.1 Sure 1.0 – 0.0 Not Sure at All

Table 1.2 shows the certainty of students on how sure they are with their given example

of fake news. The results in every section used scaling which will be getting the weighted

mean. 11 – ICT (A) got 3.25 stating Very Sure, 11 – ICT (B) got 2.83 (Sure) while 12 –

ICT (A) got 3.5 (Very Sure) and 12 – ICT (B) got 2.6 (Sure). Results from 12 – ICT (A)

got the most result, while 12 – ICT (B) was the least among the four sections.

2.) What are the following factors affecting the fast spread of fake news?

Factors that make fake news spread

11-ICT 12-ICT
faster:
a) Convincing Delivery 3.14 3.35

b) Lack of Awareness on Information 3.14 3.47

c) Entertainment Purposes 2.84 3.20

Scale:

4.0 – 3.1 Strongly Agree 2.0 – 1.1 Disagree

3.0 – 2.1 Agree 1.0 – 0.0 Strongly Disagree

Table 2 shows the overall average of every grade level & section of ICT Strand

whereas the three factors on how fake news spread faster are already stated and given. It

has choices which are Strongly Agree (4.0 – 3.1), Agree (3.0 – 2.1), Disagree (2.0 – 1.1)
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and Strongly Disagree (1.0 – 1.1). The researchers acquired the average among all the 30

students per section as the result. First factor is Convincing Delivery where 11 – ICT got

3.14 while 12 – ICT got 3.35. For the second one, Lack of Awareness on Information, 11 –

ICT got 3.14, then for 12 – ICT has 3.47. Lastly, for Entertainment Purposes, 11 – ICT has

2.84. For grade 12 – ICT has 3.20. Based on these findings, the factor “Lack of Awareness

of Information” has the highest result, while “Entertainment Purposes” got the lowest. This

is supported by a study conducted in Stanford by Sam Haut (2017), the researchers tested

high school and college students to see and asked whether an information was a reputable

source. Ninety- three percent of college students and Ninety-one percent of high school

students surveyed never checked other sites to see if the information was reputable. In

short, they were not aware if an information is true or not.

3.) Effects of factors to ICT students from the spreading Fake news

Mostly, students have answered that they were confused and cannot distinguish whether

the information is true or not. In short, they were lacking on information that they do not

know and was just convinced because on how it delivered. As supported by Wharton

(2018), Fake news is composed of distorted information, supported with selected arguments

which aim to convince the target readers, not because they are true. A fake news campaign

involves creating a set of different falsified information, each supported by different

arguments, and with each designed to convince a different group of readers.

Majority of the students stated that it affects them because of too much use of social

media which leads them to share the information too without knowing reliable sources

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whether it is true or not. In an interview conducted by Sam Haut in a Stanford study (2017)

which Davis said most users usually get their news from social media which he thinks is a

threat with our generation. People don’t just absorb that information, but also share it too.

Other respondents encountered news which are Death hoaxes about famous artists

which considered as fake news fall under Entertainment Purposes, “Fake news is another

hazard of technology advancement and networking because it always existed but now as

people are active on social media websites, they see various viral posts that include news,

content and pictures which affect their mindset towards certain things/people/scenarios to a

great extent.” (Khan,2018)

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4.0 Conclusion

In summary, this research illustrated key findings. First, the more an individual

reads a news, the more he/she will believe the news base on how it convinced them.

Second, most students in ICT Strand have already encountered fake news especially

on Facebook. In this study, the research findings stated that out of the three factors, “Lack

of Awareness on Information” has the strongest relation to why fake news spread faster

while “Entertainment Purposes” has the weakest relation. It also appeared on how ICT

Students were being affected by this phenomenon. Students were being confused and

mislead by the news because of lacked on reliable sources for each news that has many

supportive arguments to convince them.

As Ciamplagia (2016) stated that "fake news stories are intended to mislead people

tend to get hundreds of thousands of shares while accurate information sources lag behind.”

One of the fake news they have encountered on Facebook is usually the suspension of

classes and death hoaxes about famous artists. These students are sure based on the data

that have been collected. Once they saw a news about this, they will share it immediately

and others will start to spread it more without even knowing the sources or looking for

more information if it is true or not. In short, they were lacking awareness on information.

Furthermore, Trewinnard (2015) points out that user tend to share these posts as

soon as this piece of information has been posted. Later on, someone informs them about

the post being fake and these users will delete what they have shared from their news feed.

Although students had lower trust levels on social media as a news outlet, they were likely

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to prefer social media as a news outlet to other sources, citing reasons of convenience,

relevance and engagement.

Recommendation

This research is beneficial to the following:

For Students, they can avoid news that are not true and need to check the credible or

reliable sources before sharing the information. For them to be able to understand how fake

news can really affect people once this false information spread all throughout social media

especially on Facebook. This also informs them about the traditional methods of how fake

news was spread during the era of printing press and mass media.

For Educators, can help them to guide students on how to spot fake news, how to

determine whether an information is true or not. He/she can teach them how to become

media literate so that students will not easily influence by the spreading fake news.

For the community, people will be more aware that fake news has seriously caught

on. It has greatly influenced the way media platforms operate, the public’s perception of

information, and even how governments confront its proliferation. The internet radically

changed the way news is published. Much like the invention of the printing press, the

internet allowed more people to publish their thoughts and chipped away at the news from

publishing companies.

For Future Researchers, can use this as future references, give highlights and ideas

about the said study. He/she can use the data in this research for assisting in design issues

and choice of statistical treatment and methods for future validation studies.

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5.0 Bibliography
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Badings, C. (2017) ARE YOU A VICTIM OF FAKE NEWS? HERE’S WHAT YOU CAN
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