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Abstract Group 6

The document defines ring homomorphisms and their properties. It provides examples to illustrate additive and multiplicative properties of ring homomorphisms. It also defines the kernel of a homomorphism and discusses how cosets relate to the kernel. Finally, it introduces factor (quotient) rings and defines ideals, maximal ideals, and prime ideals in rings.

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bonifacio gianga jr
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64 views

Abstract Group 6

The document defines ring homomorphisms and their properties. It provides examples to illustrate additive and multiplicative properties of ring homomorphisms. It also defines the kernel of a homomorphism and discusses how cosets relate to the kernel. Finally, it introduces factor (quotient) rings and defines ideals, maximal ideals, and prime ideals in rings.

Uploaded by

bonifacio gianga jr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ROSEMARIE C.

NACUA IV- SED MATH


6.1.1 Definition (Ring Homomorphism; Analogue
of Definition 3.1.1)
A map ∅ of a ring R into a ring R' is a homomorphism
if ∅(a+b)= ∅(a)+ ∅(b) and ∅(ab)= ∅(a) ∅(b) for all
elements a and b in R.
Example:
The map ∅:Ƶ → Ƶn where ∅(a) is the remainder of a
modulo n is a ring homomorphism for each positive
integer n. We know ∅(a+b)= ∅(a)+ ∅(b) by group
theory.
Additive property
∅(a+b)= ∅(a)+ ∅(b)
a= q1n+r1 b= q2n+r2
∅ (a+b)= q1n+ q2n+ r1+r2
∅ (a+b)= n(q1+ q2)+ r1+r2
∅(a+b)= r1+r2
∅(a)= r1 ; ∅(b)= r2
Multiplicative property
a= q1n+r1 b= q2n+r2
∅(ab)=( q1n+r1)( q2n+r2 )
∅(ab )= q1q2n2 +r1q2n+r2q1n+r1r2
∅(ab )=n(q1q2n1 +r1q2+r2q1) +r1r2
∅(ab )is the remainder of r1r2 when divided by n since
∅(a)= r1 and ∅(b)= r2
∅(ab)= ∅(a) ∅(b)
Example
Additive property
n=8 , a=20, b=14
a= q1n+r1 b= q2n+r2
20=2(8)+4; 14=1(8)+6
φ (a+b)= n(q1+ q2)+ r1+r2
φ (34)=8(2+1)+4+6
φ (34)=8(3)+10
φ(a+b)= r1+r2
φ(34)=10
∅(34)= ∅(20)+ ∅(14) = 4+6
Multiplicative property
n=8 , a=20, b=14
a= q1n+r1 b= q2n+r2
20=2(8)+4; 14=1(8)+6
φ(ab)= q1q2n2 +r1q2n+r2q1n+r1r2
φ (ab)=n(q1q2n+r1q2+r2q1) +r1r2
φ(20 •14)=8[(2)(1)(8)+(4)(1)+(6)(2)]+(4)(6)
∅(280)=8(16+4+12)+24
∅(280)=8(32)+24
φ(ab )= r1r2
φ(280)=24
∅(ab)= ∅(a) ∅(b)
∅(280)= ∅(20) ∅ (14)
= (4)(6)
=24
Properties of homomorphisms
6.1.3 Theorem (Analogue of Theorem 3.1.12 )
Let ∅ be a homomorphisms of a ring R into a ring
R'. If 0 is the additive identity in R, then ∅(0)=0' is the
additive identity in R', and f a ∈ R, then ∅(-a)=- ∅(a).If
S is a subring of R,then ∅[S] is a subring of R'. Going
the other way, if S' is a subring of R', then ∅-1[S' ] is a
subring of R. Finally, if R has unity 1, then ∅(1) is unity
for ∅[R]. Loosely speaking, subrings correspond to
subrings, and rings with unity correspond to rings with
unity under a ring homomorphism.
6.1.4 DEFINITION (Kernel; Analogue of Definition
3.1.13)
Let ∅ :R→R be a homomorphism of rings. The
subring ∅-1[0']= {r ϵ R ǀ ∅(r) = 0'} is the kernel of ∅,
denoted by Ker(∅).
6.1.5 THEOREM (Analogue of Theorem 3.1.15)
Let ∅ :R→R' be a ring homomorphism, and let
H= Ker(∅). Let a ∈ R. Then ∅-1[∅(a)]=a + H = H +a,
where a + H = H +a is the coset containing a of the
commutative additive group (H, +).
BONIFACIO L. GIANGAN IV- SED MATH

Factor (Quotient) Rings

•
•

Definitions

• Let I be a subset of the ring R,and consider the

following three properties:

(1) I is an additive subgroup of R

(2) If a ∈ I and r ∈ R then ra ∈ I,in other words, rI ⊆ I for every r ∈ R

(3) If a ∈ I and r ∈ R then ar ∈ I,in other words, Ir ⊆ I for every r ∈ R

If (1) and (2) hold, I is said to be a left ideal of R. If (1) and (3) hold, I
is said to be a right ideal of R. If all three properties are satisfied, I is
said to be an ideal (or two-sided ideal) of R, a proper ideal if I _= R, a
nontrivial ideal if I is neither R nor {0}.
•
SHARA MAE AGNES IV-BSED MATH

Prime and Maximal Ideals

•
•

6.2.5 Theorem
If R is a ring with unity, and N is an ideal of R
containing a unit, then N = R.
•

6.2.6 Corollary
A field contains no proper nontrivial ideals.

•
CHRYSHELL- ANN G. ALTUBAR IV-BSED MATH

MAXIMAL AND PRIME IDEALS


6.2.7 DEFINITION (Maximal Ideal; analogue
of Definition 3.3.17)
A maximal ideal of a ring R is an ideal M different
from R such that there is no proper ideal N of R
properly containing M.
6.2.8 EXAMPLE
Let p be a prime positive integer. We know that
Z/pZ is isomorphic to Zp. Forgetting about
multiplication for the moment and regarding Z/pZ
and Zp as additive groups, we know that Zp is a
simple group, and consequently must be a
maximal normal subgroup of Z. Since pZ is an
ideal of the ring Z, it follows that pZ is a maximal
proper subgroup of Z. We know that Z/pZ is
isomorphic to the ring Zp, and that Zp is actually a
field. Thus Z/pZ is a field. This illustrates the next
theorem.
6.2.9 THEOREM (Analogue of Theorem
3.3.18)
Let R be a commutative ring with unity. Then M is
a maximal ideal of R if and only if R/M is a field.
6.2.10 EXAMPLE
Since Z/nZ is isomorphic to Zn and Zn is a field if
and only if n is a prime, we see that the maximal
ideals of Z are precisely that ideals pZ for prime
positive integers p.
Liezel L. Into IV-BSED-Math
6.2.11Corollary
A commutative ring with unity is a field if and
only if it has no proper nontrivial ideals.
6.2.12 EXAMPLE

Note that for a product rs of integers to be in


pZ, the prime p must divide either r or s.
6.2.13Definition(PRIME IDEAL)
An ideal N≠R in a commutative ring R
is a prime ideal if ab 𝟄 N implies that either
a 𝟄 N or b 𝟄 N for a, b 𝟄 R.
Example:
Find the prime ideals of Z12.
Answer:
12 = (22)(3)
2Z = {0,2,4,6,8,10}
3Z = {0,3,6,9}

6.2.14 EXAMPLE
Z x (0) is a prime ideal of Z x Z, for if (a, b)(c,
d) ϵ Z x (0) then we must have bd = 0 in Z.
This implies that either b = 0 so (a, b) ϵ Z x
(0) or d= 0 so (c, d) ϵ Z x (0). Note that (Z x
Z) / (Z x (0) ) is isomorphic to Z, which is an
integral domain.
Alyssa G. Mijares IV-BSED MATH
6.2.15 THEOREM
Let R be a commutative ring with unity, and
let N ≠ R be an ideal in R. Then R/N is an integral
domain and only if N is a prime ideal in R.

6.2.16 Corollary
Every maximal ideal in a commutative ring R
with unity is a prime ideal.

6.2.25 THEOREM
An ideal ‹p(x)› ≠ {0} of F[x] is maximal if and
only if p(x) is irreducible over F.
5.6.7 DEF’N(IRREDUCIBLE POLYNOMIAL)
A nonconstant polynomial f(x) ϵ F(x) is irreducible
over F or is an irreducible polynomial in F(x) if f(x)
cannot be expressed as a product g(x)h(x) of two
polynomials g(x) and h(x) in F(x) both of lower
degree than the degree of F(x).
6.2.26 Example
Example 5.6.9 shows that x³+ 3x + 2 is irreducible
in [x]. Thus
[x]/ ‹ x³+ 3x + 2 › is a field. Similarly ,
theorem 5.5.11 shows that x² - 2 is irreducible in
Q [x], so Q [x]/ ‹ x² - 2 › is a
field.

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