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Delay Routine

Delay routines are subroutines used to introduce time delays in a microprocessor. They work by decrementing a register from an initial value to zero over multiple clock cycles. The time taken is the number of clock cycles multiplied by the clock period. Small delays below 0.5ms can use a single 8-bit register while larger delays use 16-bit register pairs or nested loops. An example generates a 0.5ms delay on an 8085 using 6MHz crystal by loading register B with decimal value 107 (6BH) and decrementing it in a loop.

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Divya Krishnan
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820 views

Delay Routine

Delay routines are subroutines used to introduce time delays in a microprocessor. They work by decrementing a register from an initial value to zero over multiple clock cycles. The time taken is the number of clock cycles multiplied by the clock period. Small delays below 0.5ms can use a single 8-bit register while larger delays use 16-bit register pairs or nested loops. An example generates a 0.5ms delay on an 8085 using 6MHz crystal by loading register B with decimal value 107 (6BH) and decrementing it in a loop.

Uploaded by

Divya Krishnan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as ODP, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Delay Routine

● Delay routines are the subroutines used for maintaining the timings of
various operations in a microprocessor.
● In control applications certain equipment need to be ON/OFF after a
specified time delay.In such situation simple time delay routines can be
used to maintain the timings of the operation.
● A delay suroutine is generaly written as subroutine.(It can even be a
part of the main program).
● In a delay routine a count is set in a register of processor. Then it is
decremented by one till the content is zero.
● Zero flag will set when the content becomes zero
● When it is zero the time delay is over and the control is transferred to
the main program to carryout the desired operation
● The delay time is the total time taken to execute the delay routine
● It can be computed by multiplying the total number of T states to
execute the subroutine and the time for one T state of the processor.
● Total T states can be computed from the knowledge of the T states
required for each instruction
● Crystal oscillator will provide frequency microprocessor.
● For example, if the 8085 microprocessor has 6 MHz quartz crystal then,
The internal clock frequency =6 / 2 =3 MHz
Time for one T-state= 1 / 3 x 106= 0.33 µsec •
● There are three methods to introduce delays
(1) by using 8 bit register
(2) by using 16 bit register pair
(3) by using nested loop
● For small time delays (< 0.5 msec) an 8- bit register can be used.
For large time delays (< 0.5 Sec) l6-bit register should be used.
For very large time delays (> 0.5 sec), a delay routine can be repeatedly
called in the main program.
● The disadvantage in delay routines is that the processor time is wasted.
Delay subroutine using one register
MVI B,10H ; to generate delay a few registers of the microprocessor are
loaded with desired numbers
L1 DCR B ; decrment the content of reg B to zero
JNZ L1
RET
●

● To generate small delay one reister canbe used.


● After executing this program it will returns to main program

Instructions Staes
MVI B, 10H 7
DCR B 4
JNZ 10/7
RET 10
● Instruction JNZ takes 10 states when the content of register B is not zero
● When the content of B=0 it takes only 7 T states and the program returns to
RET instruction.
●
Instruction How many times the Total T states
● instruction is
executed
●

MVI B, 10H 1 7x1

DCR B 16 (it is the decimal value of 4x16


10 H)

JNZ 16 10x15+7x1

RET 1 10x1
● Total T states=7x1+4x16+(10x15+7x1)+10x1=238
● External crystal frequency=6MHz
● Internal clock frequency=External crystal frequency/2=3MHz
● One T state= time period of clock signal=0.33 microseconds
● Delay time= 238x0.33x10-6 =0.078 millisec
● To generate maximum delay reg B is loaded with FF (255 decimal)
The maximum delay ={7x1+4x255+(10x254+7x1)+10x1}x0.33 micro second
Delay subroutine using register pairs
LXI D,N : Count in the register D is N
L1 DCX D ; decrement count
MOV A,D ;Move the content of register D to A
ORA E
JNZ L1
RET
Instruction How many times the Total T states
instruction is executed
LXI D, N 1 1x10
DCX D N 6N
MOV A,D N 4N
ORA E N 4N
JNZ N (N-1)x10+ 1x7

RET 1 10
● Total number of T states= 24 N+17
● Delay=(24N+17)xtime for one T state (while calculating delay N should be
in decimal)
● Maximum delay occurs when count N=FFFFH
By using nested loop/using two registers
Instruction How many times the Total T states
instruction is executed
MVI B,N1 H 1 7x1

L1 MVI C,N2 H N1 times(N1 in decimal) 7xN1

L2 DCR C N1xN2 times (both are in 4xN1xN2


decimal)

JNZ L2 N1xN2 times (both are in decimal) 10x(N2-1)xN1+ 7x1xN1

DCR B N1 times 4xN1

JNZ L1 N1 times 10x(N1-1)+7x1

RET 1 1x10
Write a delay routine to produce a time delay of
0.5msec in 8085 processor based system whose clock
source is 6MHz quartz crystal?
Instruction How many times the Total T states
instruction is
executed
MVI B,NH 1 7

L1 DCR B N times (decimal) 4xN

JNZ L1 N times (N-1)x10+1x7

RET 1 1x10
● Total T states required=14N+14
● External crystal frequency=6MHz
● Internal clock frequency=External crystal frequency/2=3MHz
● One T state= time period of clock signal=0.33 microseconds
● Total delay=[14N+14]x0.33 microsec
● Given than delay=0.5 msec
● [14N+14]x0.33 microsec=0.5 msec
N = 10710 = 6BH
Crystal frequency and microprocessor frequency
● Crystal oscillator is connected between the
terminals to provide crystal frequency.
● Crystal frequency is used for
synchronisation for data transfer between
mupi and memory as well IO devices
● Crystal frequency=6 M Hz
● Microprocessor frequency= crystal
frequency/2

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