 A

 B
 C
 D
 E
 F
 G
 H
 I
 J
 K
 L
 M
 N
 O
 P
 Q
 R
 S
 T
 U
 V
 W
 X
 Y
 Z

Scientific name Name Description Picture

A natural gum sourced from

hardened sap of various species
Acacia senegal Gum arabic
of acacia tree used as a binder
and emulsifier.
Scientific name Name Description Picture

Purported to be a diaphoretic,
Achillea Common
astringent,[5] tonic, stimulant and
millefolium yarrow
mild aromatic.

Historically used for arthritis and

Black muscle pain, used more recently
Actaea racemosa
cohosh for conditions related to
menopause and menstruation.[6]

Its seeds, leaves, bark, and

flowers have been used
Aesculus Horse
medicinally for many centuries.
hippocastanum chestnut
The raw plant materials are toxic
unless processed.[7]

Root tea has been used to treat

Ageratina White diarrhea, kidney stones, and
altissima snakeroot fever. A root poultice can be
used on snakebites.[8]

Believed to be an emollient and

laxative. It is used to control
Common
Alcea rosea inflammation, to stop bedwetting
hollyhock
and as a mouthwash in cases of
bleeding gums.[9]
Scientific name Name Description Picture

Alisma plantago- Water-

Used for the urinary tract.[10]
aquatica plantain

Widely used as an
antibiotic[11][12][13][14] and, more
recently, for treating
cardiovascular disease[15][16]
Garlic is a monoamine oxidase
Allium sativum Garlic
inhibitor and has antidepressant-
like effects on mice[17] so might
be used as a herbal
antidepressant or anxiolytic in
humans.[18]

Leaves are widely used to heal

Aloe vera Aloe vera burns, wounds and other skin
ailments.[19][20]

Althaea Marsh- Used for over 2,000 years as

officinalis mallow both a food and a medicine[4]

Significant dietary source of

glucomannan,[21][22] which is used
Amorphophallus
Konjac in treating obesity,[23]
konjac
constipation,[24] and reducing
cholesterol.[25]
Scientific name Name Description Picture

Historically used to treat liver

diseases, it is still used in
Anemone Common alternative medicine today.
hepatica hepatica Other modern applications by
herbalists include treatments for
pimples, bronchitis and gout.[26]

Roots have been used in the

traditional Austrian medicine
internally as tea or tincture for
Angelica Garden treatment of disorders of the
archangelica angelica gastrointestinal tract, respiratory
tract, nervous system, and also
against fever, infections, and
flu.[27]
Used for thousands of years in
Angelica sinensis Dong quai Asia, primarily in women's
health.[28]

Seed is used only occasionally in

Apium tradition medicine. Modern
Celery
graveolens usage is primarily as a
diuretic.[29]

Used traditionally as a diuretic

and to lower blood sugar[30] and,
in traditional Chinese medicine
Arctium lappa Burdock
as a treatment for sore throat and
symptoms of the common
cold.[31]

Used as an anti-inflammatory[32]
and for osteoarthritis.[33] The US
Food and Drug Administration
has classified Arnica montana as
Arnica montana Arnica
an unsafe herb because of its
toxicity.[34] It should not be taken
orally or applied to broken skin
where absorption can occur.[34]
Scientific name Name Description Picture

Long been used in traditional

Chinese medicine to strengthen
Astragalus the immune system, and is used
Astragalus
propinquus in modern China to treat
hepatitis and as an adjunctive
therapy in cancer.[35]

Although toxic, was used

historically in Italy by women to
Atropa enlarge their pupils, as well as a
Belladonna
belladonna sedative, among other uses. The
name itself means "beautiful
woman" in Italian.[36]

Used in India to treat worms,

malaria, rheumatism and skin
Azadirachta infections among many other
Neem
indica things. Its many uses have led to
neem being called "the village
dispensary" in India.[37]

B[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

Flowers have been used in the

traditional Austrian medicine
Bellis internally as tea (or the leaves as a
Daisy
perennis salad) for treatment of disorders of
the gastrointestinal and respiratory
tract.[38]

Long history of medicinal use, dating

back to the Middle Ages particularly
Berberis
Barberry among Native Americans. Uses have
vulgaris
included skin ailments, scurvy and
gastro-intestinal ailments.[39]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name
Used in hyperactive gastrointestinal,
respiratory and cardiovascular
disorders,[40] such as gastrointestinal
Borago (colic, cramps, diarrhea), airways
Borage
officinalis (asthma, bronchitis), cardiovascular,
(cardiotonic, antihypertensive and
blood purifier), urinary (diuretic and
kidney/bladder disorders).[41]
Known as Salae in Thailand where
Broussonetia
Salae this species is valued as a medicinal
kurzii
plant.[42]

C[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

Also named calendula, has a long

Calendula
Marigold history of use in treating wounds
officinalis
and soothing skin[43]

Used worldwide since ancient

times as treatment for various
conditions and ailments including
pain, inflammation,
gastrointestinal issues such as IBS,
muscle relaxation, anxiety,
Cannabis Cannabis
Alzheimer's and dementia, ADHD,
autism, cancer, cerebral palsy,
recurring headaches, Crohn's
disease, depression, epilepsy,
glaucoma, insomnia, and
neuropathy among others.[44]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name
Type of chili that has been used as
both food and medicine for
thousands of years. Uses have
Capsicum included reducing pain and
Cayenne
annuum swelling, lowering triglyceride and
cholesterol levels and fighting
viruses and harmful bacteria, due
to high levels of Vitamin C.[45][46][47]
Its active ingredient, capsaicine, is
the basic of commercial pain-relief
ointments in Western medicine.
Capsicum
Chili The low incidence of heart attack
frutescens
in Thais may be related to
capsaicine's fibronolytic action
(dissolving blood clots).[48]

Used for treating wounds and

Carica papaya Papaya
stomach troubles.[49]

Used in a wide variety of roles in

traditional medicine, including in
particular as a broad-spectrum
Cassia Coffee
internal and external antimicrobial,
occidentalis senna
for liver disorders, for intestinal
worms and other parasites and as
an immune-system stimulant.[50][51]

Mild stimulant used for thousands

of years in Yemen, and is banned
Catha edulis Khat today in many countries. Contains
the amphetamine-like substance
cathinone.
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

It is a diuretic and aid in the

Cayaponia São Caetano
treatment of diarrhea and
espelina melon
syphilis.[52]

In herbalism, a decoction of
Centaurea cornflower is effective in treating
Cornflower
cyanus conjunctivitis and as a wash for
tired eyes.[53]

Chrysopogon
Vetiver Used for skin care.[54]
zizanioides

Genus of about 38 species of trees

whose bark is a source of
alkaloids, including quinine. Its
Cinchona spec. Cinchona
use as a febrifuge was first
popularized in the 17th century by
Peruvian Jesuits.[55]

Used in traditional Chinese

Citrus × Bitter medicine and by indigenous
aurantium orange peoples of the Amazon for nausea,
indigestion and constipation.[56]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

Along with other citruses, it has a

long history of use in Chinese and
Indian traditional medicine.[57] In
Citrus limon Lemon
contemporary use, honey and
lemon is common for treating
coughs and sore throat.

Fruits of Citrus trifoliata are

Trifoliate
Citrus widely used in Oriental medicine
orange,
trifoliata as a treatment for allergic
bitter orange
inflammation.[58]

Cissampelos Used for a wide variety of

Velvetleaf
pareira conditions.[59]

Used during the Middle Ages to

treat bubonic plague. In modern
Cnicus Blessed times, herbal teas made from
benedictus thistle blessed thistle are used for loss of
appetite, indigestion and other
purposes.[60]

Crataegus Fruit has been used for centuries

monogyna and for heart disease. Other uses
Hawthorn
Crataegus include digestive and kidney
laevigata related problems.[61]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

Spice that lends its distinctive

yellow color to Indian curries, has
long been used in Ayurvedic and
Curcuma
Turmeric traditional Chinese medicine to aid
longa
digestion and liver function,
relieve arthritis pain, and regulate
menstruation.[62]

The Cypripedium species have

been used in native remedies for
dermatitis, tooth aches, anxiety,
Yellow headaches, as an antispasmodic,
Cypripedium
lady's stimulant and sedative. However,
parviflorum
slipper the preferred species for use are
Cyp. parviflorum and Cyp.acaule,
used as topical applications or
tea.[63][64]

D[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

It came into use in treating cardiac disease in late

18th century England in spite of its high
toxicity.a Its use has been almost entirely
Digitalis
Digitalis replaced by the pharmaceutical derivative
or
lanata Digoxin, which has a shorter half-life in the
foxglove
body, and whose toxicity is therefore more easily
managed.[65] Digoxin is used as an antiarrhythmic
agent and inotrope.[66]

E[edit]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name
This plant and other species of
Echinacea have been used for at
least 400 years by Native
Echinacea Purple Americans to treat infections and
purpurea coneflower wounds, and as a general "cure-
all" (panacea). It is currently used
for symptoms associated with cold
and flu[67][68]

Dates back to ancient Roman and

Greek medicine, when it was used
Equisetum
Horsetail to stop bleeding, heal ulcers and
arvense
wounds, and treat tuberculosis and
kidney problems.[69]

Used by the Chumash people to

Eriodictyon
Yerba Santa keep airways open for proper
crassifolium
breathing.[70]

Used as an herbal remedy: an

Eschscholzia Californian
aqueous extract of the plant has
californica poppy
sedative and anxiolytic actions.[71]

Leaves were widely used in

traditional medicine as a
febrifuge.[72] Eucalyptus oil is
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus commonly used in over-the-
globulus
counter cough and cold
medications, as well as for an
analgesic.[73]

Euonymus Plant is a purgative and might

Wahoo
atropurpureus affect the heart.[74]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

Used traditionally in Asia to treat

Euphorbia Asthma- bronchitic asthma and laryngeal
hirta plant spasm.[75][76] It is used in the
Philippines for dengue fever.[77]

Although açai berries are a

longstanding food source for
indigenous people of the Amazon,
there is no evidence that they have
historically served a medicinal, as
Euterpe
Açai opposed to nutritional role. In
oleracea
spite of their recent popularity in
the United States as a dietary
supplement, there is currently no
evidence for their effectiveness for
any health-related purpose.[78]

F[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name
Ferula
Might be useful for IBS, high
assa- Asafoetida
cholesterol, and breathing problems.[79]
foetida
Bark (and to a lesser extent the fruit)
has been used as a laxative, due to its 3
– 7% anthraquinone content. Bark for
Frangula Alder
medicinal use is dried and stored for a
alnus buckthorn
year before use, as fresh bark is
violently purgative; even dried bark
can be dangerous if taken in excess.[80]
Traditionally thought to be good for
the eyes and to remove skin blemishes.
In modern times herbalists use it to
treat skin diseases and conjunctivitis,
Fumaria
Fumitory as well as to cleanse the kidneys.
officinalis
However, Howard (1987) warns that
fumitory is poisonous and should only
be used under the direction of a
medical herbalist.[81]
G[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

It contains an active substance called

galantamine, which is an
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
Galanthus Snowdrop Galantamine (or galanthamine) can
be helpful in the treatment of
Alzheimer's disease, though it is not
a cure.[82]

In traditional herbalism, it was used

as a remedy for toothache and
Geranium Robert
nosebleeds[83] and as a vulnerary
robertianum geranium
(used for or useful in healing
wounds).[84]

The leaf extract has been used to treat

Ginkgo
Ginkgo asthma, bronchitis, fatigue,
biloba
Alzheimer's and tinnitus.[85]

It has been used as a "lung herb".[86]

Other traditional uses include as an
expectorant, astringent, and to treat
Glechoma bronchitis.[87] The essential oil of the
Ground-ivy
hederacea plant has been used for centuries as a
general tonic for colds and coughs,
and to relieve congestion of the
mucous membranes.
It has a long history of medicinal
usage in Eastern and Western
Glycyrrhiza Licorice medicine. Uses include stomach
glabra root ulcers, bronchitis, and sore throat, as
well as infections caused by viruses,
such as hepatitis.[88]
H[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

It produces a specific kind of tannins

called hamamelitannins. One of
Hamamelis Common
those substances displays a specific
virginiana witch-hazel
cytotoxic activity against colon
cancer cells.[89]

The leaves are used as herbal

medicine to alleviate cough and
fever, pain, and general
gastrointestinal disorders as well as
Hippophae Sea to cure dermatologic disorders.
rhamnoides buckthorn Similarly, the fruit juice and oils can
be used in the treatment of liver
disease, gastrointestinal disorders,
chronic wounds or other
dermatological disorders.[90]
The plant is traditionally used by
Kalahari San (Bushmen) to reduce
Hoodia
Hoodia hunger and thirst. It is currently
gordonii
marketed as an appetite
suppressant.[91]

It was used traditionally by Native

Americans to treat skin diseases,
Hydrastis ulcers, and gonorrhea. More recently,
Goldenseal
canadensis the herb has been used to treat the
respiratory tract and a number of
other infections.[92]

Widely used within herbalism for

Hypericum St. John's depression. Evaluated for use as an
perforatum wort antidepressant, but with ambiguous
results.[93][94][95]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name
It is used for digestive and intestinal
problems including liver and
gallbladder conditions, intestinal
pain, intestinal gas, colic, and loss of
Hyssopus
Hyssop appetite. It is also used for
officinalis
respiratory problems including
coughs, the common cold,
respiratory infections, sore throat,
and asthma.[96]

I[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name
It has been claimed to have
various effects on human health
and these effects have been
attributed to the high quantity of
polyphenols found in mate tea.[97]
Ilex Mate contains compounds that
Yerba mate
paraguariensis act as an appetite suppressant,[98]
increases mental energy and
focus,[99] and improves mood.[100]
Yerba mate also contains
elements such as potassium,
magnesium, and manganese.[101]

It is the major source of the

chemical compound shikimic
acid, a primary precursor in the
Illicium verum Star anise
pharmaceutical synthesis of anti-
influenza drug oseltamivir
(Tamiflu).[102]

It is used in herbal medicine as an

Inula helenium Elecampane expectorant and for water
retention.[103]
J[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

It is used in dermatology as
Jasminum
Jasmine either an antiseptic or anti-
officinale
inflammatory agent.[104]

K[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

The whole plant is astringent and

mildly diuretic. An infusion is used
Knautia Field
internally as a blood purifier and
arvensis scabious
externally for treating cuts, burns
and bruises.[105]

L[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name
The leaves and twigs are used by
Native Americans to make a herbal
tea used for a variety of conditions,
including arthritis, cancer and a
number of others. Subsequent
studies have been extremely
Larrea
Chaparral variable, at best. Chaparral has also
tridentata
been shown to have high liver
toxicity, and has led to kidney
failure, and is not recommended for
any use by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) or American
Cancer Society.[106][107]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name
Aqueous extracts of bay laurel can
be used as astringents and even as a
reasonable salve for open
wounds.[108] In massage therapy, the
Laurus nobilis Bay laurel essential oil of bay laurel is reputed
to alleviate arthritis and rheumatism,
while in aromatherapy it is used to
treat earaches and high blood
pressure.[109]
It was traditionally used as an
antiseptic and for mental health
purposes. It was also used in ancient
Lavandula
Lavender Egypt in mummifying bodies. There
angustifolia
is little scientific evidence that
lavender is effective for most mental
health uses.[110]
The plants exhibits potential
antibacterial activity. The alcoholic
extract of the root has antibacterial
activity due to the presence of
Lawsonia
Henna flavonoid and alkaloids. Henna is
inermis
also thought to show anti-
inflammatory, antipyretic, and
analgesic effects in experimental
animals.[111]
It is known to contain Galantamine
(Nivalin, Razadyne, Razadyne ER,
Reminyl, Lycoremine in
pharmaceutical format). It is used
Leucojum Summer
for the treatment of mild to
aestivum snowflake
moderate Alzheimer's disease and
various other memory impairments,
in particular those of vascular
origin.

The plant is most commonly used as

Linum a laxative. Flaxseed oil is used for
Flaxseed
usitatissimum different conditions, including
arthritis[112]
M[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

The bark contains magnolol and

honokiol, two polyphenolic
compounds. Preclinical studies have
Magnolia Magnolia-
evaluated their various potential
officinalis bark
applications including antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and
antimicrobial properties.[113]

The seeds are used internally in a

decoction or herbal tea[114] as a
Malva
Mallow demulcent and diuretic, and the
sylvestris
leaves made into poultices as an
emollient for external applications.

It has been used over thousands of

Matricaria years for a variety of conditions,
recutita and including sleeplessness, anxiety,
Chamomile
Anthemis and gastrointestinal conditions such
nobilis as upset stomach, gas, and
diarrhea.[115]

The leaves are used to lower

cholesterol, as well as forum kidney
Medicago
Alfalfa and urinary tract ailments, although
sativa
there is insufficient scientific
evidence for its efficacy.[116]

It has been used medicinally for

centuries by Australian aboriginal
Melaleuca
Tea tree oil people. Modern usage is primarily
alternifolia
as an antibacterial or antifungal
agent.[117]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

Melissa It is used as a sleep aid and

Lemon balm
officinalis digestive aid.[118]

Its oil, from a cross between water

mint and spearmint, has a history of
Mentha x medicinal use for a variety of
Peppermint
piperita conditions, including nausea,
indigestion, and symptoms of the
common cold.[119]

Kratom is known to prevent or

delay withdrawal symptoms in an
opioid-dependent individual, and it
is often used to mitigate cravings
Mitragyna
Kratom thereafter. It can also be used for
speciosa
other medicinal purposes. Kratom
has been traditionally used in
regions such as Malaysia, Thailand,
and Indonesia.[120]

Momordica The plant is used as an agent to

Bitter melon
charantia reduce the blood glucose level.[121]

Morinda It has a history of use as for joint

Noni
citrifolia pain and skin conditions.[122]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

It is used for food and traditional

medicine. It is undergoing
Moringa Drumstick
preliminary research to investigate
oleifera tree
potential properties of its nutrients
and phytochemicals

N[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

Nasturtium It may be diuretic and

Watercress
officinale antibacterial.[123]

Sacred lotus has been the subject of a

number of in-vitro and animal
studies, exploring its pharmacologic
effects, including antioxidant,
Nelumbo
Lotus hepatoprotective,
nucifera
immunomodulatory, anti-infective,
hyperlipidemic, and
psychopharmacologic activity[124]
although clinical trials are lacking.
It has efficacy as a therapy, mainly
using the seed oil extract, volatile oil,
Nigella,
and isolated constituent
black-
Nigella thymoquinone.[125] One meta-analysis
caraway,
sativa of clinical trials concluded that N.
black-cumin,
sativa has a short-term benefit on
and kalonji
lowering systolic and diastolic blood
pressure.[126]

O[edit]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

It is used for a variety of purposes in

medicine tulasi is taken in many forms:
Tulsi or as herbal tea, dried powder, fresh leaf
Ocimum
Holy or mixed with ghee. Essential oil
tenuiflorum
Basil extracted from Karpoora tulasi is
mostly used for medicinal purposes and
in herbal cosmetics.[127]

Its oil has been used since the 1930s

Evening
Oenothera for eczema, and more recently as an
primrose
anti-inflammatory.[128]
Used as an abortifacient in folk
medicine in some parts of Bolivia and
other northwestern South American
countries, though no evidence of
efficacy exists in Western medicine.
Origanum Hippocrates used oregano as an
Oregano
vulgare antiseptic, as well as a cure for stomach
and respiratory ailments. A Cretan
oregano (O. dictamnus) is still used
today in Greece as a palliative for sore
throat. Evidence of efficacy in this
matter is lacking.

P[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

Used medicinally, in particular in

Panax spec. Ginseng Asia, for over 2,000 years, and is
widely used in modern society.[129]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name
The plant is the plant source of
morphine, used for pain relief.
Morphine made from the refined
Papaver and modified sap is used for pain
Opium poppy
somniferum control in terminally ill patients.
Dried sap was used as a
traditional medicine until the
19th century.[citation needed]

Thought to have anti-depressant

properties. Unknown MOA. Used
Passiflora Passion flower
in traditional medicine to aid with
sleep or depression.

Can be used as an antidepressant,

but carries significant risk. Used
in traditional shamanistic rites in
Peganum Syrian Rue the amazon, and is a component
harmala (aka Harmal) of Ayahuasca, Caapi or Yajé
(which is actually usually
Banisteriopsis caapi but has the
same active alkaloids).

Umckaloabo,
Pelargonium or South It is used in treating acute
sidoides African bronchitis[130]
Geranium

The plant has been used for

centuries in the South Pacific to
make a ceremonial drink with
Piper
Kava sedative and anesthetic
methysticum
properties. It is used as a
soporific, as well as for asthma
and urinary tract infection[131]

The plant is used in traditional

Piscidia Jamaica
medicine for the treatment of
erythrina / dogwood
insomnia and anxiety, despite
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name
Piscidia serious safety concerns.[132] A
piscipula 2006 study suggested medicinal
potential.[133]
It is used frequently in herbal teas
and other herbal remedies.[134] A
tea from the leaves is used as a
highly effective cough medicine.
In the traditional Austrian
Plantago medicine Plantago lanceolata
Plantain
lanceolata leaves have been used internally
(as syrup or tea) or externally
(fresh leaves) for treatment of
disorders of the respiratory tract,
skin, insect bites, and
infections.[135]
The extracts and purified
platycoside compounds
(saponins) from the roots may
exhibit neuroprotective,
Platycodon Platycodon,
antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory,
grandiflorus balloon flower
anti-cancer, anti-allergy,
improved insulin resistance, and
cholesterol-lowering
properties.[136]

Polemonium It is used to reduce fever,

Abscess root
reptans inflammation, and cough.[137]

It has a rich history of use in

traditional medicine. It is
Psidium traditionally used to treat
Guava
guajava diarrhea; however, evidence of its
effectiveness is very
limited.[138][139]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

The root bark is used for the

Ptelea
Wafer Ash digestive system.[140] Also known
trifoliata
as hoptree.

Q[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

A 2012 study found a topical gel

Quassia Amargo, with 4% Quassia extract to be a
amara bitter-wood safe and effective cure of
rosacea.[141]

R[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

Uses in folk medicine have been

recorded in the Middle East, its
Reichardia False
leaves being used to treat ailments
tingitana sowthistle
such as constipation, colic and
inflamed eyes.[142]

It yields edible hip fruits rich in

Cinnamon vitamin C, which are used in
Rosa majalis
rose medicine[143] and to produce rose hip
syrup.
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

Rosmarinus It has been used medicinally from

Rosemary
officinalis ancient times.

In folk medicine and Ayurvedic

Minnieroot, medicine it has been used as a
Ruellia fever root, diuretic, anti-diabetic, antipyretic,
tuberosa snapdragon analgesic, antihypertensive,
root gastroprotective, and to treat
gonorrhea.[144]

In Western herbalism the root is

often used for treating anemia, due
to its high level of iron.[145] The plant
will help with skin conditions if
taken internally or applied
Curly dock externally to things like itching,
Rumex
or yellow scrofula, and sores. It is also used
crispus
dock for respiratory conditions,
specifically those with a tickling
cough that is worse when exposed
to cold air. It mentions also passing
pains, excessive itching, and that it
helps enlarged lymphs.[146]

S[edit]
Scientific name Name Description Picture
Plant source of salicylic acid,
white willow is like the
chemical known as aspirin,
White although more likely to cause
Salix alba
willow stomach upset as a side effect
than aspirin itself which can
cause the lining in your
stomach to be destroyed. Used
 Scientific name Name Description Picture
from ancient times for the
same uses as aspirin.[147]

Shown to improve cognitive

function in patients with mild
Salvia officinalis Sage
to moderate Alzheimer's
disease[148][149]

The berries and leaves have

traditionally been used to treat
pain, swelling, infections,
coughs, and skin conditions
Sambucus nigra Elderberry
and, more recently, flu,
common cold, fevers,
constipation, and sinus
infections.[150]
Sandalwood oil has been
widely used in folk medicine
for treatment of common colds,
bronchitis, skin disorders, heart
Indian ailments, general weakness,
Santalum album
sandalwood fever, infection of the urinary
tract, inflammation of the
mouth and pharynx, liver and
gallbladder complaints and
other maladies.[151]

Most commonly, the flowers

Santolina Cotton and leaves are made into a
chamaecyparissus lavender decoction used to expel
intestinal parasites.
 Scientific name Name Description Picture

The plant is used in Ayurvedic

traditions to treat
Saraca indica Ashoka tree gynecological disorders. The
bark is also used to combat
oedema or swelling.[152]

Its extracts show antibacterial

and antifungal effects on
Summer
Satureja hortensis several species including some
savory
of the antibiotic resistant
strains.[153][154][155]

African treatment for

depression. Suggested to be an
Sceletium
Kanna SSRI or have similar effects,
tortuosum
but unknown mechanism of
activity.

The root is used in decoctions

against fevers, diabetes,
diseases of urinary system and
constipation. The leaves have
laxative properties. The dried
Avaram
Senna auriculata flowers and flower buds are
senna
used as a substitute for tea in
case of diabetes patients. The
powdered seed is also applied
to the eye, in case of chronic
purulent conjunctivitis.

The plant extract showed

Sesuvium Shoreline antibacterial and anticandidal
portulacastrum purslane activities and moderate
antifungal activity.[156]
 Scientific name Name Description Picture

It has been used for thousands

Silybum of years for a variety of
Milk thistle
marianum medicinal purposes, in
particular liver problems.[157]

Extracts of the plant are used

to ease the symptoms of
malaria. The boiled juice or a
tea made from the leaves or the
whole plant is taken to relieve
fever and other symptoms. It is
Stachytarpheta Blue
also used for dysentery, pain,
cayennensis snakeweed
and liver disorders.[158] A tea of
the leaves is taken to help
control diabetes in Peru and
other areas.[159] Laboratory tests
indicate that the plant has anti-
inflammatory properties.[160]
It has been used as a remedy to
treat itchy skin conditions and
pulmonary diseases.[161] 17th
century herbalist John Gerard
recommended it as a remedy
Common for mange. Modern herbalists
Stellaria media
chickweed prescribe it for iron-deficiency
anemia (for its high iron
content), as well as for skin
diseases, bronchitis, rheumatic
pains, arthritis and period
pain.[162]

The plant is anti-inflammatory,

Strobilanthes
Karvy antimicrobial,[163] and anti-
callosus
rheumatic.[164]
 Scientific name Name Description Picture
It has been used as a vulnerary
and to reduce inflammation.[165]
It was also used internally in
the past, for stomach and other
ailments, but its toxicity has
Symphytum
Comfrey led a number of other
officinale
countries, including Canada,
Brazil, Australia, and the
United Kingdom, to severely
restrict or ban the use of
comfrey.[166]

The plant is used for upset

stomach and as an expectorant,
Syzygium
Clove among other purposes. The oil
aromaticum
is used topically to treat
toothache.[167]

T[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

The plant has been used for

Tanacetum centuries for fevers, headaches,
Feverfew
parthenium stomach aches, toothaches, insect
bites and other conditions.[168]

It was most commonly used

Taraxacum historically to treat liver diseases,
Dandelion
officinale kidney diseases, and spleen
problems.[169]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

It has been used for asthma,

Teucrium Water
diarrhea, fever, intestinal parasites,
scordium germander
hemorrhoids, and wounds.[170]

The plant is used to treat bronchitis

and cough. It serves as an
antispasmodic and expectorant in
this role. It has also been used in
Thymus
Thyme many other medicinal roles in
vulgaris
Asian and Ayurvedic medicine,
although it has not been shown to
be effective in non-respiratory
medicinal roles.[171]

In the countries of Central,

Small- Southern and Western Europe,
Tilia cordata leaved linden flowers are a traditional
linden herbal remedy made into an herbal
tea called tisane.[172]

It is used in southeast Mexico in

the region of Tabasco as a cold
herbal tea, which is named
Matali.[173] Skin irritation may result
Tradescantia from repeated contact with or
Inchplant
zebrina prolonged handling of the plant,
particularly from the clear, watery
sap (a characteristic unique to T.
zebrina as compared with other
types).

The leaves and the bark are used to

treat coughs, sore throats, asthma,
Trema Charcoal-
bronchitis, gonorrhea, yellow fever,
orientalis tree
toothache, and as an antidote to
general poisoning.[174]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

The plant is an ingredient in some

Trifolium recipes for essiac tea. Research has
Red clover
pratense found no benefit for any human
health conditions.[175]

It has long been used to treat

symptoms of menopause, and
Trigonella
digestive ailments. More recently,
foenum- Fenugreek
it has been used to treat diabetes,
graecum
loss of appetite and other
conditions[176]

Triticum It may contain antioxidant and anti-

Wheatgrass
aestivum inflammatory compounds.[177]

It is used for skin, gastrointestinal,

and respiratory ailments.[178]
Laboratory tests showed it has
some inhibitory activity against
Turnera White
various fungi, such as Candida
subulata buttercup
glabrata, Aspergillus flavus, A.
niger, A. fumigatus, Penicillium
chrysogenum, and Candida
albicans.[178]

U[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name
It has a long history of use in South
Uncaria
Cat's claw America to prevent and treat
tomentosa
disease.[179]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name
It has been used in the traditional
Austrian medicine internally (as tea or
Common fresh leaves) to treat disorders of the
Urtica nettle, kidneys and urinary tract,
dioica stinging gastrointestinal tract, locomotor
nettle system, skin, cardiovascular system,
hemorrhage, influenza, rheumatism,
and gout.[180]

V[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

They are of current medical

Vaccinium
Blueberries interest as an antioxidant[181][182] and
spec.
for urinary tract ailments.[183]

It was used historically as a

vulnerary and for urinary disorders,
Vaccinium diarrhea, diabetes, stomach
Cranberry
macrocarpon ailments, and liver problems.
Modern usage has concentrated on
urinary tract related problems.[184]

Vaccinium It is used to treat diarrhea, scurvy,

Bilberry
myrtillus and other conditions.[185]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

It has been used since at least

Valeriana
Valerian ancient Greece and Rome for sleep
officinalis
disorders and anxiety.[186]

It contains glycyrrhizin compounds

Verbascum Common with bactericide and potential anti-
thapsus mullein tumoral action. These compounds
are concentrated in the flowers.[187]

Verbena It is used for sore throats and

Verbena
officinalis respiratory tract diseases.[188]

The plant is used by both primates

Vernonia and indigenous peoples in Africa to
Bitter leaf
amygdalina treat intestinal ailments such as
dysentery.[189][190]

Veronica The plant is used for sinus and ear

Veronica
officinalis infections.[191]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name
V. tinus has medicinal properties.
The active ingredients are viburnin
(a substance or more probably a
mixture of compounds) and
tannins. Tannins can cause
stomach upset. The leaves when
Viburnum
Laurustinus infused have antipyretic properties.
tinus
The fruits have been used as
purgatives against constipation.
The tincture has been used lately in
herbal medicine as a remedy for
depression. The plant also contains
iridoid glucosides.[192]
It is one of many viola plant
species containing cyclotides.
These small peptides have proven
to be useful in drug development
due to their size and structure
Viola tricolor Wild pansy
giving rise to high stability. Many
cyclotides, found in Viola tricolor
are cytotoxic.[193] This feature
means that it could be used to treat
cancers.[194][195]

European It has been used to treat seizures,

Viscum album
mistletoe headaches, and other conditions.[196]

It has been used for over thousands

Vitex agnus-
Chasteberry of years for menstrual problems,
castus
and to stimulate lactation.[197]
 Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

The leaves and fruit have been

Vitis vinifera Grape used medicinally since the ancient
Greeks.[198]

W[edit]
Scientific
Name Description Picture
name

The plant's long, brown, tuberous

roots are used in traditional
Withania medicine. In Ayurveda, the
Ashwagandha
somnifera berries and leaves are applied
externally to tumors, tubercular
glands, carbuncles, and ulcers.[199]

X[edit]
Scientific name Name Description Picture
Xanthoparmelia It is a lichen used for sexual
n.n
scabrosa dysfunction.[200]

Y[edit]
Scientific name Name Description Picture
The plant is antitussive and febrifuge. It is
Youngia Japanese
also used in the treatment of boils and
japonica hawkweed
snakebites.[201]

Z[edit]
Scientific name Name Description Picture

Zingiber The plant is used to relieve

Ginger
officinale nausea.[202]