Flexible A.

C Transmission Systems

UNIT-1

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Why there is a need of interconnection in electrical power systems?

2. What are the problems with interconnected power systems?
3. Why there is need of compensation in power systems?
4. What are the conventional methods used for compensation in power systems?
5. Explain how power flows & types of powers in ac systems?
6. How power flow takes place in parallel electrical systems?
7. What are the different methods to control how of power in a parallel path in electrical
power systems?
8. How amount of power flow can be controlled in a mesh connected ac power system?
9. Why there is a need of interconnection in electrical power systems?
10. What are the problems with interconnected power systems?
11. Why there is need of compensation in power systems?
12. What are the conventional methods used for compensation in power systems?
13. Explain how power flows & types of powers in ac systems?
14. How power flow takes place in parallel electrical systems?
15. What are the different methods to control how of power in a parallel path in electrical
power systems?
16. How amount of power flow can be controlled in a mesh connected ac power system?

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1)Why there is a need of Transmission interconnections

2) Explain how power flows & types of powers in ac systems?
3) Explain briefly loading capability limits.
4)What are the Dynamic stability considerations.
5)Briefly explain the importance of controllable parameters.
6) Explain briefly the basic types of FACTS controllers.
7) What are the benefits from FACTS controllers.

UNIT II
Voltage Source Converters
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1)Voltage And Current Ratings Of Inverter Switches.

2) Applications Of Square Wave Inverter.

3)How to Get AC Output From DC Input Supply?

 4) Need for Isolated Gate-Control Signals For The Switches.

5) Classification of Voltage Source Inverters

6) Draw the circuit diagram of A 3-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) feeding a balanced
load.

7) Voltage and Current Ratings Of Inverter Switches

8) Uses Of 3-Phase Square Wave Inverter.

9) Limitations Of 3-Phase Square Wave Inverter

10) Draw the voltage space-vectors output by a 3-phase inverter.

11) Write some Other Popular PWM Techniques.

12) Draw single phase current source inverter (CSI) of ASCI type.

13) Advantages of Three-phase Current Source Inverter.

14 Disadvantages of Three-phase Current Source Inverter.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1)Single phase full wave bridge converters transformer connections for 12 pulse
operation.
2) Three phase full wave bridge converters transformer connections for 12 pulse
operation.
3)Three level voltage source converter.
4) Explain briefly pulse width modulation converter.
5)Basic concept of current source Converters.
6) comparison of current source converters with voltage source converters.
7) Explain briefly Operation of single-phase current source inverter (CSI) of ASCI type.

8) Explain briefly operation of Three-phase Current Source Inverter.

 UNIT III

Static Shunt Compensation

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1)Draw schematically the basic voltage-sourced converter scheme for reactive power
generation.
2)What are the Basic converter schemes used for reactive power generation?
3)Main functions of the internal converter control.
4)Basic control scheme for the voltage-sourced converter type var generator
controlling
the reactive output by the variation of the dc-capacitor voltage ("indirect" output
voltage control).
5)Basic control scheme for the voltage-sourced converter type var generator
controlling the reactive output by internal voltage.
6) Draw the three-phase, three-level 12-pulse bridge.
7) Draw the three-phase, two-level 6-pulse bridge.
8) The basic principle of reactive power generation by a voltage-sourced converter.
9) Draw the loss versus var output characteristic of the TSC-TCR type static var
generator.
10) Functional control scheme for the TSC-TCR type static var generator.
11) Functional logic for the implementation of "transient-free" switching strategy for
the TSC.
12)What are the objectives of shunt compensation?
13)How shunt compensation is classified? Explain in detail.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1) Midpoint Voltage Regulation for Line Segmentation

2) End of Line Voltage Support to Prevent Voltage Instability
3) Improvement of Transient Stability
4) Power Oscillation Damping
5) Summary of Compensator Requirements
6) Variable Impedance Type Static Var Generators
6)The Thyristor-Switched Capacitor (TSC).
7)Fixed Capacitor, Thyristor-Controlled Reactor Type Var Generator
8)The Thyristor-Controlled and Thyristor-Switched Reactor (TCR and TSR).
9) Switching Converter Type Var Generators
10)Hybrid Var Generators: Switching Converter with TSC and TCR
11)Summary of Static Var Generators
 UNIT IV

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is meant by FACTS?

2. What is real power?
3. What are the sources of real power?
4. What is the need for reactive power?
5. What is reactive power?
6. What are the sources of reactive power?
7. Main objectives of FACTS?
8. Who implemented the FACTS concept? For what?
9. What are the types of FACTS devices?
10. What are the types of FACTS controllers?
11. Write down the advantages of FACTS.
12. Define reactive power control.
13.What is the reactive power value ‘Q’ for electromagnetic devices?
14. What is the reactive power value ‘Q’ for electrostatic devices?
15. What is reactive power compensation? Compensators

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. The operation of STATCOM is based on the operation of syn. m/c as rotating

syn.Condenser explains?
2. Explain the working principle & V – I char. Of STATCOM?
3. Draw control schemer of STATCOM & explain?
4. What are the different types of losses in STATCOM?
5. Why there is need of hybrid VAR generators?
6. Explain the comparison between different types of SVC’s
7. Explain the operation of the SVC (FC+TCR) and derive the equations used. Also
explain how the SVC is able to regulate the HVAC bus voltage.
8. Explain the principle of operation of STATCOM. Show that the steady state stability
margin can be enhanced
9. Compare STATCOM with SVC

10. Explain about the effect of electrical coupling and short circuit level on the controller
interaction between multiple SVCs that are located in a power system.
11. Discuss in detail about the role of SVC in improving the stability limit and enhancing
the power system damping
12. Describe the construction and operating characteristics of synchronous condensers.
13. Explain the performance of VSC based STATCOM.
14. Explain the design of SVC voltage regulator. Also discuss the influence of SVC on
system voltage
15. Discuss in detail the effect of SVC for the enhancement of transient stability.
 16. Using a general schematic diagram, explain the three basic modes of SVC control in
detail.
17. Explain the application of SVC for prevention of voltage instability.
18. How do you enhance the damping in power system using SVC?
19. Explain the design of SVC voltage regulator and discuss the voltage control capability
of SVC. What are the advantages of slope in dynamic characteristics of SVC.

UNIT V

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Explain the basic operating principle of an UPFC.

2. Explain how a UPFC is different than a simple VSC.
3. How an UPFC scheme can be implemented using two back to back voltage source
converters.
4. Give the block diagram for a basic UPFC control scheme.
5. Differentiate clearly between an UPFC & IPFC
6. Give a basic two-converter scheme for IPFC.
7. Explain how the control of a basic IPFC is achieved
8. What do you mean by a generalized FACTS controller?
9. Give the block diagram for a generalize IPFC.
10. Draw the VI Characteristics of SSSC.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. By means of a block diagram simulate a generalize IPFC which can be operated as a

STATCOM, SSSC, UPFC OR IPFC.
2. Explain in detail the phenomenon of sub synchronous resonance (SSR) with an
Example.
3. Explain why present transmission system with capacitive series compensation is
prone to SSR.
4. Give the objective of NGH-SSR damping scheme
5. Give detailed explanation NGH-SSR damping scheme with circuit diagram, wave
diagram & control scheme.
6. Explain the basic control of TCBR.
7. How TCBR. is used to improve the transient stability.
8. Give use of TCBR for power oscillation damping.
9. Explain the different modes of operations of TCSC?
10. Draw V-I and X-I characteristics curves for single module TCSC and Two module
TCSC.

Unit-2

2 marks questions

1)What are the basic categories of self-commutating converters

2) Draw the Single-phase, full-wave, voltage-sourced converter circuit diagram, Phase
relationship between current and voltage.

3) Write about Four Operating Modes in One Cycle of a Single-Phase Converter.

4) Draw the circuit diagram of a three-phase, full-wave voltage-sourced converter

5) Draw DC current waveforms of a three-phase, full-wave voltage-sourced converter.

6) The circulating current equation of each non-12-pulse harmonic.

7) what are the different types of current-sourced converters?

8) Write short note on (a) voltage-sourced converter; (b) current-sourced converter.

9) Draw Equivalent circuit for a current-sourced converter.

10) What factors influence the Voltage and Current Ratings of Inverter Switches.

11) List two applications where a 3- phase square wave inverter could be used.

12) sketch the Topology of a 1-phase VSI

Quiz Problems

1. A large capacitor, put across dc bus of a voltage source inverter, is intended to:
(a) allow a low impedance path to the high frequency component of dc link current.
(b) to minimize high frequency current ripple through the ideal dc source.
(c) to maintain a constant dc link current.
(d) to protect against switch failure.

2. A diode in anti-parallel with the controlled switch, like IGBT, is used in VSI to:
(a) prevent reversal of dc link current.
(b) allow a non-unity power factor load at the output.
(c) protect the circuit against accidental reversal of dc bus polarity.
(d) none of the above.
3. The inverter switches work in fully-on or fully off mode to achieve:
(a) easier gate control circuit for the switching devices.
(b) minimum distortion in the output voltage waveform.
(c) reduced losses in the switches.
(d) satisfactory operation for non-resistive load at the output.
4. Gate (base) signals to the VSI switches, using n-channel IGBTs, need to be isolated to
allow:
(a) protection of switches against short at the inverter output terminals.
(b) switches to be connected in bridge fashion.
(c) lower losses in the gate drive circuit.
(d) a dc link voltage higher than the switch voltage rating.
(Answers to the quiz problems: 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-b)

(1) A 3-phase square wave inverter feeds a balanced 3-phase resistive-inductive load. The
load phase current will contain, apart from the fundamental frequency current, the following
harmonic currents:
(a) All odd multiples of fundamental
(b) All odd and even multiples of fundamental
(c) All even multiples of fundamental except 6th and multiples of 6th
(d) All odd multiples of fundamental except 3rd and multiples of 3rd

(2) The six-stepped load phase voltage of a 3-phase square wave inverter, with a dc link
voltage of 100 volts, will have the following rms magnitudes of 1st, 3rd and 5th harmonic
voltages:
(a) 10V, 30V and 50V respectively
(b) 100V, 33.3V and 20V respectively
(c) 90V, 30V and 0 respectively
(d) 45V, 0 and 9V respectively

(3) A 3-phase square wave inverter, fed from a fixed dc input, can produce the following
type of ac (fundamental component) voltages:
(a) Variable voltage variable frequency type
(b) Fixed voltage variable frequency type
(c) Variable voltage fixed frequency type
(d) None of the above

(4) A 3-phase square wave inverter feeds a balanced 3-phase inductance type load. The
worst-case load phase current (peak magnitude) is expected to be 100 amps and the worst-
case dc input voltage is expected to be 600 volts. The diodes of the inverter will be subjected
to the following peak voltage and current stresses:

(a) 600V, 100A (b) 600V, 70.7A (c) 424V, 70.7A (d) 424V, 100A

(Answers: 1-d, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a)