EARTH AND WATER PRESSURE 44 4.2 43 4a 4.6 47 48 49 4.10 411 4.12 4.13 44 4AS 4.16 CONTENTS Page No Notation an Determination of Soil Properties . 42 Types of Borehole Samples and Methods of Testing 43 4.2.1 Cohesionless Soils (Gravel, Sand etc) ....4/3 4.2.2 Cohesive Soils (Clays & Silts) 43 4.2.3 Mixed Soils (Sand with Clay, Sand with Sitt) ala 4.2.4 Rock ala 4.2.5 Geophysical Methods of Site Investigation Aa 4.2.6 Chemical Analysis. ala 4.2.7 Seepage Water Ala Information Required for Design of Steel Sheet Pile Retaining Walls and Cofferdams 4s ‘Typical Soil Properties 4/6 Earth Pressure Calculation an Cohesionless Soils. 48 Cohesive Soils a9 4.7.1 Permanent Structures... 4/9 4.7.2 Temporary Structures 4/9 Cohesive and Mixed Soils. 4no Wall Adhesion an Tension Crack am ‘Superimposed Loa 4m Battered Walls an Pressure Calculations... Ai Concentrated and Linear Surcharge ....4/12 Sloping Ground Surface UP Earth Pressure Calculation Example......4/13Notation Yr Bulk “weight density of soil Submerged "weight density” of soil “Weight density” of water Units kNym3 kN/m3 kN/m3 Angle of interna degrees friction of soil (total stress) Angle of internal degrees friction of soil (effective stress parameter) Angle of friction degrees between soil and piles Cohesion of soil (total stress) Cohesion of soil (effective stress parameter) Adhesion between soil and piles Height of soil above any level under consideration Coefficient of active pressure for cohesionless soils Coefficient of active pressure for cohesive soils Intensity of active pressure Total load per metre run of wall due to active pressure Piling Handbook, Feb 97 kN/m2 kNim2 kNém2 m kN/m2 KN Coefficient of passive pressure for cohesionless soils pe Coefficient of passive - pressure for cohesive soils Py Total load per metre run KN of wail due to passive pressure Py Intensity of water kvm? pressure Pp Intensity of passive ktm? pressure “Weight Density” in kN/m? can be readily converted to "Mass Density” in kg/m3 by multiplying by 102 Types of Soil 1. Cohesionless soils: granular materials such as sand, gravel, hardcore, rock filling etc 2. Cohesive soils: clays and silts. Under certain conditions chalk and other similar materials can be treated as cohesive soils 3. Mixed soils: combinations of groups 1 and 2 such as sand with clay, or sand with silt. 4, Rock. Note: There are certain qualifications to the information contained in this chapter which are dependent upon the type of structure under consideration, ie a temporary cofferdam, permanent retaining wall, etc. These are given in the appropriate place. Page 4/14.1 Determination of Soil Properties Site Investigation, Boreholes, Soil Sampling and Testing ‘The precise and adequate determination of site conditions prior to the commencement of any form of civil engineering con- struction work is necessarily regarded as standard practice Work of this nature should be carried out in accordance with BS 5930:1981 - Code of Practice for Site Investigations. Where piled foundations, cofferdams, retaining walls etc are to be driven it is essential that as much information as possible be obtained regarding strata, ground water, tidal water, embankments, existing foundations, buried services and the like in order to design the most suitable piling in terms of strength, stability and economy. Table 4.1.1 Field Identification of Soils Full _use should therefore be made of all available information, no matter how old, in fegard to previous investigation of the proposed site and its surroundings. Such information should be supplemented with data obtainable from borehole sampling and testing, the number of boreholes depending upon the size and nature of the site. For piling work, it is customary to sink boreholes at intervals of 30 to 60m centres and to carry them well below the anticipated depth of the proposed piling Cofferdam boreholes should be sunk within the proposed enclosure area. To assess the precise nature of the ground, samples should be taken at regular intervals of a depth or whenever the change in stratum occurs. Samples obtained by the borehole method must be correctly labelled to avoid possible error. Duplicate records of all boreholes giving depth and location, should also be maintained with the fingers. pressure in the fingers. with the fingers. brittle or very tough. Very Soft |Exudes between fingers when squeezed in fist. Soft | Can be readily excavated with a spade and can be easily moulded Firm | Can be excavated with a spade and can be moulded by substantial j Stiff Requires a pick or pneumatic spade for its removal and cannot be moulded Very Stiff | Requires a pick or pneumatic spade for its removal and will be hard and Many stiff clays exist in their natural state with a network of joints or fissures. A large piece of such clay, when dropped, will break into polyhedral fragments. If possible, it should be determined whether the clay is fissured or intact, as this could be a criterion in the design of steel sheet structures, Page 4/2 ing Handbook, Feb 974.2 Types of Borehole Sample and Methods of Testing 4.2.1 Cohesionless Soils (Gravel, Sand etc) Air tight jar or bag samples (disturbed). Normally forwarded to the laboratory for scientific analysis. When examined on site, this should be carried out by @ qualified engineer or geologist. Table 4.2.1 Relationship of In-situ Tests to Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils Relative Standard | Cone | Density | Penetration] Penetration, (Degrees) i Test ‘a (Nm®| Very Loose 25 25 Loose 410 | 2575 | 28 Med Dense | 10-30 | 75-150] 30 Dense | 30-50 | 150-250} 36 [Very Dense | Over 50 | Over 25.0] 41 (see M_ J Tomlinson - Foundation Design and Construction and TESPA - Installation of Steel Sheet Piles) Standard Penetration Test (in-situ density). The resistance offered by a cohesionless soil to a 50mm external diameter thick-walled sample tube when driven into the bottom of a borehole can be approximated to the relative density of the soil encountered. It is usual to neglect the disturbance. The force applied is equated to a free-falling load of 64kg travelling 760mm before impact, the number of blows (N) per 300mm of penetration being recorded. See Table 4.2.1 for interpretation of results, Shear Box Test. Used to determine the angle of internal friction. Because granular soils are relatively free draining, any excess pore water pressures developed, even under rapid loading, will dissipate readily. Hence the results of this test will always give effective stress values (a) Piling Handbook, Feb 97 Mechanical Analysis. This comprises two stages involving the separation of coarser particles by means of BS sieves and determination of the size of finer particles by a special sedimentation process known as wet analysis, The subject of mechanical analysis exceeds the scope of this type of handbook. Reference should be made to appropriate literature for methods of procedure. 4.2.2 Cohesive Soils (Clays and Silts) Shear strength. Two distinct methods of testing are given as the correct procedure, ie “direct shear tests and “indirect” shear tests. Direct shear testing involves the use of the Vane Test in which a metal vane is pushed into the soil in the borehole and torque applied. Measurement of the resultant angle- of-twist in the transmitting rod or spring indicates the magnitude of the torque, hence, the strength of the sample material Indirect shear tests are carried out on undisturbed samples in two forms: 1, Triaxial Compression Test wherein a cylindrical specimen (undrained) is subjected to a constant lateral hydrostatic pressure whilst the axial pressure is steadily increased to the yield point of the material This test will give the “total” stress parameters of and ¢ for all types of clay. When “effective” stress parameters are required (6° and c’), a drained triaxial test should be performed, with the strain rate sufficiently low to ensure the dissipation of pore water pressures. 'f no effective stress parameters are available from drained triaxial tests, the following table may be used for initial design studies and would tend to give conservative results. Page 4/3Table 4.2.2.1 Relationship of Moisture Content and Plasticity Index to the Strength of Cohesive Soils(See BS 8002) Description Plasticity Undrained Drained v Index Cohesionc | Cohesion c’ Degrees (%) (kN/m?) (kN/m?) Very Soft >80 <20 0 15 | Soft 80 20-40 0 | Firm 50 50-75 0 20 | Stiff | 30 100-150 0 25 | Very Stiff | 15 >150 0 30 | 2. Unconfined Compression Test which measures the shear strength of undrained cohesive soils under zero lateral pressure by means of a special test apparatus, normally portable. Natural Moisture Content. Determination of the natural or in-situ moisture content of a soil sample by weighing before and after drying the sample in a ventilated oven at 105°C. The loss of weight is expressed as a percentage of the final or “dry weight” Bulk Density, Liquid and Plastics Limits. Moisture content is similarly involved in ‘these tests which are best described in BS 1377, to which the reader should refer. 4.2.3 Mixed Soils (Sand with Clay, Sand with Silt) The method referred to in “Cohesive Soils” may be applied to the testing of mixed or combined soils 4.2.4 Rock The resistance to drilling is a good indication of strata material strength Where possible, especially during the exploration of virgin territory, samples of rock should be obtained for analysis. Page 4/4 4.2.5 Geophysical Methods of Site Investigation Information produced as a result of this type of survey should be used only to supplement borehole sampling. It should not be regarded as an alternative method of site investigation. 4.2.6 Chemical Analysis The destructive influence of natural deposits and buried waste of industrial effluent should be fully investigated during soil sampling and testing Examination will reveal the suitability of the anti-corrosion measures referred to in Chapter 3, or the need for special precautionary measures. 4.2.7 Seepage Water The effect which water has on the engineering properties of a soil must be clearly understood and carefully considered during the site investigation period. in addition to the tests on individual soil samples, the direction of seepage, upwards and downwards, should be determined before any decision is reached on the design of a piling system. Piling Handbook, Feb 974.3 Information Required for the Design of Steel Sheet Pile Retaining Walls and Cofferdams Having determined the precise nature of the ground within the site and ascertained the individual soil properties, it is desirable to release certain basic information to the piling designer to ensure the best possible arrangement in terms of strength and economy. The minimum details should include the following M Copies of relevant site drawings showing the projected retaining wall/ cofferdam areas and the proximity of the roads, rail or crane tracks, buildings, embankments, viaducts and waterways. ME Information regarding any under- ground workings, surface traffic loadings, capital plant or heavy machinery which could be affected by piling operations or in turn, affect ground stability by vibration HM Copies of actual borehole logs, soil analyses and test reports. M™ Details of any faults or fissures encountered during driling IB Details of seasonal rainfalls, standing water levels, tidal waters and the depths of off-shore reaches. Stream and river velocities, currents etc, should be given where possible. Piling Handbook, Feb 97 Page 4/5uoneBassru! punoiG Woy paulergo ag A\jewuou Pinoys sajuadoud [105 :310N Osi< 0 = el 0zi o1z ooze : . Rep wns Aan, lost 02 001 0 = gol Olt 902 oolz = a AeD wns SLOG 0 86 00! v6L 0002 7 : Aep wud op 107 0 = se 006 gel 0061 = = Ari 40s oe 0 . 88 006 gel 0061 . e Ae yos Aran ons 0 7 88 006 gel 0061 4 . ‘Rep Apues oL ol 7 6L 008 Lu 008! 7 : uIS or ol x6 001 961 o0oz cst 091 Nos Ause07 s § 86 0001 wa OsLL tol osrl pnyy sonny S S . oe og 8 oe! 7 : 0 Ov se ee oor 86 ooo! v9 os9 0 SE 0€ 88 006 Lol Oost sit oz! 0 sp ov 86 0001 wa OséL Lot cost 0 Sp Or 86 0001 wa oset ve Oost 0 sp ov 6L 008 zat OsLL gz OE 102p2H 9p 0 ov Se £0L sol wu OSLt vst 0081 ) 0 ov SE €0t sol 78h oss L9L 0041 pues asieo) 0 se Oe €0L sol 98L 0061 zu Oszt pues aul eU/N| el/N en wAysuea | gun | Ausuag | guy6y | Aysuea | w/b ZN saaiGeq | seeiBeq | bien, | Aysueqd | 16m, | Aysued | iysiem, | Aisued uo|ssyop| _paieduioy | 25007 _[pabvewgns|patiewiqns) na xing ne na uonouy jewsenu yo ajGuy | payeduioys0 asooy | papeduioy || 800 sanuadord [105 |@>14AL pt aIGeL Feb 97 Piling Handbook, Page 4/64.5 Earth Pressure Calculation Calculation of Earth Pressures for Limit State Design The method of calculation of design earth and water pressures will be subject to some change in the future as designers adopt the ‘limit-state’ approach given in Eurocodes 1 - ‘Basis of Design and Actions and Structures’, 3 - ‘Design of Steel Structures’ and 7 - ‘Geotechnical Design Rules’. Using this approach, the value of earth pressures (which are classed as actions on the wall) due to both permanent and transient actions eg weights of soil, water pressure and traffic loads and the characteristic strength parameters of the soils, will be modified by the application of partial factors. The value of these factors will depend on the limit state and design case under consideration and whether the action is permanent or variable, favourable or unfavourable. Until these new codes are widely adopted by designers this chapter will focus on the ‘traditional’ methods of earth and water pressure calculation. Throughout this chapter formulae and tables are shown in terms of @ and c wherever appropriate (see page 4/8, Cohesionless Soils and page 4/9 Cohesive Soils). Piling Handbook, Feb 97 The pressures applied to a vertical wall when the ground surfaces are horizontal are calculated as follows: Active pressure = p,= yhetan? (45-3) 2cten (s-2) Passive Pressure = py= yhran (5+) + 2c1an( 05-9) The terms tar? is) ante (as «#) can be more conveniently referred to as Ky coefficient of active pressure and K coefficient of passive pressure respectively Hence pz = y.h.Ky- 2.6, V Ke and py =y.h.K, + 2.c.v Ky The above expressions do not allow for the effects of friction and adhesion between the earth and the wall. They are based on the extensions to the Rankine Equation (by ‘the addition of cohesion), from ‘Earth Pressures’ - A.L. Bell: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 199 - 1915, Page 4/74.6 Cohesionless Soils Cohesionless soils are free draining, therefore excess pore water pressures, created during construction, will dissipate so rapidly that “effective” stress condition exists in both the short and long term. Hence ¢" is used throughout. The effect of wall friction on active pressures is small and usually ignored. Values of K, are given in Table 4.6.1 Table 4.6.1 Values of K, Table 4.6.2 Values of Ky Values] Values of @ lofd [25° [30° | 35° | 40° [45° lo 0.41 | 0.33] 0.27] 0.22] 0.17 10° | 0.37] 0.31] 0.25] 0.20] 0.16 20° | 0.34} 0.28] 0.23] 0.19] 0.15 S0t lee 0.26| 0.21] 0.17] 0.15 Values of Values of & 2 e © 0 12o | 238 15.0 17 2.0 2.0 20.0 24 25 27 22.0 22 27 3.0 24.0 24 3.0 33 26.0 25 34 38 28.0 28 38 43 30.0 3.0 44 5.0 32.0 33 5.0 58 34.0 3.6 5.8 68 36.0 39 6.6 78 38.0 42 78 9.0 40.0 46 9.0 45.0 58 The value of the coefficient of wall friction, tan 8, for passive pressures is usually assumed to be 2/31ds of tan 4, but it is sufficiently accurate to take the angle as 2/3rds of 9. The effect of wall friction on. passive pressures is taken into account by using modified values as K, as given in Table 4.6.2. Page 4/8 NOTE: For the design of maritime structures using sheet piling, clause 50 BS.6349 : Part 1 : 1984 gives guidance on the maximum angle of passive wall friction that may be used. In cohesionless soils, the soil below ground water level should be taken at submerged density when calculating the earth pressures. To these pressures, the full water pressure is added. Piling Handbook, Feb 97maga pare ND WAT 4.7 Cohesive Soils The strength parameters of cohesive soils may change significantly over a period of time due to the pore water pressure changes induced following construction of a retaining structure. The change of strength is caused by equalisation of negative pore water pressure in the soil and results in reduced values of cohesion (c) but, increased values of angle of internal friction (@'). The initial parameters are referred to as “total” stress values (which are derived from undrained triaxial tests) and the modified condition is referred to as “effective stress values” (which are derived from drained triaxial tests 4/3) Whilst all cohesive soils are subject to these changes, the effective stress condition is not usually critical when fine silts and naturally consolidated and slightly over-consolidated clays, ie those with undrained cohesion values of less than 40kN/m?, are involved, since the change from total to effective parameters gives an overall increase in soil strength. However, the reverse is true for over-consolidated clays, ie those with undrained cohesion values in excess of 40 kN/m2. The overall strength wil, in most cases, be reduced as the stress condition changes from total to effective because the loss of substantial cohesive strength is not compensated adequately by the increasing angle of internal friction. Piling Handbook, Feb 97 ER PRESSURE. 4.7.1 Permanent Structures The critical design condition for permanent structures in fine silts, normally and slightly over consolidated clays, will usually be that using total stress parameters, although a check with the alternative effective values may be advisable The critical design condition for permanent structures in over consolidated clays will usually be with effective stress parameters, but a check using total values may be advisable 4.7.2 Temporary Structures When the anticipated life of the structure is less than three months and subject to the degree of permeability of the strata and protection it receives from weathering, the design need only be executed with total stress parameters. In these cases it is wise to assume that where cohesive soils are exposed at the passive soil surface, there will be a total loss of cohesion at the passive surface with a progressive recovery to full cohesion at a depth of one metre below the surface. This is to make an allowance for the effects of softening due to the relief of overburden pressures during excavation and the resulting heave, and the remoulding induced by the passage of excavating equipment Temporary structures of greater than three months anticipated life should be treated as permanent structures, Page 4/94.8 Cohesive and Mixed Soils The effects of wall friction and adhesion on active pressures are taken into account by using modified values of Ka and substituting Kee for the terms 2vKo. Table 4.8.1 Values of Ky and Kye The expression for active pressure thus becomes: pa = y.b.Ka ~ Kacc Values Ka and Kac are given in table 4.8.1. Values | Values Values of @ ofd | ofa [aac o 5° io | 1° | 20 | 2° K 0 |AllValues| 1.00 | 085 | 0.70 | 059 | 048 | 0.40 > [aliValues| 1.00 | 0.78 | 064 | 050 | 040 | 032 Kae 0 0 z00 | 183 | 168 | 154 | 140 | 1.29 0 1 283 | 260 | 238 | 216 | 1.96 | 1.76 % o5 | 245 | 210 | 182 | 155 | 1.32 | 1.15 i 1 28s | 240 ee | leo oe el The effects of wall friction and adhesion on passive pressure are taken into account by using modified values of K, and substituting Kpe for the term 2vK,, The expression for passive pressure thus becomes: ppayh.KytK gcc Values of Kp and Kec are given in table 48.2 Table 4.8.2 Values of Ky and Kye | Values ] Values Values of $ of | ofca | c o° 5° M02 152 | 208 | 2b: Kp 0 [allVaues| 1.0 | 12 Ta [ a Pood 25 o lallVaues| 1.0 | 13 16 | 22 29 39 Kre 0 o | 20 | 22 24 | 26 | 28 31 0 0s 24 | 26 2g) | 32 35 38 | 0 1 26 | 29 32 | 36 | 40 | 44 | 6 05 24 | 28 33 | 38 | 45 55 oof 2.6 29 3A 39 47 57 Page 4/10 Piling Handbook, Feb 974.9 Wall Adhesion Wall adhesion c, should be taken as being equal to c, up to a maximum of SOkN/m2 for active pressures, and equal to 1/2c up to a maximum of 25kN/m2 for passive pressures The effect of wall friction and wall adhesion on active pressures should only be taken into account when the wall is prevented from moving downwards by adequate penetration. Similarly, the effects of wall friction and wall adhesion on passive pressures should only be taken into account when the wall is adequately restrained against upward movement. Such restraint is usually provided by friction between the retained earth and the back of the wali Where the wall tends to move downwards due to the application of external permanent vertical loading the value of ca for passive pressures may be taken as equal to c but should not exceed 50kN/m?. Under these conditions the effects of wall adhesion on active pressures should be ignored. 4.10 Tension Crack When soils with a high cohesion are involved, it may be found that the calculated active pressure has a negative value, which in fact represents zero Pressure, However, when this occurs, allowance should be made for the intrusion of water between the piles and Piling Handbook, Feb 97 a the soil which will produce an active pressure equivalent to full hydrostatic head up to ground water level. If ground water is not likely to be present, an alternative substitution for zero active pressure in cohesive soils is that of the pressure due to an equivalent fluid of 5 kN/m3 weight density. 4.11 Superimposed Loading This is taken into account by adding the intensity of the load to the value of y.h 4.12 Battered Walls The effect of batters up to 5° may be neglected 4.13 Pressure Calculations A convenient system for the calculation of earth pressures is as follows: 1. Calculate the value of y.h at the ground surface and each subsequent change in stratum down to a point well below the excavation level. This is done commencing at existing ground level for active pressures and at excavation level for passive pressures. 2. The earth pressure at any level is then obtained by substituting the appropriate value of y.h in the expressions for the active or passive pressure, using the co-efficients and properties applicable to the stratum under consideration. Page 4/11Fig 4.14.1 Fig 4.15.1 Page 4/12 4.14 Concentrated and Linear Surcharge These are treated in a similar manner to superimposed loads except that allowance should be made for dissipation of the load at increasing depth. There are various methods of allowing for this dissipation and the following is suggested by Krey when designing for cohesionless soils. The maximum increase in horizontal total stress (Ao, is given by: Ag.tan2 (45° - '/2) max) = (o D4 (1 + tan’ (45°- gD) wz where q = magnitude of surcharge (kN/me2) a=xtano! x/ tan (45°- 9/2) z/ tan (45°- $'/2) 4.15 Sloping Ground Surface Approximate pressures can be obtained by assuming a horizontal surface and increasing the pressures thus obtained by 5% for each 5° inclination above the horizontal Alternatively an arbitrary horizontal ground surface, at some level above that at which the sloping surface intersects the wall, may be assumed. When dealing with cohesionless soils the following method may be adopted Pe at A= 0.Ka Pa at B= y.hi.Ka Pa at C= y.h2.Ka Piling Handbook, Feb 974.16 Earth Pressure Calculation Example The coefficients of earth pressure for each type of soil are obtained from tables in sections 4.6 and 4.8. Table 4.16.1 Values of Ka, Kae: Kp Kpe Ka | Kac | Kp | Kpe Loose Fine Sand [0.33] - |4.90) - Soft Clay 1.00 / 2.83] 1.00|2.40] sand and Gravel |0.27/ - |6.00| - Firm Clay 1.00} 2.00! 1.00]2.30 Calculation of Overburden The mass densities of the materials must be converted to weight densities before calculation of overburden, ie the mass density in kg/m? divided by 101.97 will give the weight density in kN/m?. For simplicity the figure of 100 has been used in the following calculations. As cohesive strata are impervious to the passage of water, the bulk weight density should be used. This in turn means that the uplift thus created on the underside of such strata must be deducted when calculating the over- burden in subsequent non-cohesive strata. The method of calculating the overburden is shown overleaf: Piling Handbook, Feb 97 Page 4/13 ass ee esa ss nee esre sass mess Gsnaeseeseasnsnasune sssnsnasnesssrssestsen lureleatleustseuenunseee leis EoieEe SEE SS ee Soil Overburden: Active Side Overburden at ground level Overburden at ~ 1.2m level in loose fine sand Overburden at ~ 2.4m level in loose fine sand Overburden at ~ 2.4m level in soft clay Overburden at - 6.1m level in soft clay = (19x3.7)4+43 13.3 kW/m? Overburden at ~ 6.1m level in compact gravel 13.3 kN/m? Overburden at — 7.9m level in compact gravel =(11x1.8)4113.3 = 133.1 kN/im? Overburden at - 11.0m level in compact gravel = (11x3.1}-133.1 67.2 kN/m? Overburden at - 11.0m level in firm clay 67.2 kN/m? 17.5x1.2)+10. = (10x1.2)+31 Overburden at — 13.0m level in firm clay = (20x2)4167.2 = 207.2 kN/m? Soil Overburden: Passive Side Overburden at — 7.9m level = 0.0 kN/m? Overburden at — 11.0m level in compact gravel = (11x3.1) Overburden at - 11.0m level in firm clay Overburden at ~ 13.0m level in firm clay = (20x2)+34.1 Revised Overburden with effects of water pressure and buoyancy added: Active Side Overburden at ground level Overburden at - 1.2m level in loose fine sand Overburden at ~ 2.4m level in loose fine sand Overburden at - 2.4m level in soft clay = 43412 Overburden at - 6.1m level in soft clay = 113.3412 Overburden at — 6.1m level in compact gravel = 125.3-49 Overburden at - 7.9m level in compact gravel = (11x1.8)+76.3 Overburden at — 11.0m level in compact gravel = (11x3.1)+96.1 = 130.2 kN/m? Overburden at — 11.0m level in firm clay = 130.2+98 28.2 kN/m? Overburden at ~ 13.0m level in firm clay = (20x2)+228.2 68.2 kN/m? Revised Overburden with effects of water pressure and buoyancy added: Passive Side Overburden at - 7.9m level = 0.0 kN/m2 Overburden at - 11.0m level in compact gravel = 34.1 kN? Overburden at — 11.0m level in firm clay =34.1431 5.1 kN/m? Overburden at — 13.0m level in firm clay = (20x2)465.1 05.1 kN/m2 Page 4/14 Piling Handbook, Feb 97Earth Pressures Poat ground level = 3.3 Nim? Pa at - 1.2m level in loose fine sand = 10.2 kN/m? Pa at ~ 2.4m level in loose fine sand = (43x0.33)412 = 26.2 kN/m? Paat - 2.4m level in soft clay = 55-(2.83x20) = -1.6 kN/m? or 12 kN/m? pw Poat - 6.1m level in soft clay = 125.342.83x20) = 68.7 kN/m? Peat = 6.1m level in sand and gravel = (76.3x0,27)+49 = 69.6 kN/m? Paat = 7.9m level in sand and gravel = (96.1x0.27)+67 = 93.0 kN/m? Paat = 11.0m level in sand and gravel = (130.2x0.27)+98 = 133.2 kN/m? Peat = 11.0m level in firm clay = 228.242x65) = 98.2 kN/m? Poat = 13.0m level in firm clay = 268.2-(2x65) = 138.2 kN/mm? Pp at - 7.9m level in sand and gravel = Ox6 = 0.0 kN/m? Po at = 11.0m level in sand and gravel = (34.1x6)+31 = 235.6 kN? Pp at = 11.0m level in firm clay 5.1442.3x65) = 214.6 kN/m? Pp at = 13.0m level in firm clay 05.14(2.3x65) = 254.6 kN/im? Net pressure at~ 7.9m level in sand and gravel = 93-0 = 93.0 kN? Active Net pressure at— 11.0m level in sand and gravel = 235.6-133.2 = 102.4 kN/m? Passive Net pressure at- 11.0m level in firm clay = 214.6-98.2 = 116.4 kN/m? Passive Net pressure at- 13.0m level in firm clay = 254,6-138.2 = 116.4 kNim? Passive The limit of water pressure in the soft clay stratum is the point at which the water pressure = the active pressure -1,6419x=12410x eee x=1.51m Water pressure = 10 (1.241.51) 7.1kN/m2 Overburden = (19x1.51) +43+12 83.7kN/m2 Active pressure = 83.7-(2.83x20) = 27.1kN/m? Piling Handbook, Feb 97 Page 4/15,24/N¥ NINaGENUBAO aALLOv uN Wy¥ovia 3uNSsaud LaN aaem | pos | nos ———————— azz |*° , = om, we ES ‘a6) Zoeiffeve fle AUIE Per = or] cox 288 | eszi| et adoig~ waa = lungi =x I ors odors ej 292! zy] Py oor ee o oF BNISS¥d aayem coz =e, ey zu/NDOL BDUVHOUNS: bony 614 Piling Handbook, Feb 97 Page 4/16