Scribd
Upload
25 views22 pages

Binocular Abnormality PDF

Uploaded by

Soraya Humaira
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
25 views22 pages

Binocular Abnormality PDF

Uploaded by

Soraya Humaira
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

BINOCULAR ABNORMALITY

( Refractive Errors 2 )

Z A L D I Z

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2019
BINOCULAR ABNORMALITY
1. ADULT ANISOMETROPIA
2. AMBLYOPIA
3. BINOCULAR DIPLOPIA
4. NIGHT BLINDNESS
5. SCOTOMA
6. FIELD DISTURBANCES
ANISOMETROPIA

• Anisometropia is the condition in which the


two eyes have unequal refractive power.

ZALDI Z REFRACTIVE
17/04/2019 3
ERRORS
ANISOMETROPIA
In certain types of anisometropia, the visual
cortex of the brain will not use both eyes
together (binocular vision), and will instead
suppress the central vision of one of the eyes.
ANISOMETROPIA
• If this occurs often enough during the first 10
years of life while the visual cortex is
developing, it can result in amblyopia, a
condition where even when correcting the
refractive error properly, the person is still not
correctable to 20/20.
ANISOMETROPIA CLASSIFICATION

• Simple anisometropia.
• Compound anisometropia.
• Mixed anisometropia.
• Simple anisometropia astigmatism.
• Compound anisometropia astigmatism.

SEMINAR IROPIN
4/17/2019 6
ZALDI Z
ANISEKONIA
• The aniseikonia, or differing size of the retinal
images, depends not only on the degree of
refractive anomaly but also depends
significantly on the type of correction.

ZALDI Z REFRACTIVE
17/04/2019 7
ERRORS
AMBLYOPIA
• Amblyopia, by definition, refers to a partial
reversible loss of vision in one or both eyes,
for which no cause can be found by physical
examination of the eye, i.e., there is absence
of any organic disease of ocular media, retina
and visual pathway.
PATHOGENESIS
• Amblyopia is produced by certain amblyogenic
factors operating during the critical period of
visual development (birth to 6-7 years of age).
During this period, the visual pathway
continues to develop and brain learns to
interpret the signals that come from the eye.
PATHOGENESIS
• If, for any reason, a young child cannot use
one or both eyes normally, then the vision is
not developed completely and the condition is
called amblyopia. The most sensitive period
for development of amblyopia is first six
months of life and it usually does not develop
after the age of 6-7 years.
AMBLYOGENIC FACTORS
• Visual (form sense) deprivation
anisometropia

• Light deprivation
congenital cataract

• Abnormal binocular interaction


strabismus
BINOCULAR DIPLOPIA
• Occurs due to formation of image on
dissimilar points of the two retinae
ETIOLOGY OF BINOCULAR DIPLOPIA
■ Paralysis or paresis of the extraocular muscles
■ Displacement of one eyeball as occurs in space
occupying lesion in the orbit, and fractures of the orbital
wall,
■ Mechanical restriction of ocular movements as caused
by thick pterygium, symblepharon and thyroid
ophthalmopathy
■ Deviation of ray of light in one eye as caused by
decentred spectacles
■ Anisometropia i.e., disparity of image size between
two eyes as occurs in acquired high anisometropia (e.g.,
uniocular aphakia with spectacle correction).
NIGHT BLINDNESS ( NYCTALOPIA )
• Night blindness may occur in patients with rod
dysfunction and also in patients having media
opacities and advanced POAG.
ROD DYSFUNCTION
Night (scotopic) vision is a function of rods.
Therefore, the conditions in which functioning of
these nerve endings is deranged will result in night
blindness.

These include:
• Vitamin A deficiency, retinitis pigmentosa
• Congenital high myopia,
• Familial congenital night blindness, and
• Oguchi’s disease.
NYCTALOPIA
Media opacities
• Night blindness may also develop in conditions of the
ocular media interfering with the light rays in dim light
(i.e., with dilated pupils).
• Corneal opacities.

Advanced POAG
• In advanced cases of primary open angle glaucoma,
dark adaptation may be so much delayed that patient
gives history of night blindness.
SCOTOMA
• a spot in the visual field in which vision is
absent or deficient
• Symptoms may be mild and temporary, or
leave some viewers with blind spots called
scotomas.
TYPES OF SCOTOMA
• Color scotoma an isolated area of depressed or defective vision for
color in the visual field.
• Hemianopic scotoma depressed or lost vision affecting half of the
central visual field; see also hemianopia.
• Peripheral scotoma an area of depressed vision toward the
periphery of the visual field.
• Physiologic scotoma that area of the visual field corresponding with
the optic disk, in which the photosensitive receptors are absent.
• Positive scotoma one which appears as a dark spot in the visual
field.
• Negative scotoma a scotoma appearing as a blank spot in the visual
field; the patient is unaware of it, and it is detected only by
examination.
FIELD DISTURBANCES
Visual Field of Human with Frontal Eyes

Monocular Field = 145 degrees


Total Visual field = 180+
Binocular Visual Field = 130+ degrees

Note: if the total


horizontal visual field is
>180 degrees, this means
that you can see behind Humans have frontal eyes and are blind
you. How is this possible? to more than half of the world. This loss
must have come with some gain.
ZALDI Z REFRACTIVE
17/04/2019 20
ERRORS
VISUAL PATHWAY
Lesions of the visual pathways at the
level of:

1. optic nerve;
2. proximal part of optic nerve;
3. central chiasma;
4. lateral chiasma (both sides);
5. optic tract;
6. geniculate body;
7. part of optic radiations in temporal lobe;
8. part of optic radiations in parietal lobe;
9. optic radiations;
10. visual cortex sparing the macula
11. visual cortex, only macula;
12. bilateral visual cortex only macula
Segala puji bagi Allah, Tuhan semesta alam.

ZALDI Z REFRACTIVE
17/04/2019 22
ERRORS

You might also like