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1.classification of Reciprocating Pumps

1. The reciprocating pump uses a piston to displace liquid with a reciprocating motion. It is best for small capacities and high heads. 2. Reciprocating pumps can be single or double acting. Double acting pumps pump liquid on both sides of the piston, providing more uniform discharge. 3. The theoretical discharge and power required to drive the pump can be calculated based on parameters like piston area, stroke length, speed, suction and discharge heads. The actual discharge is usually lower than theoretical due to leakage and imperfect valve operation.

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403 views8 pages

1.classification of Reciprocating Pumps

1. The reciprocating pump uses a piston to displace liquid with a reciprocating motion. It is best for small capacities and high heads. 2. Reciprocating pumps can be single or double acting. Double acting pumps pump liquid on both sides of the piston, providing more uniform discharge. 3. The theoretical discharge and power required to drive the pump can be calculated based on parameters like piston area, stroke length, speed, suction and discharge heads. The actual discharge is usually lower than theoretical due to leakage and imperfect valve operation.

Uploaded by

gonri lynn
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RECIPROCATING PUMPS

The reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump as it sucks and raises the liquid
by actually displacing it with a piston/plunger that executes a reciprocating motion in a closely
fitting cylinder. The amount of liquid pumped is equal to the volume displaced by the piston.
The pumps designed with disk pistons create pressures upto 25 bar and the plunger
pumps built up still higher pressures. Discharge from these pumps is almost wholly dependent on
the pump speed.
The total efficiency of a reciprocating pump is about 10 to 20% higher than a comparable
centrifugal pump.
Reciprocating pumps for industrial uses have almost become obsolete owing to their high
capital cost as well as maintenance cost as compared to that of centrifugal pumps. However,
small hand-operated pumps such as cycle pumps, football pumps, kerosene pumps, village well
pumps and pumps used as important parts of hydraulic jack etc. still find wide applications. The
reciprocating pump is best suited for relatively small capacities and high heads. This type of
pump is very common in oil drilling operations.
The reciprocating pump is generally employed for:
(i) Light oil pumping,
(ii) Feeding small boilers condensate return, and
(iii) Pneumatic pressure systems

1.CLASSIFICATION OF RECIPROCATING PUMPS


Reciprocating pumps are classified as follows:
1. According to the water being in contact with piston:
(i) Single-acting pump ...water is in contact with one side of the piston
(ii) Double-acting pump ...water is in contact with both sides of the piston.

2. According to number of cylinders:


(i) Single cylinder pump
(ii) Double cylinder pump (or two throw pump)
(iii) Triple cylinder pump (or three throw pump)
(iv) Duplex double-acting pump (or four throw pump)
(v) Quintuplex pump or (five throw pump).
In general the reciprocating pumps having more than one cylinder are known as multi-cylinder
pumps.

2. MAIN COMPONENTS AND WORKING OF A RECIPROCATING PUMP

The main parts of a reciprocating pump are:


1. Cylinder
2. Piston
3. Suction valve
4. Delivery valve
5. Suction pipe
6. Delivery pipe
7. Crank and connecting rod mechanism operated by a power source e.g. steam engine, internal
combustion engine or an electric motor.

Fig.1. Schematic view of single-acting reciprocating pump

3. Working of a single-acting reciprocating pump:


As shown in Fig. 1, a single acting reciprocating pump has one suction pipe and one
delivery pipe. It is usually placed above the liquid level in the sump. When the crank rotates the
piston moves backward and forward inside the cylinder. The pump operates as follows:
Let us suppose that initially the crank is at the inner dead centre (I.D.C.) and crank rotates
in the clockwise direction. As the crank rotates, the piston moves towards right and a vacuum is
created on the left side of the piston. This vacuum causes suction valve to open and
consequently the liquid is forced from the sump into the left side of the piston. When the crank
is at the outer dead centre (O.D.C) the suction stroke is completed and the left side of the
cylinder is full of liquid. When the crank further turns from O.D.C to I.D.C., the piston moves
inward to the left and high pressure is built up in the cylinder. The delivery valve opens and the
liquid is forced into the delivery pipe. The liquid is carried to the discharge tank through the
delivery pipe. At the end of delivery stroke the crank comes to the I.D.C and the piston is at the
extreme left position.
4. Working of a double-acting reciprocating pump:
Refer to Fig. 2. In a double-acting reci-procating pump, suction and delivery strokes occur
simultaneously. When the crank rotates from I.D.C. in the clockwise direction, a vacuum is
created on the left side of piston and the liquid is sucked in from the sump through value S1. At
the same time, the liquid on the right side of the piston is pressed and a high pressure causes the
delivery valve D2 to open and the liquid is passed on to the discharge tank. This operation
continues till the crank reaches O.D.C.
With further rotation of the crank, the liquid is sucked in from the sump through the suction
valve S2 and is delivered to the discharge tank through the delivery valve D1. When the crank
reaches I.D.C., the piston is in the extreme left position. Thus one cycle is completed and as the
crank further rotates, cycles are repeated.
Because of continuous delivery strokes, a double-acting reciprocating pump gives more uniform
discharge (as compared to a single-acting pump which pumps the liquid intermittently). To get a
still more uniform feed, invariably a multi-cylinder arrangement having two or more cylinders is
employed.
Fig. 3 and 4 show the variations of discharge through delivery pipe (Qd) with crank angle (θ) for
single-acting and double-acting pumps respectively.

Fig. 3. Qd v/s θ variations for single-acting pump. Fig. 4. Qd v/s θ variations for double-acting
pump

5. DISCHARGE, WORK DONE AND POWER REQUIRED TO DRIVE


RECIPROCATING PUMP

Consider a single-acting reciprocating pump shown in Fig. 1


Let, D = Diameter of the cylinder, m
𝜋 𝐷2
A = Cross-sectional area of the piston/cylinder = m2
4
r = Radius of crank, m
N = Speed of the crank, r.p.m.
L = Length of the stroke (= 2r), m
Hs = Height of the centre of the cylinder above the liquid surface,
m and
Hd = Height to which the liquid is raised above the centre of the
cylinder, m.
Volume of liquid sucked in during suction stroke = A × L

Work done per second = γ ALN (Hs + Hd)/ 60

Work done per second= γ Q (Hs + Hd)

∴ Theoretical Power required to drive the pump = γ×Q (Hs + Hd) kW

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 γ×Q (𝐻𝑠 + 𝐻𝑑)


Actual Power Required = =
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝜂
6. Double-acting Reciprocating Pump
Refer to Fig. 2.
Let, D = Diameter of the piston,
d = Diameter of the piston rod,
Ap= cross-sectional area of the piston rod
A=Area on one side of the piston
Theoretical discharge in one revolution of the crank, Q = ALN/60 + (A-Ap)LN/60
If the area of the piston rod is neglected,Q = 2ALN/60

Work done per second = γ Q(Hs +Hd)


Theoretical Power = γ×Q (Hs + Hd)kW
The sum of suction and delivery head is known as total static head.
Co-efficient of Discharge
In a reciprocating pump, the actual discharge (Qact.) is always slightly different from the
theoretical discharge (Qth.) due to following reasons:
(i) Leakage through the valves, glands and piston packing,
(ii) Imperfect operation of the valves (suction and discharge), and
(iii) Partial filling of cylinder by the liquid.
The ratio between actual discharge and theoretical discharge is known as the co-efficient of
discharge (Cd) of the pump.

Slip
The difference between the theoretical discharge and actual discharge is called the slip of the
pump. That is
Slip = Qth. – Qact.
But the slip is oftenly expressed in percentage which is given by,

INDICATOR DIAGRAMS
The indicator diagram of a reciprocating pump is the diagram which shows the pressure head
of the liquid in the cylinder corresponding to any position during the suction and delivery
strokes. It is a graph between pressure head and stroke length of the piston for one complete
revolution (pressure head is taken as ordinate and stroke length as abscissa)

EFFECT OF ACCELERATION
If the crank rotates uniformly and the length of connecting rod is enough compared to the radius
of crank, the piston makes simple harmonic motion. This causes acceleration during the first half
of the stroke, and deceleration during the second half of the stroke.
Let, A = Area of the cylinder,
a = Area of the pipe (suction or delivery),
l = Length of pipe (suction or delivery),
r = Radius of the crank, and
ω = Angular speed of the crank in rad/s.
The crank is rotating with an angular velocity ω and let in time t seconds, the crank turns through
angle θ (in radians) from I.D.C. (inner dead centre). The displacement of the piston in time t is x
Now, angle turned by the crank in time t, q= wt = 2N π / 60× t
where, N = rotational speed of crank in r.p.m

Acceleration of the piston, F= dV/ dt = ω2r cosθ


In case the connecting rod is not very long as compared to crank length then it cannot be
assumed that the piston has a simple harmonic motion and in that case the pressure head, ha is
given by:

Where L1 = actual length of connecting rod


r = length of the crank

Effect of Acceleration in the Suction Pipe

If ls and as are length and cross-sectional area of the suction pipe respectively, then:
Figure Effect of acceleration on indicator diagram.

(b) Effect of acceleration in the delivery pipe:


In the beginning of delivery stroke the liquid in the delivery pipe is accelerated, while at the end
of delivery stroke the liquid is retarded.
If ld and ad are the length and cross-sectional area of the delivery pipe respectively, then:

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