density 2.

Apparent Specific Gravity

Phys Pharm Lab - specific - is the ratio of the mass of an object in
gravity air to the mass of equal volume of
water at the same temperature
Density
- Defined in a qualitative manner as the measure Important Considerations when Determining SG
of the relative “heaviness” of objects with a 1. Reference material
constant volume 2. Temperature of the sample under examination
D = mass / volume 3. Environmental cair of vacuum
- At approximately 4°C, pure water has its
highest density 1000 kg/m3 𝑠𝑠.𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠
SG =
- Usually the density is expressed in grams per 𝑠𝑠.𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
mL
➢ 1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml ● If SG is given, the density of the substance can
➢ 1 kg/L = 1000 kg/m3 be computed as:
➢ 1 tonne/m3 DS = SGS x Dw at 25°C
where:
Types of Density DS = Density of solid
1. Absolute Density SGS = Specific gravity
- mass of an object determined in of solid
vacuum at a specified temperature to Dw at 25°C = 0.9971
the volume of the object at the same g/mL
temperature
2. Apparent Density Specific Gravity if Liquids
- mass of an object determined in air at a 1. Specific Gravity Bottle
specified temperature to the volume of 2. Displacement Method
the object at the same temperature 3. Hydrometer
3. Relative Density
- Indicates the mass of one ml of a Specific Gravity if Solids
standard substance such as water at 4°C 1. Solids heavier than and insoluble in water
1.1 Displacement Method
● Relative Density of water is equivalent 1.2 Use of a Special Balance
to 1 g/mL, while the absolute density at 1.3 Pycnometer Method
this temperature is 0.999973 g/mL 1.4 Use of Graduated Cylinder
2. Solids heavier than soluble in water
● Specific Gravity (SG) 3. Solids lighter than
- is the ratio of the density of a
substance to the density of a given Specific Gravity of Liquid (Pycnometer Method)
reference material 1. Weigh empty pycnometer
𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠. 2. Fill with water then weigh
SG = SG = /
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠. 3. Fill with liquid then weigh
4. Wt. of water (#2 - #1)
● Water 5. Wt. of liquid (#3 - #1)
- is the standard for liquids and solids 𝑠𝑠.𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 57.56𝑠
except when solid is soluble in water 6. SG = = = 1.139
𝑠𝑠.𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 50.53𝑠
while hydrogen is the standard for
gases A specific gravity bottle weighs 35.40g. When it is
filled with water, it weighs 85.93g. When it is filled with
Types of Specific Gravity another liquid, 92.96g. What is the SG of the liquid?
1. Absolute Specific Gravity
Plummet Method
- is the ratio of the mass of a substance
Specific Gravity of liquid (Displacement Method)
to the mass of equal volume of water
Archimedes Principle
taken as standard
 1. Wt. of plummet in air ii. wt. when immersed in water
2. Wt. of plummet immersed in water
3. Wt. of plummet immersed in a liquid 23.950g
4. Wt. of displaced water (#1 - #2) iii. wt. of displaced water (#1 -
5. Wt. of displaced liquid (#1 - #3) #2) 26.965g
𝑠𝑠.𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
6. SG = =
𝑠𝑠.𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠.𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠 50.915𝑠
4.6𝑠 4. SG = = =
= 0.8 𝑠𝑠.𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 26.965𝑠
5.75𝑠 1.888

A glass plummet weighs 15.25g when immersed in A glass weighs 50.915g in air and 25.950g when
water and 10.65g when immersed in oil. Calculate the immersed in water. What is the SG?
specific gravity of oil.
1.2 Use of special balance known as the _______
3. Hydrometer 1.3 Pycnometer Method - used when the solid is in a
- instruments calibrated to indicate the fine granular state
SG of liquid samples corresponding to
the depth (related to SG of the liquid); 𝑠𝑠.𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠
basis is also the Archimedes Principle SG =
𝑠𝑠.𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

Types: A bottle weighs 50.0g when empty and 96.8g when

1. Those in which the wt. is constant but the filled with H2O. If 28.8g of granulated metal are
depth or immersion is subject to change placed in the bottle and the bottle is filled with water,
2. Those in which the depth of immersion is the total weight is 118.4g. What is the specific gravity
constant but the wt. is subject to change if the metal?

Kinds: 1.A Use of Graduated Cylinder - direct measurement

1. Baume Heavy of the volume of a solid maybe made by observing the
- hydrometer used to determine the SG volume it displaces when immersed in water contained
of liquid heavier than water in the cylinder wt. of water displayed with the density
2. Baume Light of water at the temperature of observation.
- hydrometer used to determine the SG
𝑠𝑠.𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠
of liquid lighter than water SG =
𝑠𝑠.𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
3. Lovi’s Bead
- a bead which a SG marked on it.
Choose the bead floating in the middle A solid sample weighs 4.5g. 10mL of water
or floating indifferently. The sp gr of was added and the volume of water rises to
the liquid is equal to the SG indicated 10.5mL. Calculate SG.
in the Lovi’s bead 4.5𝑠 4.5𝑠
SG = = = 9.184
𝑠 0.49𝑠
2. Solids heavier than and soluble in water
Westphal Balance
- substitute water with some liquid of
- very convenient to use, more accurate than the
known specific gravity such as oil
hydrometer but less accurate than pycnometer
3. Solid lighter than and insoluble in water
- use the sinker which is attached to the
Specific Gravity of Solids
solid in order to prevent it from floating
1. Solids heavier than and insoluble in water
Parameter:
1.1 Displacement Method
i. wt. of subs. in air
Parameter:
i. wt. of solid air

16.35g
50.915g
 ii. wt. of sinker immersed in
water
32.84g
iii. combined wt. of sinker and
substance in air (#1 - #2)
49.19g
iv. combined wt. when immersed
in water
29.68g
v. wt. of water displayed by
sample (#3 - #4)
vi. SG =
𝑠𝑠.𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑠𝑠.𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
16.35𝑠
= = 0.83
19.51𝑠

A piece of wax weigh 16.35g in air, and the sinker

weighs 32.84g immersed in water. When they are fused
together and immersed in water, their combined wt. is
29.68g. Calculate the SG of the wax.

Specific Volume (SV)

- is an abstract number expressed as ratio in
decimal form, of the same volume of a subs. to
the volume of an equal wt. of another
𝑠𝑠
substance takes as a standard ( , reciprocal
𝑠
of density or SG)

𝑠
SV =
𝑠
mole fraction
mole percent
wt. (g) % w/w
vol. (mL) % v/v
% w/v

1𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
% w/w =
1𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 99𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

85𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠
% v/v =
85𝑠𝑠 𝑠5