Aurora’s Technological and Research Institute EC & S Lab

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND

SIMULATION LAB

B.Tech II Year – II SEM

NAME: ________________________________________

ROLL NO: _____________________________________

BRANCH: ______________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Aurora’s Technological and Research Institute

Parvathapur, Uppal, Hyderabad-500 039.

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LABORATORY PRACTICE

I HEAR, I FORGET
I SEE, I REMEMBER
I DO, I UNDERSTAND

PRACTCAL APPROACH IS PROBABLY THE BEST

APPROACH TO GAIN A CLEAR INSIGHT

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CODE OF CONDUCT FOR THE LABORATORIES

 All students must observe the Dress Code while in the laboratory.

 Sandals or open-toed shoes are NOT allowed.

 Foods, drinks and smoking are NOT allowed.

 All bags must be left at the indicated place.

 The lab timetable must be strictly followed.

 Be PUNCTUAL for your laboratory session.

 Experiment must be completed within the given time.

 Noise must be kept to a minimum.

 Workspace must be kept clean and tidy at all time.

 Handle all apparatus with care.

 All students are liable for any damage to equipment due to their own
negligence.

 All equipment, apparatus, tools and components must be RETURNED to

their original place after use.

 Students are strictly PROHIBITED from taking out any items from the
laboratory.

 Students are NOT allowed to work alone in the laboratory without the
Lab Supervisor

 Report immediately to the Lab Supervisor if any injury occurred.

 Report immediately to the Lab Supervisor any damages to equipment.

Before leaving the lab

 Place the stools under the lab bench.

 Turn off the power to all instruments.

 Turn off the main power switch to the lab bench.

 Please check the laboratory notice board regularly for updates

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GENERAL LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

 You should be punctual for your laboratory session and should not
leave the lab without the permission of the teacher.
 Each student is expected to have his/her own lab book where they will
take notes on the experiments as they are completed.
 The lab books will be checked at the end of each lab session. Lab
notes are a primary source from which you will write your lab reports.
 You and your batch mates will work closely on the experiments
together. One partner doing all the work will not be tolerated. All the
Batch mates should be able to explain the purpose of the experiment
and the underlying concepts.
 Please report immediately to the member of staff or lab assistant
present in the laboratory; if any equipment is faulty.

Organization of the Laboratory

 It is important that the experiments are done according to the

timetable and completed within the scheduled time.
 You should complete the prelab work in advance and utilize the
laboratory time for verification only.
 The aim of these exercises is to develop your ability to understand,
analyze and test them in the laboratory.
 A member of staff and a Lab assistant will be available during
scheduled laboratory sessions to provide assistance.
 Always attempt experiments; first without seeking help.
 When you get into difficulty; ask for assistance.

Assessment

 The laboratory work of a student will be evaluated continuously during

the semester for 25 marks. Of the 25 marks, 15 marks will be awarded
for day-to-day work.
 For each experiment marks are awarded under three heads:
_ Prelab preparation – 5 marks
_ Practical work – 5marks, and
_ Record of the Experiment – 5marks
 Internal lab test(s) conducted during the semester carries 10 marks.
 End semester lab examination, conducted as per the JNTU regulations,
carries 50 marks.

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 At the end of each laboratory session you must obtain the signature of
the teacher along with the marks for the session out of 10 on the lab
notebook.

Lab Reports

 Note that, although students are encouraged to collaborate during

lab, each must individually prepare a report and submit.
 They must be organized, neat and legible.
 Your report should be complete, thorough, understandable and
literate.
 You should include a well-drawn and labeled engineering schematic
for each circuit
 Investigated.
 Your reports should follow the prescribed format, to give your report
structure and to make sure that you address all of the important points.
 Graphics requiring- drawn straight lines should be done with a straight
edge. Well drawn freehand sketches are permissible for schematics.
 Space must be provided in the flow of your discussion for any tables or
figures. Do not collect figures and drawings in a single appendix at the
end of the report.
 Reports should be submitted within one week after completing a
scheduled lab session.
Presentation

 Experimental facts should always be given in the past tense.

 Discussions or remarks about the presentation of data should mainly be
in the present tense.
 Discussion of results can be in both the present and past tenses, shifting
back and forth from experimental facts to the presentation.
 Any specific conclusions or deductions should be expressed in the past
tense.

Report Format

Lab write ups should consist of the following sections:

 Aim: A concise statement describing the experiment and the results.
This is usually not more than 3 sentences. Since the abstract is a
summary of what you have done, it’s a good idea to write this last.

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 Apparatus: Describe what equipment and components you used to

conduct the experiment.
 Theory: Several paragraphs that explain the motivation of the
experiment. Usually in this statement you state what you intent to
accomplish as well as the expected results of the experiment.
 Procedure: Describe how you conducted the experiment
 Results and Analysis: This is the main body of the report. Graphs, tables,
schematics, diagrams should all be included and explained. Results of
any calculations should be explained and shown. State the results of
the experiment. Include any problems encountered.
 Conclusion: Explain how the experiment went, and whether you were
able to achieve the expected results stated in the introduction.

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Name of the student: _________________________________

Roll Number: ________________________

INDEX
Cycle - 1

1. Thevenin’s Norton’s and Maximum Power Transfer Theorems. ........... 11

2. Super position Theorem and RMS value of Complex wave. .............. 25

3. Verification of Compensation theorem. ............................................... 31

4. Reciprocity, Millman’s theorem. ............................................................. 37

5. Locus diagrams of RL and RC Series circuits......................................... 43

6. Simulation of DC Circuits. ........................................................................ 49

7. DC Transient Response. ........................................................................... 53

Cycle II

8. Series and parallel resonance. ............................................................... 57

9. Determination of self, mutual inductance and coefficient of

coupling. .................................................................................................... 63

10. Z & Y parameters. ..................................................................................... 69

11. Transmission & hybrid parameters. ......................................................... 75

12. Measurement of 3 Phase power by 2 wattmeter method for

unbalanced loads. ................................................................................... 81

13. Mesh Analysis ............................................................................................ 85

14. Nodal Analysis ........................................................................................... 89

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS :

Theoretical:
Open circuit voltage V Th =
Thevenin’s Equivalent Resistance R Th =
Current through the load resistor I L =
Measured
Open circuit voltage V Th =
Thevenin’s Equivalent Resistance R Th =
Current through the load resistor I L =

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1. Thevenin’s Norton’s and Maximum Power Transfer Theorems.

Part - A
THEVENIN’S THEOREM
AIM :
To verify Thevenin’s Theorem for a linear network.
APPARATUS:
NAME RANGE QUANTITY
1. Bread Board.
2. Resistors - 1.8K 3 No.s
1K 1 No.
3. Voltmeter (0-20) V 1 No.
4. Ammeter (0-20mA) 1 No.
5. Multi meter 1 No.
6. Connecting wires.
THEORY:

Statement: Any linear bilateral network containing one or more

voltage sources can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a
single voltage source whose value is equal to the open circuit voltage across
the output terminals, in series with Thevenin’s equivalent resistance. The
Thevenin’s equivalent resistance is equal to the effective resistance measured
between the output terminals, with the load resistance removed and with
all the energy sources are replaced by their internal resistances.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per CIRCUIT-1. Note down the current

through the load resistance.

2. Calculate the value of open circuit voltage, Thevenin’s

equivalent resistance and the current through the load resistance
using Thevenin’s theorem.

3. Find out RTh by shorting the voltage source and measuring the
equivalent resistance across open circuited RL (1K) terminals
using a multimeter. Compare this value with the calculated value.

4. Remove the load resistor RL and connect the circuit as per

CIRCUIT-2 and Note down the reading of voltmeter as VTh.

5. Connect the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-3

and Note down the reading of ammeter.

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6. If current through the load resistance using Thevenin’s theorem is

equal to the measured value of the current from circuit1,
Thevenin’s Theorems is verified.

RESULT :

CONCLUSION :

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS :
Theoretical:
Short circuit current I N =
Norton’s Equivalent Resistance R N =
Current through the load resistor I L =
Measured:
Short circuit current I N =
Norton’s Equivalent Resistance R N =

Current through the load resistor I L =

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Part - B
NORTON’S THEOREM
AIM :
To verify Norton’s Theorems for a linear network.
APPARATUS:

NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1. Bread Board.
2. Resistors 1.8K 3 No.s
1 K 1 No
3. Voltmeter ( 0-20 ) V 1 No
4. Ammeter (0-20mA) 1 No
5. Multi meter 1 No.
6. Connecting wires.

THEORY :

Statement:

Any linear bilateral network containing one or more current sources

can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of an equivalent current
source, in parallel with an equivalent resistance. Value of current source is
equal to the short circuit current through the output terminals with the load
resistance shorted. The Norton’s equivalent resistance is equal to the effective
resistance measured between the output terminals with the load resistance
removed, and with all the energy sources replaced by their internal
resistances.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per CIRCUIT-1. Note down the current

through the load resistance.
2. Calculate the value of short circuit current, Norton’s equivalent
resistance and the current through the load resistance using
Norton’s theorem.
3. Find out RN by shorting the voltage source and measuring the
equivalent resistance across open circuited RL (1K) terminals
using a multimeter. Compare this value with the calculated value.
4. Remove the load resistor RL and connect the circuit as per
CIRCUIT-2 and Note down the reading of ammeter as I N
5. Connect the Norton’s equivalent circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-3 and
Note down the reading of ammeter.

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6. If current through the load resistance using Norton’s theorem is

equal to the measured value of the current from circuit1,
Norton’s Theorems is verified.

RESULT :

CONCLUSION :

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EXPECTED GRAPH:

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Part - C
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

AIM :
To verify the Maximum Power Transfer theorem on DC and AC.

APPARATUS :
1. Resistor - 3.3K.
2. Resistance Box
3. Inductor - 45mH.
4. Inductance Box.
5. Capacitor - 0.01F
6. AC milli Ammeter - 0-20mA
7. AC Voltmeter - 0-20 V
8. DC milli Ammeter - 0-20mA
9. DC Voltmeter - 0-20V
10. Function Generator
11. Regulated Power Supply.
12. Connecting wires.
THEORY :
Statement:
D.C.:- The maximum power is said to be delivered from the source to
the load when the load resistance is equal to the source resistance.
For the given circuit maximum power delivered to the load is given by

A.C.:- The maximum power is said to be delivered to the load when the
source impedance is complex conjugate of load impedance.

The maximum power transfer theorem finds its

application in a radio speaker system supplying the input signals to voltage
pre-amplifiers it is necessary to transfer maximum voltage, current or power to
the load.

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TABULAR FORM:

On DC On AC
S.No RL I V PL S.No RL ZL I V PL
(Ω) (A) (V) (W) (Ω) (Ω) (A) (V) (W)

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PROCEDURE:
On DC:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram.
2. Apply 10V DC from the RPS.
3. Take the readings of the milli Ammeter and voltmeter while
varying RL in suitable steps.
4. Tabulate the readings and plot the graph.
5. Verify the maximum power transfer theorem.
On AC:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.
2. Apply 20v (pp) from the FG.
3. Keep XL=XC. Take the readings of milli Ammeter and voltmeter
while varying the RL in suitable steps.
4. Plot the graph PL Vs XL.
5. Verify that the maximum power transfer occurs at the values
predicted by the theorem.

RESULT :

CONCLUSION :

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

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2. Super position Theorem and RMS value of complex wave.

Part - A
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

AIM :
To verify the Super position Theorem on DC circuit.

APPARATUS :
Name Range Quantity
1. Bread Board.
2. Resistors 150Ω 2 No.s
330 Ω 2 No.s
150 Ω 1 No.
3. M.C. Voltmeter 0-20 V 1 No.

Theory :

Statement : The Super position theorem states that in any linear network
containing two or more sources, the response in any element is equal to the
sum of the responses caused by individual sources acting alone while the
other sources are made inoperative.

We define a linear element as a passive element that has a linear

voltage-current relationship. i.e. multiplying the time-varying current through
the element by a constant K results in the multiplication of the time-varying
voltage across the element by the same constant K.
V(t) = R I (t).

PROCEDURE :

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram and Note down

the reading of the voltmeter as V.
2. Short-circuit the voltage source VI and Note down the reading of
voltmeter as VI.
3. Now short-circuit the voltage source V2, keeping VI in the circuit
and Note the reading of voltmeter as VII.
4. If V = VI + VII, Super position theorem is verified.

OBSERVATIONS :

V= VI= V II =

RESULT :

CONCLUSION :

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS :

Peak value Calculated RMS value Measured value

(V) (V) (V)

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Part - B
RMS VALUE OF COMPLEX WAVE

AIM :
To calculate the RMS value of a complex wave.

APPARATUS :
Name Range Quantity
1. Resistors 100Ω 2 Nos
2. Inductor 1 mH 1 No
3. Function Generator 1 No
4. Multimeter 1 No
5. CRO 1 No

THEORY :

RMS (Root Mean Square) value of an ac wave is the mean of the root of
the square of the voltages at different instants. For an ac wave it will be 1/ √2
times the peak value.

PROCEDURE :

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply the sinusoidal wave as input from the Function Generator.
3. Observe the output waveform in the CRO. Note down the peak
value of the output wave, from the CRO.
4. Calculate the RMS value and compare with the measured value.
5. Switch OFF the supply.

RESULT :

CONCLUSION :

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS:

I1 I2 I’1 I’2 Vc Calculated I Measured I

( mA) ( mA ) ( mA ) ( mA ) (V) ( mA ) ( mA )

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3. VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION THEOREM

AIM :
To verify the Compensation Theorem.

APPARATUS :
NAME RANGE QUANTITY
Bread Board.
Resistors 1K 3 No.s
560 1 No
Ammeter (0-25mA ) MC 2 Nos

THEORY :

Compensation theorem states that any element in the linear ,bilateral

network can be replaced by a voltage source of magnitude equal to the
current passing through the element multiplied by the value of current ,
provided the currents and voltages of the other parts of the circuit remain
unaltered.

This theorem is useful in finding the changes in current or voltage when

the value of resistance is changed in the circuit. If the resistance of any
branch of a network is changed from R to (R+▲R) where the current flowing
in that branch originally is I, the change of current in the other branches can
be calculated by placing a voltage source of the value I(▲R) in the modified
branch with all the other sources made ineffective. This theorem is particularly
useful in analyzing the networks where the values of the branch elements are
varied and for studying the effect of tolerance on such values.

PROCEDURE :

1. Connect the circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-1, Note down the values

of I1 and I2 using milli Ammeters.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-2, Note down the value
of I2l .
3. Connect the circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-3, where
VC(Compensating voltage)=( I 2l - I2) 560.
4. Note down the reading of ammeter as I.
5. If I = I2l - I2 , Compensating Theorem is verified.

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RESULT :

CONCLUSION:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS:

V L1 V L2
( V) ( V)

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4. RECIPROCITY, MILLMAN’S THEOREMS

PART - A
MILLMAN’S THEOREM

AIM :
To verify the Millman’s Theorem.

APPARATUS :
NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1. Bread Board.
2. Resistors 1.8K 3No.s
3. Voltmeter (0-20)V 1 No.
THEORY :

Millman’s theorem states that in any network, if the voltage sources V1,
V2, ….. … Vn in series with internal resistances R1, R2,…. Rn respectively are in
parallel, then these sources may be replaced by a single voltage source Veq
in series with R’ where value of the voltage source Veq can be given by
Veq = V1 G1 + V2 G2 + …….. Vn Gn
G1 + G2 + ….. Gn
Where Gn is the conductance of the nth branch,
And R’ = 1 / (G1 + G2 + ……. + Gn)
PROCEDURE :

1. Connect the circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-1 and Note down the

reading of voltmeter as V L1.
2. Connect the equivalent circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-2 , by
calculating
3. Veq=(V1G1 +V2G2)/ (G1 + G2) and R eq= 1/ (G1+G2)
4. Note down the reading of the voltmeter as V L2.
5. If V L1 = V L2, the Milliman’s Theorem is verified.

RESULT :

CONCLUSION :

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

OBSERVATIONS :

I1 I2
(mA) (mA)

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PART - B
RECIPROCITY THEOREM

AIM :
To verify the Reciprocity Theorem.

APPARATUS :
NAME RANGE QUANTITY
1. Bread Board
2. Resistors - 150, 220, I No each
330.
3. M.C.Ammeter - (0-20) mA I
No
THEORY :

Statement: In any bilateral, linear network, if we apply some input to a circuit

the ratio of response (output) in any element to the input is constant even
when the position of the input and output are interchanged.

Another way of stating the above is that the receiving and sending points are
interchangeable.
PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the circuit as shown in CIRCUIT-1 and take the reading
of Ammeter as I1.
2. Now change the voltage source to the right hand side as shown
in CIRCUIT-2 and measure the current with the help of Ammeter
as I2.
3. If I1 = I2, then the Theorem is verified.

RESULT:

CONCLUSION :

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

EXPECTED WAVE FORMS:

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5. LOCUS DIAGRAMS OF RL AND RC SERIES CIRCUITS.

AIM :
To Plot the current locus diagrams for RL and RC circuits.

APPARATUS :
1. Resistance Box
2. Inductance Box
3. Capacitance Box
4. Ammeter AC -- (0-20mA) --- 1 No
5. Volt meters AC -- (0-20V) --- 2 No.s
6. Function Generator
7. CRO

THEORY :
Locus diagrams are useful in determining the behaviour or response of
an RLC circuit, when one of its parameters is varied while the frequency and
voltage are kept constant. The magnitude and phase of the current vector in
the circuit depend upon the values of R, L and C and frequency at the fixed
source voltage. The path travelled by the tip of the current vector when the
parameters R, L or C are varied while frequency and voltage are kept
constant is called the locus diagram.
R-Varying :
If R = 0, then I = V/ XL or V/ XC and has maximum value. It will lag or
lead the voltage by 900 depending on whether the reactance is inductive or
capacitive. The angle θ represents the phase angle (θ = tan-1(VX/ VR)). As R is
increased from zero value, I and θ decrease. In the limiting case when R= ∞,
then I = 0 and θ = 00. The locus of end-point qitI is a semi-circle of radius V / X.
R-Fixed :
If X = 0, then I = V/ R and has maximum value. The current will be in
phase with voltage as it is a purely resistive circuit i.e., the phase θ is zero. As X
is increased depending on whether the reactance is inductance or
apacitance the current starts lagging or leading V i.e., the current I decreases
and phase angle θ increases. In the limiting case when X = ∞, then I = 0 and θ
= 900. The locus of end point of I is a semi-circle of radius V/ R.

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TABULAR COLOUMN :

f= Vi/p =

Circuit – 1 Circuit – 2

R – fixed R – fixed
R C VR VC I R C VR VL I
S.No S.No
(Ω) (μF) (V) (V) (mA) (Ω) (μF) (V) (V) (mA)

C – fixed L – fixed
R C VR VC I R C VR VL I
S.No S.No
(Ω) (μF) (V) (V) (mA) (Ω) (μF) (V) (V) (mA)

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PROCEDURE :

Circuit – 1:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in CIRCUIT – 1. Note down the
values of applied voltage and frequency.
2. Fix the resistance at a suitable value (say 1K).
3. Note down the values of VR, VC and I for at least three different
values of the Capacitor.
4. Now fix the capacitance at a suitable value (say 0.01F).
5. Note down the values of VR, VC and I for at least three different
values of the resistor.
6. Draw the corresponding current locus diagrams.
Circuit – 2 :
1. Connect the circuit as shown in CIRCUIT – 2. Note down the
values of applied voltage and frequency.
2. Fix the resistance at a suitable value (say 1K).
3. Note down the values of VR, VL and I at least three different
values of the Inductor.
4. Now fix the Inductance value at a suitable value (say 45mH).
5. Note down the values of VR, VL and I at least three different
values of the resistor.
6. Draw the corresponding current locus diagrams.

RESULT :

CONCLUSION :

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6. SIMULATION OF DC CIRCUITS

AIM :
To simulate a simple DC circuits using PSpice

APPARATUS : PC (in working conduct) with PSpice software.

Procedure :

1. Open PSpice A/D windows

2. Create a new circuit file
3. Enter the program representing the nodal interconnections of
various components
4. Run the program
5. Observe the response through all the elements in the output file
6. Observe the voltage, current graph of any in probe window.

Result :

Conclusion :

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7. DC TRANSIENT RESPONSE

AIM :
To simulate a simple DC circuits using PSpice

APPARATUS : PC (in working conduct) with PSpice software.

Procedure :

1. Open PSpice A/D windows

2. Create a new circuit file
3. Enter the program representing the nodal interconnections of
various components
4. Run the program
5. Observe the response through all the elements in the output file
6. Observe the voltage, current graph of any in probe window.

Result :

Conclusion :

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

EXPECTED GRAPH :

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8. SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

AIM :
To determine resonant frequency, band width and Q-factor for series
and parallel RLC circuits

APPARATUS :
NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1. Resistor 1K 1 No.

2. Inductor 45mH 1 No
3. Capacitor 0.01F 1 No
4. Milli Ammeter 0-20mA (AC ) 1 No
5. Function generator

THEORY :
An AC circuit is said to be in Resonance when the applied voltage and
current are in phase. Resonance circuits are formed by the combination of
reactive elements connected in either series or parallel.
Resonance frequency in series circuit is given by fr = 1/ (2π √LC) Hz
The impedance of the RLC circuit is
Z = R + j ( ωL – 1/ωC) = R + jX
The circuit is in resonance when X = 0 ie., when ωL = 1/ωC
In series RLC circuit the current lags behind or leads the applied voltage
depending upon the value of XL and Xc. When XL is greater than Xc the
circuit is inductive and when Xc is greater than XL, the circuit is capacitive.
Quality factor ( Q-factor) or (Selectivity) :
Quality factor can be defined as ,
= 2  (maximum energy stored )/ ( energy dissipated per cycle).
= (f2 – f1) / fr
Band width: Band width of a resonance circuit is defined as the band
of frequencies on either sides of resonance frequency. This frequency range
can be obtained by dropping a vertical in the graph at its half power value,
i.e., 1/ 2 times of maximum value.
Band width = f2 – f1

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TABULAR COLOUMN :

Series Parallel
S. Frequency, IL, Z=V/IL S. V Frequency, I L, Z=V/IL
No I/P Hz Amp Ω No i/p Hz Amp Ω
V

CALCULATIONS:

For Series Resonance :

For Parallel Resonance :

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THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS :

Series Parallel

PROCEDURE :

1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram(1).

2. Apply 20V (peak to peak) from the Function Generator.
3. Vary the input frequency in suitable steps (starting from 1K Hz to
10K Hz in step of 500 Hz).
4. Note down the readings of the milli Ammeter for different values
of frequency.
5. Calculate the Impedance Z.
6. Plot the graphs for current Vs frequency and Z Vs frequency.
7. Identify the values of f0 , f1 and f2 from the graph, Calculate the
Q-factor and Band width.
8. Compare with theoretical values.
9. Connect the circuit as per diagram(2).
10. Repeat steps (2) & (3).
11. Note down the readings of the voltmeter and milliammeter for
different frequencies.
12. Calculate the Impedance Z.
13. Plot the graphs for current Vs frequency and Z Vs frequency
14. Also plot the graph of Voltage Vs Frequency.
15. Identify the values of f0 , f1 and f2 from the graph, Calculate the
Q-factor and Band width.
RESULT :

CONCLUSION :

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

OBSERVATIONS:
When connected to LV side :
S No. Voltage V1 Current I Power W Voltage
(volt) (Amp) (watt) V2(volt)

When connected to HV side :

S No. Voltage V1 Current I Power W Voltage

(volt) (Amp) (watt) V2(volt)

CALCULATIONS :
When connected to LV side :

Power factor COS Φ = W / VL * I

Power factor angle Φ = COS -1 ( W / VL * I )

Magnetizing current Iµ = I * Sin Φ

Self Inductive reactance XL1 = VL / Iµ

Self Inductance L1 = XL1 / 2 π f

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9. DETERMINATION OF SELF & MUTUAL INDUCTANCES AND COEFFICIENT OF

COUPLING

AIM:
To determine the self and mutual inductances and coefficient of
coupling for two inductive coils.
APPARATUS :
Name Type / Range Quantity
Single phase variac 5 KVA, 230/ ( 0 – 270 ) V 1 No
Volt meter MI , ( 0 – 300 ) V 2 No
Ammeter MI , ( 0 – 5 ) A 1 No
Wattmeter LPF , 300 V , 5 A 1 No.

THEORY :
The property by which a coil opposes any change in the current
passing through it is known as self inductance. Whenever current passes
through an inductor, it produces a magnetic field around the coil and if the
current is alternating it produces an emf in the coil. Thus the self inductive
reactance and the self inductance can be found out by measuring the emf
induced and the current required to produce it.
Mutual inductance is the property by which a coil opposes any
change in the current passing through a neighbouring coil. Thus the mutual
inductive reactance and the mutual inductance can be found out by
measuring the emf induced in the neighbouring coil and the current required
to produce it.
The amount of coupling between the inductively coupled coils is
expressed in terms of the coefficient of coupling.
PROCEDURE :
(1) Connect the apparatus as per the circuit diagram.

(2) Adjust the variac and apply a voltage of 115 V at primary.

(3) Note down the voltmeter , ammeter and wattmeter readings in

the primary and secondary sides.

(4) Interchange the HV and LV sides.

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Mutual Inductive reactance = X M12 = VH / Iµ

Mutual Inductance M 12 = X M12 / 2 π f

When connected to HV side :

Power factor COS Φ = W / VH * I

Power factor angle Φ = COS -1 ( W / VH * I )

Magnetizing current Iµ = I * Sin Φ

Self Inductive reactance XL2 = VH / Iµ

Self Inductance L1 = XL1 / 2 π f

Mutual Inductive reactance = X M12 = VL / Iµ

Mutual Inductance M 12 = X M12 / 2 π f

Coefficient of Coupling , K = M / √(L1 * L2)

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(5) Note down the voltmeter , ammeter and wattmeter readings in

the primary and secondary sides.

(6) Switch off the supply and disconnect the circuit.

RESULT :

CONCLUSION:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS :

For Z-parameters
When V2 is open circuited,
V1 (volt) V2 (volt) I1 ( A) I2 ( A)

Z11 = V1 / I1 ( I2 = 0 )
Z21 = V2 / I1 ( I2 = 0 )
When V1 is open circuited,
V1 (volt) V2 (volt) I1 ( A) I2 ( A)

Z12 = V1 / I2 ( I1 = 0 )
Z21 = V1 / I1 ( I1 = 0 )

For Y -parameters
When V2 is short circuited,
V1 V2 I1 I2
(volt) (volt) ( A) ( A)

Y11 = I1 / V1 ( V2 = 0 ) =
Y21 = I2 / V1 ( V2 = 0 )
When V1 is short circuited,
V1 (volt) V2 (volt) I1 ( A) I2 ( A)

Y12 = I1 / V2 ( V1 = 0 )
Y22 = I2 / V2 ( V2 = 0 )

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10. Z & Y PARAMETERS

AIM :
To determine the Z, and Y parameters of a Two-port network.

APPARATUS :
Name Type / Range Quantity

1. Resistors - 150, 220 and 330 each 1 No.s

2. milli Ammeter - (0-20mA) 2 No.s
3. Voltmeter - (0-20v) 1 No
4. Regulated power Supply - 30 V, 2A 1 No.
5. Connecting wires.

THEORY :
A network is having two pairs of accessible terminals, it is called a two
port network. If voltage and current at the input and output terminals are V1
, I1 and V2 , I2 respectively, there are six sets of possible combinations
generated by the four variables, describing a two - port network. Z -
parameters and Y- parameters are two among them.
Using Z- parameters the circuit can be represented by the following
equations
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2
Using Y- parameters the circuit can be represented by the following
equations
I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2
I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2
PROCEDURE :
Z- parameters:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram – 1.
For Z11 and Z21 :
1. Make I2 = 0 by open circuiting the V2 and Apply V1 = 10V.
2. Note down the readings of V1, V2 and I1.
3. Calculate Z11 and Z21 .
4. Verify with theoretical values.

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For Z12 and Z22 :

1. Make I1 = 0 by open circuiting the V1 and Apply V2 = 15V.

2. Note down the readings of V1, V2 and I2.
3. Calculate Z12 and Z22.
4. Verify with theoretical values.
Y- parameters :-

1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram – 1.

For Y11 and Y21 :

1. Make V2 = 0 by short circuiting it and Apply V1=10v.
2. Note down the readings of I 1, I2 and V1.
3. Calculate Y11 and Y21 .
4. Verify with theoretical values.
For Y12 and Y22 :
1. Make V1 = 0 by short circuiting it and Apply V2 = 15v.
2. Note down the readings of I 1, I2 and V2.
3. Calculate Y12 and Y22.
4. Verify with theoretical values.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS :

For T-parameters
When V2 is short circuited,
V1 V2 I1 I2
(volt) (volt) ( A) ( A)

B = V1 / I2 ( V2 = 0 )
D = I1 / I2 ( V2 = 0 )
When V2 is open circuited,
V1 V2 I1 I2
(volt) (volt) ( A) ( A)

A = V1 / V2 ( I2 = 0 )
C = I1 / V2 ( I2 = 0 )
For h -parameters
When V2 is short circuited,
V1 V2 I1 I2
(volt) (volt) ( A) ( A)

h11 = V1 / I1 ( V2 = 0 )
h21 = I2 / I21 ( V2 = 0 )
When V1 is open circuited,
V1 V2 I1 I2
(volt) (volt) ( A) ( A)

h12 = V1 / V2 ( I1 = 0 )
h22 = I2 / V2 ( I1 = 0 )

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11. TRANSMISSION AND HYBRID PARAMETERS

AIM :
To determine the Transmission and Hybrid parameters of a Two-port
network.
APPARATUS :
Name Type / Range Quantity

1. Resistors - 150, 220 and 330 each 1 No.s

2. milli Ammeter - (0-20mA) 2 No.s
3. Voltmeter - (0-20v) 1 No
4. Regulated power Supply - 30 V, 2A 1 No.
5. Connecting wires.

THEORY :
A network is having two pairs of accessible terminals, it is called a two
port network. If voltage and current at the input and output terminals are V1
, I1 and V2 , I2 respectively, there are six sets of possible combinations
generated by the four variables, describing a two - port network.
Transmission- parameters and Hybrid- parameters are two among them.
Using T- parameters the circuit can be represented by the following
equations
V1 = A V2 - B I2
I1 = C V2 - D I2
Where A, B, C, D are the transmission parameters.
Using h- parameters the circuit can be represented by the following
equations
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2
h11 , h12 , h21 , h22 are the hybrid parameters.
PROCEDURE :
T- parameters :-
a. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram – 1.
b. Make V2 = 0 by short-circuiting it and Apply V1=10V.
c. Note down the readings of V1, I2 and I1.

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d. Calculate the values of B and D.

e. Make I2 = 0 by open-circuiting V2 and Apply V1=10V
f. Note down the readings of V1, V2 and I1.
g. Calculate the values of A and C
h. Verify with theoretical values.

h – parameters :-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram – 1.
2. Make V2 = 0 by short-circuiting it and Apply V1=10V.
3. Note down the readings of V1, I2 and I1.
4. Calculate the values of h11 and h21.
5. Make I1=0 by open-circuiting V1 and Apply V2=10V
6. Note down the readings of V1, V2 and I1.
7. Calculate the values of h12 and h22.
8. Verify with theoretical values.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

OBSERVATIONS & TABULAR COLUMN:

Phase Voltage ,V =

S No. A1 A2 W1 W2 W
(A) (A) (W) (W) (W)

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12. MEASUREMENT OF 3 PHASE POWER BY 2 WATTMETER METHOD

AIM:
To measure the active power consumed by a 3 phase load, using 2
wattmeter method.
APPARATUS:
NAME RANGE QUANTITY
Wattmeter 10A/600V 2 Nos
Ammeter (0-10)A 2Nos
Voltmeter ( 0 -600V) 1 No
3-phase Auto transformer
3-phase load

THEORY:
A circuit is said to be unbalanced when the impedance in one or more
phases differ from the impedances of the other phases.In such cases phase
or line currents are different and are displaced from one another by unequal
angles.
In two wattmeter method, we connect the current coil of the
wattmeters in two different phases of the 3 phase circuit and the pressure coil
will be connected between that particular phase and the third phase. The
total power consumed by the load
W= W1 + W2
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Ensure that
the autotransformer is in the minimum position and the load
applied is zero.
2) Switch ON the supply. Note down the meter readings.
3) Increase the load gradually and each time note down the meter
readings.
4) Calculate the active power from the two wattmeter readings.
5) Gradually decrease the load to zero and switch OFF the supply.

RESULT :

CONCLUSION:

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13. MESH ANALYSIS

AIM :

To simulate a simple DC circuits using PSpice

APPARATUS : PC (in working conduct) with PSpice software.

Procedure :

1. Open PSpice A/D windows

2. Create a new circuit file
3. Enter the program representing the nodal intercommoning
variations comport
4. Run the program
5. Observe the Nodal voltages, current theory the elements in the
output file
6. Observe the voltage, current graph in probe window.

Result :

Conclusion :

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14. NODAL ANALYSIS

AIM :
To simulate a simple DC circuits using PSpice

APPARATUS : PC (in working conduct) with PSpice software.

Procedure :

1. Open PSpice A/D windows

2. Create a new circuit file
3. Enter the program representing the nodal intercommoning
variations comport
4. Run the program
5. Observe the Nodal voltages, current theory the elements in the
output file
6. Observe the voltage, current graph in probe window.

Result :

Conclusion :

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