Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
Permanent magnet synchronous generator
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A permanent magnet synchronous generator is a generator where the excitation field is provided by a
permanent magnet instead of a coil. The term synchronous refers here to the fact that the rotor and magnetic
field rotate with the same speed, because the magnetic field is generated through a shaft mounted permanent
magnet mechanism and current is induced into the stationary armature
Synchronous generators are the majority source of commercial electrical energy. They are commonly used to
convert the mechanical power output of steam turbines, gas turbines, reciprocating engines and hydro turbines
into electrical power for the grid. Some designs of Wind turbines also use this generator type.
In the majority of designs the rotating assembly in the center of the
generator—the "rotor"—contains the magnet, and the "stator" is the
stationary armature that is electrically connected to a load. As shown in
the diagram, the perpendicular component of the stator field affects the
torque while the parallel component affects the voltage. The load
supplied by the generator determines the voltage. If the load is
inductive, then the angle between the rotor and stator fields will be
greater than 90 degrees which corresponds to an increased generator
voltage. This is known as an overexcited generator. The opposite is true
for a generator supplying a capacitive load which is known as an
underexcited generator. A set of three conductors make up the armature
winding in standard utility equipment, constituting three phases of a
power circuit—that correspond to the three wires we are accustomed to
see on transmission lines. The phases are wound such that they are 120
degrees apart spatially on the stator, providing for a uniform force or
torque on the generator rotor. The uniformity of the torque arises
because the magnetic fields resulting from the induced currents in the
three conductors of the armature winding combine spatially in such a
way as to resemble the magnetic field of a single, rotating magnet. This
stator magnetic field or "stator field" appears as a steady rotating field and spins at the same frequency as the
rotor when the rotor contains a single dipole magnetic field. The two fields move in "synchronicity" and
maintain a fixed position relative to each other as they spin.[1]
They are known as synchronous generators because f, the frequency of the induced voltage in the stator
(armature conductors) conventionally measured in hertz, is directly proportional to RPM, the rotation rate of
the rotor usually given in revolutions per minute (or angular speed). If the rotor windings are arranged in such a
way as to produce the effect of more than two magnetic poles, then each physical revolution of the rotor results
in more magnetic poles moving past the armature windings. Each passing of a north and south pole corresponds
to a complete "cycle" of a magnet field oscillation. Therefore, the constant of proportionality is , where P
is the number of magnetic rotor poles (almost always an even number), and the factor of 120 comes from 60
seconds per minute and two poles in a single magnet; .[2]
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In practice, the typical load is inductive in nature. The diagram above
depicts such an arrangement. is the voltage of the generator, and
and are the voltage and the current in the load respectively and is
the angle between them. Here, we can see that the resistance, R, and the
reactance, , play a role in determining the angle . This information
can be used to determine the real and reactive power output from the
generator.
In this diagram, is the terminal voltage. If we ignore the resistance as
shown above, we find that the power can be calculated:[3]
Breaking the apparent power into Real and Reactive power, we get:
In a permanent magnet generator, the magnetic field of the rotor is produced by permanent magnets. Other
types of generator use electromagnets to produce a magnetic field in a rotor winding. The direct current in the
rotor field winding is fed through a slipring assembly or provided by a brushless exciter on the same shaft.
Permanent magnet generators (PMGs) or alternators (PMAs) do not require a DC supply for the excitation
circuit, nor do they have slip rings and contact brushes. A key disadvantage in PMAs or PMGs is that the air
gap flux is not controllable, so the voltage of the machine cannot be easily regulated. A persistent magnetic
field imposes safety issues during assembly, field service or repair. High performance permanent magnets,
themselves, have structural and thermal issues. Torque current MMF vectorially combines with the persistent
flux of permanent magnets, which leads to higher airgap flux density and eventually, core saturation. In this
permanent magnet alternators the speed is directly proportional to the output voltage of the alternator.
See also
Alternator
Magneto
Ignition magneto
Magneto (generator)
Telephone magneto
Telephone magneto
References
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1. von Meier, Alexandra (2006). Electric Power Systems: A Conception Introduction. Hoboken, New Jersey: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 92–95. ISBN 9780471178590.
2. von Meier, Alexandra (2006). Electric Power Systems: A Conceptual Introduction. Hoboken, New Jersey: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 96–97. ISBN 9780471178590.
3. Chapman, Stephen (February 17, 2011). Electric Machinery Fundamentals. McGrawHill Education. ISBN 978
0073529547.
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