MAIN PROJECT REPORT

ON
MOBILE TICKETING SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC FARE
COLLECTION MODEL FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of B.Tech in Applied Electronics and
Instrumentation under Kannur University, Kerala

By

ATHULKRISHNAN B K

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

VIMAL JYOTHI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CHEMPERI, KANNUR

2015-2016
 I hereby declare that the report of project entitled “ MOBILE TICKETING

SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC FARE COLLECTION FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT ”

which is being submitted to Vimal Jyothi Engineering College under Kannur University, in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in APPLIED ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION
ENGINEERING from the department of Electronics and Instrumentation is a bonafide
report of the work carried out by me. The material contained in this report has not been
submitted to any University or Institute for the award of any degree.

Place: Chemperi ATHULKRISHNAN B K

Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
To begin with, I am submitting this project at the divine feet of God Almighty “the
satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion any task would be
incomplete without mentioning the people who made it possible”. I take this opportunity to
thank all those who have inspired and motivated me to make the project a success.

I am graceful to the principal Dr. Benny Joseph, BE, M.Tech, PhD who is the
leading light of my institution. I would like thank Mrs. Reema Mathew, HOD, Dept. of
Electronics and Instrumentation, for her constant and appropriate guidance throughout the
project as always.

I take this unique opportunity to express profound thanks and deep sense of
gratitude to my project coordinators Mr. Keerthi Chacko , Asst.Professor, Dept.
Electronics & Instrumentation, and Mrs Divya K., Asst.Professor, Dept. Electronics &
Instrumentation, and my internal guide Mr. Avinashe K K , Asst.Professor, Dept.
Electronics & Instrumentation, my external guide Mr. Jayaprakash HOD for their kind
advice and knowledgeable suggestions, which helped me to take my project to great height
of success.

Now I take my time to thank all the teachers of the college and my entire batch
mates for their support and encouragement and enduring support which was inevitable for
the success of my ventures.

Last, but not the least I am thankful to each other in this project group for being co-
operative, patient and hardworking for the successful completion of the mini project.
 ABSTRACT
In public transportation system at present we use paper tickets which are printed by a
small machine with a key pad. This process needs man power and we don’t know the details
of the passengers using the public transport. In our proposed system automatic ticketing uses
a digital ticket (smart card). It has details about the passenger and it is swiped while entering
the public transport and the destination is selected via GPS. The amount is reduced from the
passengers account according to the distance. All these details are stored in EEPROM. Then
using GPS the position is known and a buzzer is triggered when destination is reached.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 2
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION 3
3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 4
3.1 PIC18F24J50 4
3.1.1 FEATURES 4
3.1.2 PERIPHERAL FEATURES 6
3.1.3 ANALOG FEATURES 6
3.1.4 SPECIAL MICROCONTROLLER 7
FEATURES
3.1.5 I/O PORTS 7
3.1.6 INTERRUPTS 7
3.2 GSM SIM900A 9
3.2.1 FEATURES 10
3.2.2 TESTING THE BOARD 11
3.2.3 WORKING 11
3.2.4 TESTING THE GSM MODEM 12
3.3 GPS MODULE 13
3.3.1 USB GPS MODULE PINOUT 13
3.3.2 APPLICATIONS 14
3.4 RFID READER 15
3.4.1 CONNECTION DETAILS 15
3.4.2 WORKING 16
3.4.3 RFID TAG 17
3.4.4 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS 17
3.4.5 COMPONENT AUTHENTICATION 17
3.4.6 FEATURES 18
3.5 16X2 CHARACTER LCD 18
3.5.1 FEATURES 18
3.6 CD4066BC BILATERAL SWITCH QUAD 20
3.6.1 FEATURES 20
3.6.2 APPLICATIONS 20
3.7 MAX232 21
3.7.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 21
3.7.2 APPLICATIONS 22
3.7.3 BENEFITS AND FEATURES SAVES 22
BOARD SPACE
3.7.4 DETAILED DESCRIPTION 23
3.7.5 RS232 DRIVERS 23
3.7.6 RS232 RECEIVERS 24
3.8 POWER SUPPLY 25
3.8.1 SPECIFICATIONS 25
4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 26
4.1 VISUAL STUDIO 26
4.2 IDE 27
4.3 CREATE A PROJECT FOR YOUR 27
PROGRAM
4.4 MPLAB 27
5 WORKING 29
6 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 31
7 ADVANTAGES 32
8 RESULT ANALYSIS 33
9 CONCLUSION 34
BIBLIOGRAPHY 35
APPENDIX 36
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 2
3.1 PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC 6
3.2 GSM MODULE 12
3.3 GPS MODULE 13
3.4 RFID READER 15
3.5 LCD DISPLAY 19
3.6 CONNECTION DIAGRAM 21
3.7 MAX232 22
4.1 IDE VISUAL STUDIO 26
5.1 LOGIN TO THE BUS 29
5.2 LOGOUT FROM THE BUS 30
6.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 31

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO

3.1 DEVICE FEATURE 5
3.2 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION 14
3.3 LCD PINOUT SPECIFICATION 18
3.4 LCD ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATION 19
Main project 2016 Automatic mobile ticketing system for public transport

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Automated Fare calculation for Public transport system is an Economic and

Management Approach for Transit system. This provides a wealth of resourceful information to
everyone with interest in mass transit. In Automated fare collection system, the unit has 2
modes; Admin mode and User mode. Every time the unit is switched on, it will give a welcome
note with mode selection.

In Location fixing the GPS is used to find the locations and will saves the location
details like latitude and longitude values to the EEPROM. When the add user option is selected,
the admin can add new user along with his recharge details and saves those in to EEPROM. .
The unit will automatically reduce the fare from his account and will update the data into the
EEPROM.

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CHAPTER 2

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 2.1 Block diagram

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Main project 2016 Automatic mobile ticketing system for public transport

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

 Here we are going to see mobile ticketing system for automatic fare collection.

 When a person enters the vehicle, the RFID tag is swiped .The GPS stores the
coordinate of the location and treats it as the source.

 When the person is about to leave, the card is swiped again and the GPS stores the
coordinate which is treated as the destination.

 The server calculates the fare and deducts it from the balance.

 The deducted amount is send as a message to the user using GSM module.

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CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 PIC18F24J50

This low power and high performance 8-bit MCU with integrated full-speed USB 2.0 and
peripheral flexibility comes in a small package for cost sensitive applications in the PIC18 J-
series. New features include Deep sleep mode for low power applications, Peripheral Pin Select
for design flexibility for mapping peripherals to I/O pins and a CTMU module for easy capacitive
touch user interfaces. The PIC18F46J50 family is ideal for applications requiring cost-effective,
low-power USB solutions with a robust peripheral set in a small package.
3.1.1 FEATURES
 15nA Deep Sleep mode.
 60nA Sleep mode (RAM retention)
 830nA Real Time Clock & Calendar operation in Sleep modes
 780nA Watch Dog Timer operation in Sleep mode
 Integrated full speed USB 2.0
 Deep Sleep mode ideal for battery applications
 Peripheral Pin Select for mapping digital peripherals to various I/O for design flexibility
 Hardware RTCC provides clock, calendar & alarm functions
 Charge Time Measurement Unit (CTMU) supports capacitive touch screens
 2 Enhanced Capture / Compare / PWM modules
 2 MSSP serial ports for SPI or I2C™ communication
 2 Enhanced USART module

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Program Memory Type Flash

Program Memory (KB) 16

CPU Speed (MIPS) 12

RAM Bytes 3,800

Digital Communication 2-UART, 2-A/E/USART, 2-

Peripherals SPI, 2-I2C2-MSSP(SPI/I2C)

Capture/Compare/PWM 2 ECCP /
Peripherals

Timers 2 x 8-bit, 3 x 16-bit

ADC 10 ch, 10-bit

Comparators 2

Temperature Range (C) -40 to 85

Operating Voltage Range (V) 2 to 3.6

Pin Count 28

Table 3.1 Device features

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Main project 2016 Automatic mobile ticketing system for public transport

Fig 3.1 Pin diagram of PIC

3.1.2 PERIPHERAL FEATURES
 High current sink/source 25 mA/25 mA
 Three external interrupt pins
 Timer0 module: 8-bit/16-bit timer/counter with 8-bit programmable prescaler
 Timer1 module: 16-bit timer/counter
 Timer2 module: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register (time-base for PWM)
 Timer3 module: 16-bit timer/counter
 Secondary oscillator clock option - Timer1/Timer3
 Two Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) modules.
 Capture input: capture is 16-bit, max. resolution 6.25 ns (TCY/16)
 Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution 100 ns (TCY)
 PWM output: PWM resolution is 1- to 10-bit, max.
 PWM freq. @: 8-bit resolution = 156 kHz.
 10-bit resolution = 39 kHz.
3.1.3 ANALOG FEATURES
 Fast sampling rate
 Conversion available during SLEEP

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Main project 2016 Automatic mobile ticketing system for public transport

 Linearity ≤ 1 LSB
 Programmable Low Voltage Detection (PLVD)
 Supports interrupt on-Low Voltage Detection
3.1.4 SPECIAL MICROCONTROLLER FEATURES
 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced FLASH program memory typical
 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory
 FLASH/Data EEPROM Retention: > 40 years
 Self-reprogrammable under software control
 Power-on Reset (POR), Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
 Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own On-Chip RC Oscillator for reliable operation
 Programmable code protection
 Power saving SLEEP mode
 Selectable oscillator options including:
 4X Phase Lock Loop (of primary oscillator)
 Secondary Oscillator (32 kHz) clock input
 Single supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP™) via two pins
 In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins.
3.1.5 I/O PORTS
Depending on the device selected, there are either five ports or three ports available.
Some pins of the I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function from the peripheral features
on the device. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that pin may not be used as a general
purpose I/O pin.
Each port has three registers for its operation. These registers are:
 TRIS register (data direction register)
 PORT register (reads the levels on the pins of the device)
 LAT register (output latch)
3.1.6 INTERRUPTS
The PIC18FXX2 devices have multiple interrupt sources and an interrupt priority feature
that allows each interrupt source to be assigned a high priority level or a low priority level.

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Main project 2016 Automatic mobile ticketing system for public transport

The high priority interrupt vector is at 000008h and the low priority interrupt vector is at
000018h. High priority interrupt events will override any low priority interrupts that may be in
progress.

There are ten registers which are used to control interrupt operation. These registers are:
 RCON
 INTCON
 INTCON2

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 INTCON3
 PIR1, PIR2
 PIE1, PIE2
 IPR1, IPR2
It is recommended that the Microchip header files supplied with MPLAB® IDE be used
for the symbolic bit names in these registers. This allows the assembler/compiler to
automatically take care of the placement of these bits within the specified register. Each interrupt
source, except INT0, has three bits to control its operation.

3.2 GSM SIM 900A

GSM/GPRS Modem-RS232 is built with Dual Band GSM/GPRS engine- SIM900A, works
on frequencies 900/ 1800 MHz The Modem is coming with RS232 interface, which allows you
connect PC as well as microcontroller with RS232 Chip (MAX232). The baud rate is configurable

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from 9600-115200 through AT command. The GSM/GPRS Modem is having internal TCP/IP stack
to enable you to connect with internet via GPRS.

It is suitable for SMS, Voice as well as DATA transfer application in M2M interface. The
onboard Regulated Power supply allows you to connect wide range unregulated power supply.
Using this modem, you can make audio calls, SMS, Read SMS, attend the incoming calls and
internet etc. through simple AT commands.

3.2.1 FEATURES
 Uses the extremely popular SIM900 GSM module

 Provides the industry standard serial RS232 interface for easy connection to
computers and other devices.
 Provides serial TTL interface for easy and direct interface to microcontrollers

 Optionally available USB interface for easy interface to laptops, computers, etc.

 Onboard MIC and Speaker circuits and 3.5mm audio connectors for direct
connection to mice and speakers

 All pins of the SIM900 module can be tapped into for expansion using onboard
expansion holes. GPIO pins, Serial communication pins, 2 PWM pins, I2C pins and
ADC pins are broken out to standard 0.1‖ spaced holes for easy expansion.

 Power, Status and Network LEDs for easy debugging.

 Can be used for GSM based Voice communications, Data/Fax, SMS, GPRS and
TCP/IP stack.

 Can be controlled through standard AT commands.

 Module‘s operation mode can be controlled through the PWR Key connected to
the PWRKEY pin (refer the SIM900 datasheet for more information).

 Comes with an onboard wire antenna for better reception. Board provides an
option for adding an external antenna through an SMA connector.

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 The SIM900 allows an adjustable serial baudrate from 1200 to 115200 bps

 Modem a low power consumption of 0.25 A during normal operations and around
1 A during transmission.

3.2.2 TESTING THE BOARD

 Insert a SIM card into the SIM tray on the board

 Connect the board to a computer‘s serial port using a RS232 cable

 To read the text being sent by the modem, you will need a serial monitoring software.
Windows has a built in serial monitoring software called HyperTerminal. Run it at
Start > Programs -> Accessories -> Communications-> HyperTerminal

 Enter connection name.

 Select the serial port to which the modem is connected under the ―Connect Using
―option (usually COM1)
 Select Baudrate of 9600 and Flow control as none. The board works on a serial
communication that can work within a wide range of speeds from 1200 bps to
1152000 bps,
 You will have to send character ‗A‘ (uppercase A) initially before you send any other
command to the modem
 Enter ―AT‖ in the HyperTerminal, the board will echo ―OK‖ if everything is properly
setup
 The onboard Net LED(yellow) is used to display the network status a) LED Off –
SIM900 not running b) 64ms On 0.8 Sec Off - SIM900 unable to find network c)
64ms On 3 Sec Off - SIM900 found network d) 64ms On/ 300ms Off GPRS
communication
3.2.3 WORKING
Unlike mobile phones, a GSM modem doesn‘t have a keypad and display to interact
with. It just accepts certain commands through a serial interface and acknowledges for those.
These commands are called as AT commands. There is a list of AT commands to instruct the

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modem to perform its functions. Every command starts with "AT". That‘s why they are called as
AT commands. AT stands for attention.

In our simple project, the program waits for the mobile number to be entered through the
keyboard. When a ten digit mobile number is provided, the program instructs the modem to
send the text message using a sequence of AT commands.

Fig 3.2 GSM Module

3.2.4 TESTING YOUR GSM MODEM

 The GSM modem can be tested by connecting it with a PC. The modem is equipped with
a RS232 cable. Just use a Serial to USB converter and connect it with the PC.
 Now you can proceed with sending the commands to the modem using any serial
communication program like HyperTerminal, minicom etc. Ensure the serial parameters
are configured to 8N1 and the baud rate is set to 9600bps.
 For each command you send the modem acknowledges with a message. Example: Just try
sending "AT" to the modem. It sends back a result code "OK" which states that modem is
responding. If it‘s not working fine, it sends "ERROR".

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3.3 GPS MODULE

GPS Module comes with a POT (Patch on Top) ceramic antenna which makes it a small
and complete solution for enabling GPS navigation to your embedded devices and robots. It
supports 66 Channels and external antenna input compatibility for maximum sensitivity. Module
comes with a standard 2mm DIP pin headers which provides easy interface to your device. The
module works on TTL Serial protocol which used with any microcontroller or PC. USB cable is
included to connect with PC USB port. It can be directly plugged to USB and can be connected to
software like Trimble studio.

Fig 3.3 GPS Module

3.3.1 USB GPS MODULE PINOUTS

 GND (Pin1) – Ground

 VCC (Pin2) - +5V input or if module is connected to USB +5V output

 TX (Pin3) - This is the UART transmitter of the module. It outputs the GPS information
for application.

 RX (Pin4) - This is the UART receiver of the module.

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Main project 2016 Automatic mobile ticketing system for public transport

Table 3.2 Performance specification

3.3.2 APPLICATIONS

• LBS (Location Based Service)

• Vehicle navigation system

• PND (Portable Navigation Device)GPS mouse and Bluetooth GPS receiver

 Timing application.

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3.4 RFID READER

 The RFID Proximity OEM Reader Module has a built-in antenna in minimized form
factor.
 It is designed to work on the industry standard carrier frequency of 125 kHz.
 This LF reader module with an internal or an external antenna facilitates communication
with Read-Only transponders—type UNIQUE or TK5530 via the air interface.
 The tag data is sent to the host systems via the wired communication interface with a
protocol selected from the module Both TTl and Wiegend Protocal.
 The LF module is best suited for applications in Access Control, Time and Attendance,
Asset Management, Handheld Readers, Immobilizers, and other RFID enabled
applications.
3.4.1 CONNECTION DETAILS
 Connect - 5 volts and GND.
 TX - TTL output Can be directly connected to Microcontroller ( To covert TTL to UART
use Converter Board ).
 D0 & D1 - is used for wigend protocol.

Fig 3.4 RFID Reader

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Main project 2016 Automatic mobile ticketing system for public transport

RFID Reader Module This is a low frequency (125 KHz) RFID reader with serial output
with a range of 8-12cm. It is a compact units with built in antenna and can be directly connected
to the PC using RS232 protocol.

3.4.2 WORKING

Many types of RFID exist, but at the highest level, we can divide RFID devices into two
classes: active and passive. Active tags require a power source they‘re either connected to a
powered infrastructure or use energy stored in an integrated battery. In the latter case, a tag‘s
lifetime is limited by the stored energy, balanced against the number of read operations the
device must undergo. One example of an active tag is the transponder attached to an aircraft that
identifies its national origin. Another example is a LoJack device attached to a car, which
incorporates cellular technology and a GPS to locate the car if stolen. However, batteries make
the cost, size, and life-time of active tags impractical for the retail trade. Passive RFID is of
interest because the tags don‘t require batteries or maintenance. The tags also have an indefinite
operational life and are small enough to fit into a practical adhesive label. A passive tag consists
of three parts: an antenna, a semiconductor chip attached to the antenna, and some form of
encapsulation. The tag reader is responsible for powering and communicating with a tag. The tag
antenna captures energy and transfers the tag‘s ID (the tag‘s chip coordinates this process). The
encapsulation maintains the tag‘s integrity and protects the antenna and chip from environmental
conditions or reagents. The encapsulation could be a small glass vial or a laminar plastic
substrate with adhesive on one side to enable easy attachment to goods. Two fundamentally
different RFID design approaches exist for transferring power from the reader to the tag:
magnetic induction and electromagnetic (EM) wave capture. These two designs take advantage
of the EM properties associated with an RF antenna—the near field and the far field. Both can
transfer enough power to a remote tag to sustain its operation—typically between 10 W and 1
mW, depending on the tag type. (For comparison, the nominal power an Intel X Scale processor
consumes is approximately 500 mW, and an Intel Pentium 4 consumes up to 50 W.) Through
various modulation techniques, near- and far-field-based signals can also transmit and receive
data.

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Main project 2016 Automatic mobile ticketing system for public transport

3.4.3 RFID TAG

To control access to buildings or other objects such as hotel rooms or lockers by persons
or items, ID systems have to ensure absolute security. The RFID technology is utilized as access
control embedded in ID cards. These cards not only prevent unauthorized access to buildings or
other objects but are further used for time attendance monitoring. In addition to identification, an
RFID card may be used to store value. Whether as a transportation pass or loyalty/prepaid utility
card, RFID provides convenience and security. In the automotive sector, RFID-based security
keys prevent unauthorized access to vehicles.

3.4.4 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

 Building access control

 Hotel room access
 Locker locks
 Automotive immobilizers
 Parking lot security and access
 Anti-counterfeiting/forgery prevention
 Company badges
 Loyalty card
 Prepaid card
3.4.5 COMPONENT AUTHENTICATION

Within consumer and commercial systems there are often components that need to be
guaranteed authentic for the proper operation of the system or the safety of the user. RFID
provides a convenient and secure method of identifying a removable or replaceable component.
RFID tags can be made in a variety of shapes and sizes specifically designed for the component
they are attached to. With no electrical connections required, a solution can be found for just
about any component whether it has electronic content or not. To further enhance system
operation data may be encrypted and stored on the RFID tag for use by the system or to record
historical information during operation

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3.4.6 FEATURES

 Output- TTL or Wigand26.

 Plug-and-Play, needs +5V to become a reader.
 Buzzer indicates tag reading operation.
 Compact size and cost-effective.

3.5 16 X 2 CHARACTER LCD

3.5.1 FEATURES

 5 x 8 dots with cursor

 Built-in controller
 + 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V)
 1/16 duty cycle
 B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED)
 N.V. optional for + 3V power supply

Table 3.2 LCD Pinout specification

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Main project 2016 Automatic mobile ticketing system for public transport

Fig 3.5 LCD Display

Table 3.3 LCD electrical specifications

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3.6 CD4066BC BILATERAL SWITCH QUAD

The CD4066BC is a quad bilateral switch intended for the transmission or multiplexing
of analog or digital signals. It is pin-for-pin compatible with CD4016BC, but has a much lower
―ON‖ resistance, and ―ON‖ resistance is relatively constant over the input-signal range.

3.6.1 FEATURES

 Wide supply voltage range 3V to 15V.

 High noise immunity 0.45 VDD (typ.).
 Wide range of digital and ±7.5 VPEAK analog switching.
 ―ON‖ resistance for 15V operation 80Ω.
 Matched ―ON‖ resistance ∆RON = 5Ω (typ.) over 15V signal input.
 ―ON‖ resistance flat over peak-to-peak signal range.
 High ―ON‖/―OFF‖ 65 dB (typ.) output voltage ratio @ fis = 10 kHz, RL = 10 kΩ
 High degree linearity 0.1% distortion (typ.) High degree linearity.
 Extremely low ―OFF‖ 0.1 nA (typ.) switch leakage: @ VDD−VSS = 10V.
3.6.2 APPLICATIONS

 Analog signal switching/multiplexing.

 Signal gating.
 Squelch control.
 Chopper.
 Modulator/Demodulator.
 Commutating switch.
 Digital signal switching/multiplexing.
 CMOS logic implementation.
 Analog-to-digital/digital-to-analog conversion.
 Digital control of frequency, impedance, phase, and analog-signal-gain.

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Main project 2016 Automatic mobile ticketing system for public transport

Fig 3.6 Connection diagram

3.7 MAX232

3.7.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The MAX220–MAX249 family of line drivers/receivers is intended for all EIA/TIA-

232E and V.28/V.24 communications interfaces, particularly applications where ±12V is not
available. The MAX225, MAX233, MAX235, and MAX245/MAX246/ MAX247 use no
external components and are recommended for applications where printed circuit board space is
critical. The MAX220-MAX249 are offered in 26 different packages with temperatures from 0 to
+70°C up to -55°C to +125°C. See ordering information table at the end of the data sheet for all
package and temperature options.

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Main project 2016 Automatic mobile ticketing system for public transport

3.7.2 APPLICATIONS

 Interface Translation.
 Multidrop RS-232 Networks
 Portable Diagnostics Equipment
3.7.3 BENEFITS AND FEATURES SAVES BOARD SPACE

 Integrated Charge Pump Circuitry

 Eliminates the Need for a Bipolar ±12V Supply
 Enables Single Supply Operation from +5V Supply
 Integrated Capacitors (MAX223, MAX233, MAX235, MAX245-MAX247) Saves
Power for Reduced Power Requirements
 5µW Shutdown Mode

Fig 3.7 MAX232 Pin Configuration and Typical Operating Circuit

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3.7.4 DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The MAX220–MAX249 contain four sections: dual charge-pump DC-DC voltage

converters, RS-232 drivers, RS-232 receivers, and receiver and transmitter enable control inputs.
Dual Charge-Pump Voltage Converter The MAX220–MAX249 have two internal charge-pumps
that convert +5V to ±10V (unloaded) for RS-232 driver operation. The first converter uses
capacitor C1 to double the +5V input to +10V on C3 at the V+ output. The second converter uses
capacitor C2 to invert +10V to -10V on C4 at the V- output.

A small amount of power may be drawn from the +10V (V+) and -10V (V-) outputs to
power external circuitry (see the Typical Operating Characteristics section), except on the
MAX225 and MAX245–MAX247, where these pins are not available. V+ and V- are not
regulated, so the output voltage drops with increasing load current. Do not load V+ and V- to a
point that violates the minimum ±5V EIA/TIA-232E driver output voltage when sourcing current
from V+ and V- to external circuitry. When using the shutdown feature in the MAX222,
MAX225, MAX230, MAX235, MAX236, MAX240, MAX241, and MAX245–MAX249, avoid
using V+ and Vto power external circuitry. When these parts are shut down, V- falls to 0V, and
V+ falls to +5V. For applications where a +10V external supply is applied to the V+ pin (instead
of using the internal charge pump to generate +10V), the C1 capacitor must not be installed and
the SHDN pin must be connected to VCC. This is because V+ is internally connected to VCC in
shutdown.

3.7.5 RS-232 DRIVERS

The typical driver output voltage swing is ±8V when loaded with a nominal 5kΩ RS-232
receiver and VCC = +5V. Output swing is guaranteed to meet the EIA/TIA- 232E and V.28
specification, which calls for ±5V minimum driver output levels under worst-case conditions.
These include a minimum 3kΩ load, VCC = +4.5V, and maximum operating temperature.
Unloaded driver output voltage ranges from (V+ -1.3V) to (V- +0.5V). Input thresholds are both
TTL and CMOS compatible. The inputs of unused drivers can be left unconnected since 400kΩ
input pull-up resistors to VCC are built in (except for the MAX220). The pull up resistors forces
the outputs of unused drivers low because all drivers invert. The internal input pull up resistors

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typically source 12µA, except in shutdown mode where the pull ups are disabled. Driver outputs
turn off and enter a high-impedance state—where leakage current is typically microamperes
(maximum 25µA)—when in shutdown mode, in three-state mode, or when device power is
removed. Outputs can be driven to ±15V. The power supply current typically drops to 8µA in
shutdown mode. The MAX220 does not have pull up resistors to force the outputs of the unused
drivers low. Connect unused inputs to GND or VCC. The MAX239 has a receiver three-state
control line, and the MAX223, MAX225, MAX235, MAX236, MAX240, and MAX241 have
both a receiver three-state control line and a low-power shutdown control. Table 2 shows the
effects of the shutdown control and receiver three state control on the receiver outputs.

The receiver TTL/CMOS outputs are in a high-impedance, three-state mode whenever

the three-state enable line is high (for the MAX225/MAX235/MAX236/MAX239– MAX241),
and are also high-impedance whenever the shutdown control line is high. When in low-power
shutdown mode, the driver outputs are turned off and their leakage current is less than 1µA with
the driver output pulled to ground. The driver output leakage remains less than 1µA, even if the
transmitter output is back driven between 0V and (VCC + 6V). Below -0.5V, the transmitter is
diode clamped to ground with 1kΩ series impedance. The transmitter is also zener clamped to
approximately VCC + 6V, with a series impedance of 1kΩ. The driver output slew rate is limited
to less than 30V/µs as required by the EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 specifications. Typical slew rates
are 24V/µs unloaded and 10V/µs loaded with 3Ω and 2500pF.

3.7.6 RS-232 RECEIVERS

EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 specifications define a voltage level greater than 3V as a logic
0, so all receivers invert. Input thresholds are set at 0.8V and 2.4V, so receivers respond to TTL
level inputs as well as EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 levels.

The receiver inputs withstand an input overvoltage up to ±25V and provide input
terminating resistors with nominal 5kΩ values. The receivers implement Type 1 interpretation of
the fault conditions of V.28 and EIA/TIA-232E. The receiver input hysteresis is typically 0.5V
with a guaranteed minimum of 0.2V. This produces clear output transitions with slow-moving

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input signals, even with moderate amounts of noise and ringing. The receiver propagation delay
is typically 600ns and is independent of input swing direction.

3.8 POWER SUPPLY

The power supplies are designed to power equipment used in Security, Fire, CCTV and
Access Control applications. All enclosures are featured with tamper contacts to detect opening the
enclosure. There exist fuses protecting mains and the output load.

3.8.1 SPECIFICATIONS
 Battery Type: 18650

 Nominal voltage: 12V

 Input voltage: 12.6V

 Output voltage: 8-12.6V

 Single-cell voltage: 3.7V

 Single battery capacity: 2000mAh

 Combined capacity: 8000mAh (8ah)

 Combination: 4 and 3 series

 Size: 38 * 110 * 70mm

 Overall Weight: 0.6 Kg

 External Packaging: Blue PVC

 Product list: 12V-8ah lithium-ion batteries 1PCS+12.6V 1A battery charger 1PCS.

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CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 VISUAL STUDIO

Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) from
Microsoft. It can be used to develop console and graphical user interface applications
along with Windows Forms applications, web sites, web applications, and web services
in both native code with managed code for all platforms supported by Microsoft
Windows, Windows Phone, Windows CE, .NET Framework, .NET Compact Framework
and Microsoft Silverlight.

Fig 4.1 IDE in visual studio

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4.2 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT (IDE)

The Visual Studio product family shares a single integrated development
environment (IDE) that is composed of several element: the Menu bar, Standard toolbar,
various tool windows docked or auto hidden on the left, bottom, and right sides, as well
as the editor space. The tool windows, menus, and toolbars available depend on the type
of project or file you are working in.
4.3 TO CREATE A PROJECT FOR YOUR PROGRAM
 From the Windows Start menu, click Visual Basic 2008 Express Edition.
The "Welcome to Visual Basic Express" screen appears. This is the interface for Visual Basic
2008 Express Edition, also known as the integrated development environment or IDE.
 On the File menu, click New Project. The New Project dialog box opens.
 Select Windows Forms Application and click OK.
 A new form displays in the IDE, and the necessary files for your project are added to the
Solution Explorer window. If this is the first Windows Forms Application project that
you have created, it is named "WindowsApplication1".
 The Toolbox is on the left side of Visual Studio and consists of several tabs such as Data,
Components, and All Windows Forms. Inside each tab is a set of entries that represent
controls or components that you can add to your application. For example, the All
Windows Forms tab has entries named TextBox, Button, and CheckBox that represent
controls that you can add to your application by dragging them onto the form. Don't
worry too much about the size of the controls; you will learn how to customize the look
of your application in the next lesson.

4.4 MPLAB
MPLAB IDE is a software program that runs on your PC to provide a development
environment for your embedded system design. MPLAB X IDE provides an extensive array of
features for developing and debugging applications on any device from the PIC microcontroller
product family.
However, as with any feature-rich program, it can be a challenge to learn to use all of its
capabilities or even to find out what all of those capabilities are. The goal of this section of the

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Developer Help site is to help you to discover and learn how to use the many available features
that are sure to simplify and enhance your development activities.
MPLAB@X IDE is a software program that is used to develop applications for
Microchip microcontrollers and digital signal controllers. (Experienced embedded-systems
designers may want to skip to the next chapter.)This development tool is called an Integrated
Development Environment, or IDE, because it provides a single integrated ―environment‖ to
develop code for embedded microcontrollers.
This chapter describes the development of an embedded system and briefly explains
How MPLAB X IDE from Microchip is used in the process.
Topics discussed here include the following:
 An Overview of Embedded Systems
 The Development Cycle
 Project Manager
 Language Tools
 Target Debugging
 Device Programming
 Components of MPLAB X IDE
 MPLAB X IDE Online Help
 Other MPLAB X IDE Documentation
 Web Site
 MPLAB X IDE Updates

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CHAPTER 5
WORKING
Here we are going to see mobile ticketing system for automatic fare collection.When a
person enters the vehicle, the RFID tag is swiped .The GPS stores the coordinate of the location and
treats it as the source. When the person is about to leave, the card is swiped again and the GPS
stores the coordinate which is treated as the destination .The server calculates the fare and deducts it
from the balance. The deducted amount is send as a message to the user using GSM module.

 The source is determined by swiping the RFID card

Fig 5.1 Login to the bus

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 When the person reaches the destination the rfid swiped again and the fare is calculated.

Fig 5.2 Logout from the bus

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CHAPTER 6
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 6.1 Circuit diagram

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CHAPTER 7

ADVANTAGES
• Improved consumer convenience
• Increased revenue by increasing accessibility of tickets
• Reduce human effort and time
• Avoid price discrimination

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CHAPTER 8
RESULT ANALYSIS
We constructed a Mobile ticketing system for automatic fare collection for public
transport and we have obtained the desired output. .We were able to inform the user about the fare
by sending message to his phone using GSM module.th system was able to correctly pinpoint the
source and destination of the user by the coordinates provided by the GPS module.

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CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
 The mobile ticketing system is an effective application of Mobile Communication and
Information Technology in surface transportation operations.

 Large volume of commuter traffic being handled by using mobile ticketing system

 The commuters or the transport workers need not worry about tending exact changes

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Advanced Cellular Network Planning and Optimization Edited by Ajay R Mishra C _2007
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
• Magnus, Kristian, Espen, NTNU, Decoding GSM, June 2010.
• Web Proforum Tutorials, Smart Cards In Wireless Services.
• Smart card Tutorials
• Shiro Kondo & Tatsuyuki Shikura, Fuji Electric Review, Vol.50 No.3, Wireless Link
Design For Contactless Card.
• ―Enhancing the Experience of Public Transport Users with Urban Screens and Mobile
Applications‖ M. Foth and R. Schroeter Proc. 14th Int‘l Academic Mind Trek Conf.:
Envisioning Future Media Environments (Mind Trek 10), ACM, 2010, pp. 33–40.
• ―Leveraging Electronic Ticketing to Provide Personalized Navigation in a Public Transport
Network‖ Ana Aguiar, Member, IEEE, Francisco Maria Cruz Nunes, Manuel Joao
Fernandes Paula Alexandra Silva, and Dirk Elias

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APPENDIX

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