Seg aes ef rsd ce Pee Pen ep mae rd ese Ride Stenger (88 The iy ad pty op ered. a Zepeda tw ek cf ng Ya So Ma 8-80 From L. Glactrnn 2 pn. Leberman code) 1 945° Langunges An Inetabon te Ggmotive Sronce. wl, cont adetion ) Chapter 8 Comprehending Sentence Structure Jet Dean Fodor ‘rom Ward Sirng Wo Sentence Meaning 811 Dedicing Stace hen we hear o ed «snr, we fe ane ore or es inst ‘esi of wha means, ur minds cmp the meaning somo, of (fetes the words ta compe terrence Bat the words lane re Se SRoigh Th sneer eongs we aaah ses rece ha hey ald no be wvived by fa coining nord eos hepa ‘hahacand ord camber ould miundetane (8 ceaing hat Seve Btn (ar meng hat pigs By and abs (0) Love besa Pigs an abt cat By ut people fencept when seating italy wong donot comprehend Sstercts aso vag sway We caine wand mains acorn 0+ reese coe tht provided by ryan a the anguage, A sete Tore than» sring of words I's» hgh sacred cect in which oe lords te goed et phates ad hen sro with general it pls fice ptening For mane testing of werd none re ove te srace chown by the bchts nO. race 9 OL hd tho why feet doce (0) a Plgeland bts ant 1 ge and atleast Wnt interesting i at this ence sere tat dies sentence omprenson ssl mes ine tral there bu ot ove Sloaye I 2 nt rchibly marked in the phonetic fom of « sp04e ference orn he eographie fom of water one, The prosody of heserene he melody ar tnng wth whch i spot: see cuter 9) doce wouly rf tre anpets ofthe tue ace ba Pt a in woten ngage. suc oration ising ely tet Intel by an etasorleamma Tus if peeve eto re tracks statin comprhening tence so hat hey ma doa thermic sence I ore odo so they stb relying the Kaowedg ofthe sre ‘url princi of the langage. Diet rl lngagen gies Sp Ish pans, and so fet) ext sight (ot ety ere serene paler whch hip the sentences and dite how wr! tceings {Ste inegate Linguist inguages in order to chcover wis here putters are. But the speakers and perceiver language eviseny ave ths infrmation in ther ead: We can intespe! Sot i we have no ‘ecuraces 03 hich why inguin bers by observing sentences jst st tlomelagitssberve ens bse ‘ce ths knonedge nots aring the aptge and ne enw oo Is nconacouly an etomataly, to eae fens suche ey tine we spake cdertane For example. people who know English know tat he sb of sn tess (theca! noun oe ad thot eves never Soa ‘bu can be 2 ye nother contexts nd bss can bee pooe Theat et lori te ste rand nt te veo flows fone ato ah grammar. In Engh though notin Welsh oy Moors setence clos init ver anes t's an soar ne Oke may ny Chg Incr a tpeaive verb ans gor cr apc “pled tonucion sch st Ls yo al ba forge! ge Fase ‘el Serene (doesnt ey of Bete pte, The going ot tay look lie an impetive Loeb dor eh be i ‘ode Engi he ala the ero 3) cle tn possi. Therfre the it word of Ci nat webs not an deve ora pepo or s2ything ees mst bes oun This ft then ela he nest ror, fants ssa verb bee. not» nur TH eee Engh ole Koen the sje cane! be falowed dey bythe lye (rote noun phate Be ves st come been es. Tene {an be fa rns in «rw in Enh thy Sora compound rou ony abt ne ars des nk wet 3 ompoed nea Prceiver thas morc stucure onl wing of words, deducing ‘rm thr meal stored rar of te lnguge Ths an exe ‘ry fea that undies even the os ordne'y ue language Pay. Ings ae terested n Ending ct ow pope pu ther canoe eet knowledge fo work What cathy se these mental dae Senn whch so apy and velbly deliver sentence meings 0 our Canpiherding Setone Ste 311 conscious mind They 6 ot dally observable, 20 we need fo be ‘esurclln fing etd for tesigaing then Oe soe th fants heb iso locks exe cue whee ges many propeiet the sntece hve tobe projected rm very il percept vtec ‘has woud be sentences where the rt of vile” are ove srrde very igh An oumpeis (9) Thera he tthe dog ware hated ate the ah “Tis swt led doubly crterebudd eve de case ton har one ative dae nth de ther ale dagen the mil of «main date Il was nated sore yeas ago by Yogve (60) that sentences he this though wel orm acd wth the ‘yates of Eglsh ae een St To sacral ender $n. Pats of 8) ae ery tough fo pe. The pe he dg tori sear, nd el et Sls the sree woul be Th ‘SE so eh ch, nh so comprehensible at ape ihr oo mach crea 0 he fo ext mantel Core henson voutiest cpe wi Mil nd Chey 90) ae eve reel, Pas 1905) save cbr tht Cou everebedoed oe ine'enae contin hive sve dese aacc ste A ne digzar of te state of) Shen od yoo ca ee fat Seeman none! highe sees eae fof emi! orev ode This epoca tea The bain of he wrtnce wie he fit sic words regu tee case star to be bolt Compre tht seh the sate Shown (fore etence wich es he sae bat {F words bl hs fewer nages more evenly tbe. and wh fetealy en tundetands 1 eh hp te ag stn Sn an cg et Eien ete ee fer eA ae© 5 the at “Te cay of) and ater emtece wth mp canter anbedings shows tat or mantel sentence comprehen ons though teat {Biv eficent mow of th tine, do ave ellis 82 Ely Categories Another way n which setnce ean have igh nd of ste to be foci by the pce rf ome of conruamts do net ae fps nthe won sing. These rancor cnet what Ings {eps etgans Thay ar epann the ry ese tt they te noun phases ove o relive pronoun, and oth They tee omply nthe rere fading any phoncoge or otogrshel el isston Thus an empyetegory ise pee ete serene stocre butt ienah pronounced for writen) by fhe selene proce 29 8 ale ervey to the setence peer The pervert deduce Tethite exitence adit propetie An name he ing” we fle Inthe second dese of sentence (John few to Ps. and Mary to Ching. Maria noun pee NP) andy Ching ea prepstions phase PPA 222s count nol eneat of ttn NP flowed by 9 BP mu ves vers seers resemble oops fhe, that he estar oF) Iah where there welsh aes naar wih gener roca nape bt where ecard verbs pbonlopeay em. ve fe Chiengo The empty verb has » que spc meaning, The second dase of (7) lai eae that May eee Cage, nl hase ove Chiago rth she woe to Cheapo, sd 0 fth On he oer arf theft ‘Shun ft had been stn tae f ars then he seond dase would ve met Phat Mary prow to Chiao, nt hat abe Be Bee 1 Alyy the veto the Bt et eter te py ve inthe ond due Thus he gant Erlih oes! low any verbin any content fo beep: here ae abet pines governing whee Eeey eas henserth EC) cn ape sete td ow te STE eee If are wre at wold be npn for peeves {Secon Eceas they compte the vntnce sce ‘SEnenes i) love as conan sone EC though they ae nt sowe ina they wee the cone compet been 2) a) woud Tlcven cere) vive cue a English tn any languages hs « "eh pee roa hase mou normaly appear Conse pl (Pr wh ithe spied verso (8) with us ore eltve ase (9) Theat Socks chased ste the malt, “he elie cs Ss heel asthe noun rt the hed oi he whole compen NP J aS chan The reatve cause reas {har Sachs cused ihe a bu toe word doesn’ acl pero the Sect of fe ves chun The oboe of cel & msg Se i it Sob iat orl MUST have an obec we may anime tat 2 des hve Trobe inthe elie cue bt ta the bee phonslgialy erp $F the Severe of) a owen n (10 oo ye CX PoN LS aera : Socks chased EC “The empty sbi NP in (20) colndeed withthe bend noun ths isto Fae eat thatthe Binge fering tothe rat Noe a That anther EC is shown in UO} in the precnse poston whe 2 ‘alatve pronoun ol, om whi len apps In a sete ke The Conpihening Stee Site 218 ra ith Ssk hala them the relive pronoun i wich and ‘vies lk betwee fhe hed nouns he EC inthe rete cave. ‘tence tcc sila exept lve pronoun sa hoppers fe'be an BC Than the empy relive pronoun meas the eatin avec a ind the empty sect of ds The fat ta ene () fs o enerand show th hi dou kage of ECs dor ot ove [EL ean enteneprocming ovis. Tinguitshave argued th he scar (10) deed fom an nde. ing statue In ncn the elt ronn ows case the nora iio forthe jest of «veto, The underlying sucurestafoned Ep moving the ative pono ror the bet poston othe preclae Peston eet fo ne head soun a te ase medi, Whenever net move vt oft undetying poston an EC cindened wih is ‘eset postin, Ar ta th let bein by « noverest putational wii ofthe saent tat moved. Thus fhe BC wher (se yi the ace ofthe rete pron which moved lea “Tsing ol toes aly sfee o ara Witsoe sce eps EReinovenen sf. ithphate—an expen such athe or och oF he ov hae cits a 0 ft “Wa seehch acu many oe lrgunges though they 6 96 ssp nat sh seep glen open nesting a een ‘Satie cewer The qotion in (1 was fore oy movement ofthe Wetsuit oi ero he begining of he question. evng ‘vice int nderyng pooner he verb tg (a2) Wich the lephare was Bertram lng WH) Net tat in. ution an miary verb he esi (1) moves fo {felt he aes NE be sil ose woul be Bett os bl Bre 1 hum Bet Tn Saks any iveion cesses per af ts velume Thought tan ongrtant pct ofthe yn Futons a Engsh I vat gemare toe concer othe preset SANE ne wil Sly by foceng on elie dave and embeded Seton chee dm at spp Av embeded uesion Ir ow an (22) The singer ashe nich of th elehant Bera wasting iter “The in caus of (sda but hs 9 question embedded RIK is the obec of the web wkd. The WH pase whch f The Tlptens os moved othe begining ofthe qostion cause. Ina ces of ‘titmevemen te ena ene roreed pss eerie by crdeyng poston Inn longue, he Wt pes rgd a oan ling the ve gan the meaning Ye ephstvas the objeto the ling ation The mfceponon of the WH ivte el ono! gal manic role. Deore the MH peae Entye lhe for of ure earn ofthe mening To coped ‘Nonose ta coins WH phat, peresiverhelre ees ‘cir ig two postion was, The undtiyng poston maken TPeruee stn By noe bl hat ant very ea since a ace NEC hs ude and veto the pereiver ee eomsder ow the resis fmore pel, the snonasus Sentence Pocssng routes Fhe pecooers milan) could set about leating the ei £C poses ‘Condesa some sgl stg hat Wes wo The ace nt slay at the end the seinee, a rho y 28) Tro ine mcrae following vem ein shown by 8 where the bj the peposton sh is ot avay an bec a shown y 13 hee 2 ee Riuer ofthe ves wee Example (8) howe tt fe tae may Grnedatly fll Se eed Witphvee end eagle (0) show Srey best am ede pb eee (03) You con ays tel ich ook Waller rnd Wy sec (68) tarde neh afi books Wer he fe th Wt me, (03) Do you el which bool Wer proaed ira were cect (G8) Wale peer did ou ich bok ag, wen on He reading (a7) eis emale how mary book Waller to be i Foster he tron St he had every tention of ‘eodng We toon Ie seems the oly way forthe oprebesion routines to lot 2 traci to an! postion nthe eect “eds pea of herd hat hs Been moe arg )-7 NF ht moved so emer © "hcvenfence hee bea" ie NP-sape’ that i poston thee so NP lsat Gen exemple 8) the aver he hs ‘Rowe se the gp ee nth seteces mas be “adverahaped” In 9) {Be Picton moved therein agp neha eae toa FP. ‘The mal (22) Marie the person to whom am met indebted Wisc or Shy sect sce om Brudey. 1 ahd wher, we would keto st Hr, consndng Stone Seve 7 Inexc se the comprehension mechani most beam the lak for tio nt the right pe of the WHat te being oF BE SnnC a ack the enn coi et ae gu he appro ecategory, tnd inmedtly ecogrzable 43 gap. 0 te 0. ‘Shang tecnico ld te cere erature, han EC in he ght fost, coened athe Wipe ile. Then, when sersnicntepre- {elon process occur the Wipe wl be tered shaving the arcu els normaly esoeated ons pase th potion tht he EC sin ‘Rowever in ome cases the proweting mechani ney ote al 10 tara east on he bse of egberng wore wheter ere i gap tere poston er natin (i) he vers el ising an NP obec 0st Ini tert be Bat how cul the proctor establish tha? is tele eve that end sare aan oj ea union ta es (he verb exagls ike (20) ed 2) (ao) Weller woud never ait ht he ed inthe Bti, (a1) Youcan seas tel hich bok Wale read Sout Narn The on Yak Rei Int there is no Wit ate. no movement nd so anc, (2 tere I Wttmoveners, bal the ace nt eltere® postion, allowing the Freon su ier a he wer rd, Thu, he a of he materi {fein eve bem celle a bat ut oking he postion TR dos nots tht thers ns bee presence ere mu Be ‘Mad What na tte tte ar nd (3) ta here sn ‘Sherpa inh selene where sold be When all pole pos fen Lave ben exces the oly pole one must Be he igh en esencs Dy Here ae Two pore posts fran enpy NP: neater ‘Sad oe se bu Only one fem canbe the tl ace se: Ad Ts tbe potion fern tat ning Dems hs the geste eed 29 Ie cle frat blgatry, wheres rd an do thot ene ote Uh engish ao ents ers pre ls! hat does ot reed 0) Sica Misr he clon eal floc, bt the preposton ‘SAS ht cer neal edo i (1) MUST ves bie) “Tate oarrles ota ef hat lang wy EC en inclis # fol nerence ever whole sertenc, Bing ard oping cand hho Bots setence not gay sone to he peeve # Feet one wend atime The cy 0 specs ad eve Teadng te worse uuly heed ane ater he ter. Furthermore. {PSHE cert ory eden nial we Fae ead or 8 3 fore seterce bel compre he beginning of Thies hel (ee vsccesing routes wil chen be aed with» desi fo make before‘hey have enough infomation abou the tren tobe ale ak The fat ight wor of sersences (13) and (2) are en. he werd ‘andthe ucton aie eee etree nex the proces gue ye ‘Pl eri bout (2) bat wang ou (21) gues n,n right stout Ga but wrong about 2911 des nt guess to wi Iebind nicht the eran ard my neve sores In sme ee the infomation tat rslver the ise aver only much ner In 2. for example teres «doubt ace teal! who sas not resolved for anther seven or eight word Ina) ie evenly Show fo be the te Wace postion by Ue fe ht the sentence end ‘tout ny ther pore race poston in 22) own wor fob ‘el tee postion by the fc th heres an wndenible ace fe sot {even nordelnter (22) Thine the Bok ht Wier ae ening Wea bi fended low ‘alent om Fy, tons ends and Flow dere soot aa, on Fede ‘Thus we se hat the fence ar prema! crsine to eee rate een gute ints and te face at should fee a nt {Syn hee when ncded How do the procsng ries opal “The weeny tht comple the perceives tak of detecting ECs i Jar one ntane ofa very cameron prbim forte proctsing Futine. bog. Thee ar fly ambiguus senteres naka Choy xa Pe (omsky 1965) shown a3) (23) yng planer canbe dangerous In ese of ul anbigaty, he Ing fel do nt resale the esi the pecaver must Gane oo some ster bees epic of converting ‘hay owed abou the spake) which a the two mening fe {psier lene Ful ambiguity romatimes sees wth EC ato 8) ‘thee the WHpvoe i he Pf hn howe ce ight Bente Chute wth ayo whom dl she any) orm the clue ith mai {to whom ci heal then) Nong in the wed sing show which lyos ntende (24) To whom dd Heise sy she had aed he posta? Conptenng Sete Sate 219 Mare common thn fl aig i: terpoayambigty. That for 2 rosso eeving words over lene Itmay be hase cacy pa he lord sues argon the abguyi en resolved by words Tat foow The exanges 3) and 2) Gace shove ae ego. tly enblguous wh reaped the nace poston Chrys exane (3) cn be tured into seve of erp) ambiguity we change the ter oo hat Geant oe re eter of te wo earn. In {25 Eeh sentences begin ith the word fe plas whose sracire tenponrly ambiguous ng col be an aecve or 4 veh at He ‘ruta ubequcily Sausguated bythe angular er lal reat (25) & ing lanes is dngerous. 5 Rhine panes re cangeros 1n 5s the ambguntor the sng verb which requires the rsrng tht is dangers to By pliner in (28) the dambigatr te pl we cheques he mening tat lanes which fy ae gers, Ei ambiguity 6a obvious te! 1 eel commit it ing st See to a) apc. Research on setence comprenion hat ‘hovered nary val of tempor anigaty. Aan of examples Be shown Das) withthe Guombguting word undeined in exc fa ove cee ich ar what aanoiganes ite fe ht fe weet See tned ot ay ot na Se of hee aoe Save anger of face poston and soe inole ote 000 py, some cous the ogy cy ooo aes ver oii (26) The colon cating it made somes ar Mii. 1 Sally fund the anor fo the phys problem wasn inthe took “¢ The pcage droped fom he ple seahe he ground ake, 4. The commander of he amy botees ae boken They fl he bay hl he gil shouted a he playground toga hone Boise pu the bok tht he een easing flroon in the Ira Have the cle given tse madly tr eeteats 1-H pul the candy in south on he able0 Feder hee tare ambiguy, the setene proesing recansm las {lane f wt ture to Bul However expementl dt nd Frrceter jajgmens on scteoes ie those (8) suggest Proceso doves! Ja gr tos hal when encounters on abil Phos nes gone Ie castes ng of erg sate he fometines®wier nd amesines it oes the sentence happens o ed inny that fete gues proven wel be eny—in ct fut ey Flue fag benno ambigty ale Bt teeter appa tnd int way thts he liar erartre—the one the rosentor di nt fuss thn thee wil be neue er ona he damian poe Etctuel sralyae of the setence wil be imposible fo continue nd the proceso wil hve to back up ad ty the ther analgi ead In prchelingiicpasance ths station led» “gurder pu The frocecr alas sake sd proceed ithly on nt reaang thee [hy poble ut ner whan tings ke idee um for the were. The eigen) sel geden pth sentence tha Hey a2 eran be herpes cic, and he pocesng roves exh rome etre (Cough sn veying depres) on eneaurtring the daarbigusting werd (casa fn Manon 1900) The Sr sx words we tempor'y Srojguots I folowed by ese bruni abe fm nd Te a TRG tes pos ee tno avd pth Te sentence oat tome colin ating alta ade of expenive a In ts) the some si mers flowed by come fom Msp andthe {che Wentemaly eto procata—so much vo hat may agen ft to be ungurinata. The sateen shout cation ory which eth. Ing emai al her core an Th ac tt the rt ayo hing the sentence csr to proce tan the second sour eee thatthe poesor maker guss abot the ce of he sbet NP at the bopining bore encounters the ianiganting nformason ae fm Ie gut tat the suctre i Pe atone ether th ie ‘ston lus» tlie cure. ntretingy,th steve fr wily all fcc so sno ota of nc experience Pat refs sone Fk et tout he ay the aman rin werk “Gow ofthe projet of peycholnguite racarch i fo map ost the seul guser tht the sentence proceeor make, by salting ‘hich semtece compton ne ear ad hich re ical fr allots of ‘Ehpemy embigey. rom Ihe we can hope to infer wht ind of ‘machine the pressor The bess forthe Ifeence fhe plusie ‘tumotion ft when thee sero exteralsstesons mechan Gb wat comes ma! nturaly to ty ths og sence a) cul te Sy bp in ruling out ceri hypotens about te design of te Doves would ut sy kid chine for whch he aay Pe ‘tor! + osuve ese ould bw soser op ear fo bal than cmon Seer See 2 ee tet sin Their en de tty for some years Rese thow bate aan eee Poco [ses ee far fm rrdom they exhibit very costar gener ter erty gud to handset he urn proce et fea tuple bt conpact races wh Rove no more branches nae ney. a the mail edstane (mig op one atch {nd down aot) beeen ay pa of aac werd. "viedo Es foal he endence gg hl nce ofa gly the haren sentence proctor doer et Sop and ol nl ‘Sie infra f ues 4 ges nora to be able to cary Gh poring the sentence and gcse not and appa 0 ‘Seely nthe diechon of ovseagenss,stopting cs elre hy ccc Sometime th rosin of te sence cons Ht gues ‘el tometines dos ot 24 Aniatng ECE Looting back the skal fn tet your wn Jog aboot war Siero pee for mom pele he rch fo) om Jie svt whe te eye 028) pe te lo ecm ft sha the enya oe wong or et ‘erauing both tence the roca noted the sey gep potion [polucsh gue haat lp ort BC By god tore ths te out sever wed ner to be cone for is) Batt (28) hoc aae ap ption wet guts nus grden oh "A nunber ol apeuntl res oppor His es at te an strc proctor finned tobe oven in porting ces Fo ‘ace Eri and Citon 909 hated sentence sated 7 Tie the xan shove. hess he snbguoe ce ate ha 8 gute we diferest ayy the worst allow (a>) a. Wha did thee lf min whisper WH my ois fet daring he vie tig Wha di the enous oldman wiper hi ante out ay ring the movi igh “he comet rac postion are rh in (27) Te dub ace potion Sethe we sper The vse ite thee rel In ete 2 Dee un af ene npr tn sia et cm ema ee etre fon Termanexamples vmeines hea bit hiya manag ts my fren) nd ‘Serta: sno cle i hp omy red) So when hp spe “oar an over NP aloning the opt be besa has am EC os ‘jee er because tba nace tal 7) Rhee an EC jc (G70 i sinartive, with cj all The pote fe the procs, [Sth word by mond he ho serene in (27) rena al the ey op fo fac thy on enous the word whup tas bse m0 vay of knowing winter the es tce fer 8 or not ner ed Cis experiment as designed to tells what the proceso dee insucha comune bere fe word sing ro nermatie Ie prover guts tat cheer a ace Hoje shoul fd te [ES pur of cence (70) est cope wih han te at at serene (Bra) gaeees haters objet tl seal in the est (G7 ener to pce than the est 0 (270 8 dos nothing bets fd wan for ave information hel Snd the to endings moe tease esr “SEES were prenatal on a CRT seen one chin few words the te in what fled» elspaced vein Suadigm ht i the sje paths» btn ex veaing eh see SP SDinc, toca up ee! one. The oie can pen slong eesarytostad ath ogre th mnt of ine lan fered GUY opsut and ied by the esperimener ae seme of how (Teel ut pu of the ene sa proces (Te reading ine need of couse hy my proper ofthe words snd the sentence ‘Mrs, bt fier pokes lng ar ler factor ar el arta {Ed cny the intro ie the experret var) In Fraser ed ‘Ghent experiment: ues wee fe a ening sequence fob aegis 27) han segues ace ab! ang Thermo in (7). Thi ert ery sarpesing ne the Femer secu tHe one word chore bu te advege forthe) type was present een ihe the ening nes wee ated fr the length aiererce. Ths the Ctpemanal eae povided contion of oe base dg at ey ce sentences he (273) ar ener to dersand an ae ne ae ‘Shtrcs ite (29) sea tht The proero a ler on ts har inlined to jp 3! het gop Ss Fase rd Ciflon cal ts the ‘Ace Filer Hypothesis “Whos er hr Been ented ok he op ‘ont esigning toa gap above al ote options” “sm so far We hve seen at the aman sence aocesing system eapble of aking mates sou ECe Buea they ae 90 Sigel ently the inp can be ie sometimes to ding ‘sieen on 8 ond» nothing all The proctor at be mery ofeach Sree to provide sme ots from which # an deduce the dierece ‘bees on EC and nating Is etenr oes ot provide the informs Comprhoning Sete Site 23 on, o ovis It atthe procmar o aot to gusing. And Invi sgh he ene wl gun wrong. may recover We Ir 0 that uae the serene udestood eae bu ine a ‘fr ee mised on he yrden than proce 8 an prety ‘cen However to be to he mental prceazng pte hat we vt Tequpped ih shoul be gold ht ser sytemeeee® ne wah thereto bac and walt forthe needed nforation fo ve trou be bound fo make msaker on tenporly ambiguous eens ‘Eee corp, wth vtt meray and eompulaonlesoureey bas Senta rable wth anfoguty. What I mprenive about he haan ‘Sgmgeprocenr ie how i mitaker rakes in gee, When ‘leant inlrmation ava. este over and over aga th the FHecener makes extremely ice! use ot 13 Using Lint nfomaton ‘san formal demanstraon of Sow the poceor aks advantage of ‘formation sale sone i poermane on setence 2. (28) Wh ae bones nyt tore Cn eet “hs ver easy serene founded et cota two Ee aly © fou sat ach wih aso De asigred need. The es n [2s show ihe cores anteceent-gen Sing, The WHward wt has trove fom He undying porn a the aje! of the preposton ‘Tre i aun an undertow chef fe vr sve, src wth te ‘best NP forming ara thrasocaton os inveling WH ‘ovement ako, wher what moves is «phologiealy empty element ‘Seat an the eof the empty reve pronoun (9/40 above [a he dale ae ot important fee) Noi ow dear Hat the (eston in 2) 1 ost tong once something, not aout Soin ‘Srehing in boxes + good anver woul! be “ses” ot “pera [Fe ses to be no tempaion lf contra (28) the wong Ya ‘ound abot stoning thnge i bos Ts pee ta he prcene hs ‘ory fd the ight ier and gepsin 28) bt as also mathe hem {pe ight way tne, eer ile colé go mth ether gop bt fee coat nthe yommar hat eso ee ang an Fe It the sor Tis cans ees la gap reltons in asm tem tobe rested one win the tes por neeing Tass 1 Sash se scelale but woud po be. Ths Nested Dependency ‘Cant ee eon by (28 NT argues bt only refers fo Sorng bows in sarsting ee Thuy, hie acs were the moe rg {dhe gamer do determin betwen theo nig coret sais ‘Rnd the proceso eviertly Knows ts no Woable worn ou he24 Fodor ‘nplitions of he contain or he pay th src. tin Bs Ings tree wth wo ECs avery coe gues No wonder to ht wesc vo sgn of fin in the procor t deainge wih roa (Gieson ad ltve Case tat ave ely ove gro wee ‘arin sere the, tat ong a here no big, sheer processing ems lobe completely smth wd eer. per thei dita sip his inpretsonWstver el nformaion er fence povden or te grammar f te lnguoge provide the pocesing ‘chars aes advantage of Crsier vey Bsc pet. Sine» Wt free created when 2 WHphase moves thee eam be = WE gap 93 sentence Bese et any Mller Th potently well formation ‘cpl ue the procnor the oil of gang ons gp unt mseerce trih no ler phrase Dow he proceting deve te count of Sa ot, than soar of water a le war prezet or rat woul poss the rst ofa sentence in scl the sare way. Bun the cn Fray. Can nd Fodor (985) and Slowe {C960 hve shown thal De rover tas annfencr nth nd wilou fer phases diel. Cain {rd Fodor eed venercerle (39) 2nd 0) (29) Could the ite hid hve forced ut ng tow Gren Crista (30) ho cul the ngs ar Were tn 20 here oiler in 2 hee ile oho athe being. Where [thetic anole th ok rt bein a pontine an ‘The comet NP postion is afer the peostion obo a he pos vert way tough isn wl neuer vascu te pte "EINY pot log the wn. nd end fo check ech one et Shou fam ott be he ight one Corie the poston afer the eb oad in GO) Wit apps tts poston is he rons x rd Pronoun crates n NP Theat at ths ovet NP oer his pot ‘eave ta is enor the gop poston St for al tthe pect Kowa t Mes have been Thier om snence ( Whih [Set a) he verb fed ers ave gop er (28 Wo col the ile cave owed Waco ing tore Frerchsonge for Chey! ht Crs ‘A we know fom the Acive File Hypothesis when the proctor in teed sf gp does ot wk sexo tings wl a tu ae) decks ost ely sen The procs might Yun serene «gap ae Fic! G0) andthe be ie pot tat when dixoven se ere ‘alin ht shat forthe ge ok over fr al. TN phenomenon chong ft cd ave fora to sing thse French Cones ashen ced the “led gop lc” We would expe! to ocr in 2, ‘hte wanton tee so een 29 here there no Flr f does. the woud mean it the proto ena king fal sdviniage of the gama fhe ngane to ede ts world oe Sub hee so fd pap sect in 9), ti weal show St the Rosesor ssa enoughto hypatese a gp only when hee safe Shut wha he experiment a rv Sbjct ware presented with sentences ie (25) and (2) na ele paced tsing tn tds ether or ne seterc in 27) ep at exch hk” was stone ord ht seach word was eo esl posh the button acl up the next one Wt of inert hee the Fading tne fran ove NP chee word ain (0) were ied gap ‘ec expected, compared wh tha ame NP ina enters he 29, ‘ere theres no ler et the eadng tine dt showed tt an ove eater the ver ir eqierly mre si Yo proce in etc ke [oythan in vetncs te 9). Ve am onde at proceso es {ip ony wen has 4Blr to go mini, Inger rene that te Suman poceing racine: we igly arate fo fe graven By ee ‘ng ne ra yea pre Sc et wheres eons {dosnt unrntanedy A rocasr th carcoted ECS wiost cu Sinply at win. cul ee cs everyware, between any wo words ny soerce. A pocorn un oer He wth ZC wall wou ‘esdernand many enone, Bt te teince pocorn the harsh Se speeliy mode bh inde of mite by pang owe ateron {othe grammatical corte onthe angsage eng ssuve to gemma ortats presumably ext cto comply f the computations the proesor mast por. But # abo ‘Selene beast scary ef comer anal Se Mee 9 ‘Svires where the cre soe no aneprenty igre hy ‘ro or eqeance Stowe (298) avenged te proctna sens {olsher consis on the grmmatialWenfomation Hit cetes MH ‘race WHmovement cn ve pase sre mony lus {enc awe sn inva 17) sve Thre nf no weson ot lon bow fara Wt pene may move beens arg postion the “nding sacure an ef postion nthe see form af the eh tence? Neverthe,» WH pine an! move fel. can move cay "tard tty clr the bepaning mf he snare ah ove The eg tr wih a i Se ne ee Sern ar | ad26 Faler nly upward from a ae deeply embedded serene poston 102s ‘leply embedded one. And there se crain nds of cortctine within tenet WLghase nat move ot olin any deen Rom (3907) oie the term and fr seh conictions The Wr sese Ineroouon the nd can move win tt ert eae om A ‘bj phn comtuts en nl us does veil rae nd ay ‘velox noun phate. here Ingass te empentan aston ‘wha tis sat tee cetuchons ht mle tem ad, hen fe ‘hntucton for example object complemen dae) e nt nn Doyeolingeten, cur mterest focuses om whether the proce FNONS [pte alan onan and respecte ate search fo ace ‘Stowe tested vertences ike (9) whee the phase th backed i subj land ely soy abou Gr ele brati i the nj of ‘ob usin the subordinate case. There no WiHelemert allowed {oon th borer of hr phrave. Thee Sere can be nace Nt ‘Ra pee whoo anesde is ove (52) The echer ak what, the ly tory about Gre’ ler brote In foc, sentence (32) does Nor wl the land contrat soe th ‘Wblement whe ot nove sto th ac ane sed ooo The ee ofthe verb mer and moved the op of te aetna inode by ad In dong. sed ight ove thee ld ed srs ured by Bot cone 6) om the proer® pot of ew I pred hough te word of the St Cae the ences he to and so tess gop hint Te fait he jet pa ean tan ean tha t woud ptt for he proctor oo os gp ide te sbjet pve the ga were thee oe serene woul ‘rellfomed: Bat dos te procesng median kro al Ard does {inthe Heat fhe momen erie, o doe ony cach vp mh the lng corns tr when the ter oer and asd "met get breath bac Stowe's experiment ued the flea gap eee" too ta the human serene prosnr dors ego he Sad on ‘it oie to it he sop a ap search Lat cone he loge Sinithe dein af ths epetinen. = "The ind Wa) maf cota he ae aoe wih he word sat ute the a 0 The pepston sb ie the and ic ‘elsan NP cet have an ovr And indeed tonsa I foowed bythe the ovet NP Ge ol rh. ut» proceso at Se nto or i ot are) soot ad constants might ete 3 ep ster stad ten soo ig of cre hen tennis Sie te hee nstend. In fc, toed ol an led go ecm fevers ie 2) She nese edn tne fore word Greg 93) Compt Sentence Staciee 227 (ht the Fist or fer lt, whch shows that hee tn gp the In compared nh ending tne fr the ame wordt seeeee (3). ‘Passer nace 23) except tat # far no Wer 50 The poco shold brow ht eo net ents « Wace. (82) Theteacher aed if tbe lly sory about Craps ler brote wat pote to nesn smog “he aa showed no dene beeen 50) nd 35 Ti ent ith iB and Ga) above where the fdngs de how fe gp ec nar ial nb incred om We iced the ed gap ‘fecn Gd} ssndeaton tt wen re er, he roe conte fits theo up nay ponte pg postion Snow Be mk ied gr cet 00 ides ta te proce Wor prepared fo loupe sca gop ns poston tht iegitinale beens B'S Suit ind ° ‘ie xpsnetl spp or he ron mith whi he oes cops te deat of he parr copes fom he my inch Be St watches up Mr wh gion oly, we raed eae that Totnes cry procn evr ough eating to ler and to fone Te lew nie Se teocre sin Ff he st gn the Sroka cone wich of th fon fo sect wth eos Tear tlt dos so seen. wth no tenpaion to pik the ong {ee Does the proceso ever gn gonna consti and cori Slag emcee far ET opener evidence sugges tat Besse. ender a Wisc in elie ce contin Thee iol one sigh nee sf er ler Their mat be the He rave ean eet ep move pr tr anderingpeston 03 Fron acto heed a at he atv clase mode Tis Rony hind of aicedert-tac en thatthe gram allows. For {cpl rhe cracon thr that Ss Cedar he t,he fecal nh ly ee een fori he ete Foose ate ont lhe elie cue The antecedent camo be yee NP ieee nr ay NP ode the rene ne ‘an fo mate 1 ood tt of flow wel te human sentence procesor wales sal ths ovo nlrruon ne oe fe costed ars Tat conune vay of ter emping Pato se wheter the processor Lis fr them, Seiya 190) fed etre 3) (34) The poceran sw te boy, hat the rd ate party aed rc of the cri “he baceed phase in) eve clue moan the head noun oy the relive rong ht ended wih hs ead near and theseis cand wit he eltive pron 8 eu the ace dents (okay. Thetore the rearing of ene at teed a he pay teased th oy nant stn that the pear was arsed ht INecrowd wes cuted, bern the face enn ve plana oF ed is recede But doe the poceaorrenae tat Swinney ea ed th expesnestal pain known oneal priming to nd ot They ‘Heoned th hen the proctor fog a ee and sign am recede {oe the meaning of the snicedent woul be romemtarly ently ‘ovate Ts sees Gl nintergreted comely. the mean hp ‘Rou be alive ate he word Ey rose then iain woud Grcine bit nod Secon alae agin when he ace afer el Idee. Al we ne, then 2 method of detec the meni ac. than of meaning tapeci pots ina eens ‘ace oh wo hing for the ning fy athe ace psion singe reed word as out The sree a poke an uta he Now acco ended andthe word of tegen the mord gapped bn She CRT scien, The sbi nthe exit fad fo vespond fhe wrod gil ty seodig slow the Hire tern when appeted td ‘ihey Swab! begs fo prenaes fs ceded Why Yee i he “howd gi Geena lve trate of le mor by. and wards hat Headed tone to oping” enn ther one mening Bey Sobre the ies ooation spose fog held be fcittd that Postion Tht ipeae og shoul fer here han espera a Evlin cbr cntet and (ater han repens to other wards the re tele 0 by though other compare og length ard res ‘En aieay) Mote nl bur he srtere i spoken andthe wor & resented ily the word anh taneous wth he eee par {fesenteee whet the fo ima hyealy masking each ther Ts ‘nn sony advil peetaton the ronsmodal pet of os ‘Paul priming is mporsat because mker pore fo examine Sentence posing ight the momen of ire tht faving fo ‘topo sla down the eens in orerto dos “ing ths mind. Swine aa were able to deeming how the serine pocng dvce ert aac ing at which fhe Poin the sestnct faire areceder. They tested et ot he res antecedent toy nthe ae f 34 but 0 incre aces (Geltonon ands (4), The eae sawed hot the core eed (St mo ciated st he hae poston, bt nae secede wer Pot ‘ating tht in inerpring te Nace the processor Id espeted he {Ena contis onthe nguoge. Ths one agent appens hat [EcThona seronce precring tone ake eabie uw of gamit fa and espe enought be ti fo do's tthe tanta whch they bose lew ote entnce ard Consider an Sl example ofthe inpesiveBnesuning of he pro cesing ruts anole exgerinet using the sare” cosmo ming pedi, Sime of 2 G84 ated ventencs ike 33) 185) The bots, ved the dato tt these a the competion $d ade iy ose at they. lagi tat the processor has recived jut the beeing of ths sentence ‘il to the vers afd a how 30) For at te pre ante ath pol thee nght be Wits ar ade ce nee lr alecedent would be the lave pronoun st Ie acted 3 he esd noun dar inthe example own in 7h (09) Theor vsted he dco tht the sweet the eamgetition ed aed “ 107) The borer vite the doco, tht the sve athe eompetion Dad advsed Ivy ste mere out he ery The Activ Fer Satey pred hl he procesor wl bey ante Tice ahi ot the et wo te dhs at Isnone Set the tae woul be conded wih aoa the proesor 5 goud et gling fs conexings ioe coud expec rng fen [ebuatel nord Beh are FR were esa preted Sgt sk te ser aloed m5, Bt the, ied afer Bt the pronsn in KOMTEE pecans dacve at th ceo dal lyn ret poneun ot nee Ande ponunie gov by een ga Sea eiosia tits tue othe vpn pda ‘eene om 4 prior pte. at fr pron he grenear pates ‘he anterdert oa B h ae fe one cuse on nt ‘ea etive pronoun 5) therfore the anced fh ca be ‘Snead et be der That ve on fase ee rota he fronomn could fr to scone nt stoned Inthe sense 3 ah ‘iam onthe proce snr th sor ion n (5 should be pring of get word soced wih bse but ot of words 0 Ech datos The lao fc experent were iro Spedted neds he veh asad onthe meaning tater set ected Th soggent ht te grocer gueated wrong ht Kov'eaa tn te ponton od lpr on mien tout rating fos wit chal ce nse, Pedy er fe ronoun Raith Gen os scl ne hoe nn snton of Se dar 195 Kiet ot of nmr onan of der here ho good inti xpisnton at seaport spore ta hs was over Nitin fer he pring pion The tlden st of soon Stow a pil sagas fal he pocorn ally constedno Folee Inguisticnowledge and computed hat lo ithe ght ened fer tar thong tas for the rae) Ts ina pray sing REE Sethe sows at he pases succes nother seteees cht GEES ery to stre mpleminded ategy na a you Sa feacedent Edw celtiepronun It st hl the proeor TELE wel tt int endef dependent lent ave lees ieede 2 Ate Empty Categories Resll 621 Linguist Eelaations “Te condition we Have veda hat he haan serene proceing Dee tea when anbiy tps B upvc very eh Soe A dy nce Beee hast, we en hope fae OE ‘reece onthe prseong ECs fo anon ere Ingle etl 0S ol propcts oe Tey hove ben Jee Gale tera enon net yeah en SELES Fisching generations ve bxn tba Bt re See ed gsr wd some cong eel re TESIRINC vey essere of £s fu been clenge Soe he ore i ing hen fo ober inginge ers the a TP ems on en heres abo! How te OS re Ea Gob cape Rea ht the wo eet rope ot CEES fare phological form and bat 8 ont Eee nate wh trey theme tacts any ove Cee ee ioketon or suring dete pat (thi ne SEITEN des po ence ECr oe posal thy 00 ee ae Yeon general rns tt appl to ove coats ee re of guns ete dase an ther com TREN contitn Ec do at have io be pated sept hey Seer Set ahem known pore fer eoeectin.T dora wo peta ae ons tng salaries ere twee Es and ores promos sb hee pte 8 igus Sutarion reeves ay ho be cle TRONS, frnouns an eevee sare ith ECs he propery of Beng Settee cone tr rec in the wad nt se sere need plese. The pon hr (38) deperden sen ae antler Se there ese G8) Scene chess chien, (a0) Surah bowed low hen headin splat es, conceding Sevres Scre 251 (a9) ‘There au pu hopes tt he clden wont Heese, os nde in the rama of Engl or in Unive Grama, ts ofl se yung ae tee beg pcp, which ute the lion Tr reer nn ind acre. And hte ee see res gue to api to ECs jt to noenpty rons and a ee ie A apts to cfxives: Pile B appl 10 ro (ere Penile C spp to full ferential noun pss (uth 38 Tee a ean ose heft Ersre Asal) The ae eggs leach of hee princes 280 apis one kindof ic its consider Pipl C ak tay hat 2 referentil NP cannot be este rnc on any oer NP ere speci een EPSP erect with any NP that stands penal entecedent vanes elie fot, Wena ink of polenta setecedent a ube! Pee ht higher the srcse, (Tiss very apron: for see Tet ees, 1990) Ta why in (6 the NP Temas cannot ‘eer fo the sore persona the higher sbiec NP, can in cen ee cee: sck nf Thomas naar tut be Thor, but ee ie hse aes) (uo) e, thnks you detivately insted Thoma, ‘Chom 1975) shaved ta f we ware to aur at Pancle Cao Gm trace tht would provide an exlanation fron oberwise FE enraton on cece in some WHconsrucions, Const {fereaning of example (1) aa) Peat les who, he thinks you nated WHI, ‘As one ced the prooan in 4 cles hat tees to seone ee ae Ben metione i he sarees. And npr i TE Ales no oer wih ke Thee' very clear mpizaon tea onc oun thnks iret pen was oe (Coasts (ee ech ns yo edn where the heard the ir cA (Wc the same pevon) Th equernet of nocoreeenc in (3) dos ae eae fact our WLcontins tht we have wanes sete But ane C can expan it Pande C prevers renee cn Ie ane Mace (1). The set (eee ale Wt ae is jt lie The elton betwen fe and eee cl the NP estas ole nes postin eh etm toe n tet ond clive to the feet now phrase Thomas are eS arc ke afr NP fling under Prince ee acl be water oth exarples and fs the sme reason SEES ta step iv exlaing (1 which ta as esa herace mast corer wih WHantceden gts cael. Sie Ie Chavo! eer th the Wittac Flows tat he eanot corer with (Gu her Nate Ir sng look a» Pancle C would prevent te ecsrycfeletence between fe Wipe ns reat do Tot becuse the Witghrse le notin bet ject postion bt ‘Hove nto the precast postion) “Relic lind of ce tat ngs ave ported i row as NP eee ad sane to obey Pane A the Bada nee tat pps {Gredonver Nic ip he byprodoa of 3 talormatonl movement Cad NPsmovemers which dere rom WH-movenert nee Way ‘Tope to NPs sly apples to sy NP nat ufo 7Hpreer and it never the NP info sibject potion. For more tia dtl, se Feegumn, cape 3 end 6) NPrce seers ase sentences le iba ning contractions lie (3) 13) The pie enen NPs bythe ges (42) Thee seme tome NPY to have dipper pave asthe andeying postion ofthe moved consituet and Srcmstests sont le sestece. Thus. the pis anderson! 5 the eto be etn nana the sl ofthe diapearng (eb, in bth examen te sete fe ple rowed ram ts undeying po tion io the sje ontion of he sertnce. Bo NP-moveret mh thot arsed han WvH-movenesh NEmoveren® mat Be ute le “Krosmpe sch) ungrarimatea reas the aved NP 00 ‘ay tom tending ptan (an stein an ungeanati sentence) (48) "The ple was blvd hat the gust ae NPA “his fet sou! NP-movereat woul be explained if NPacac sk an tne selene sd fal ude Pande APocle A regs 2 efexie {Shave lal ery) antecedent. (or he tact defition of Toa” ee LBs 968, chp) Ppl Allows the eleven in 39, takers anfccdent he ier in theese eae, but dsailows (GB, where tec rhe say ard the nearer NP then Segal ot pla, 109) The ew 2a ai hopes ta the len, wet re theo, ou (a8) Te iden bop a the ew a pi went he Ubenecives, oo ‘Comparing the ungrorcal selsionip in (4 4th agent ‘shin (65 eae tha hey ae sme Tn both eases the sujet Compchonig Sere Seow 285 2 bigher cue is ecindened ih the objet of «Tower clause. Se Php A cn scot or bo example inthe ane way NP ace nd ret rfonves tt fave lc ated snd nt) 0 5) he {Mecdetaest a trough Here anole ve where acl about {fovenet conocer cetera elaton alongs make ie tmmetion Hat when spas move fer # sl eons ‘hind ithout face (0h there woud berth fr Pane A fo spay “Fs ever fom of agunent and mes # rong eae for he din tha entrees conan semen hl camo! be hed o ee snot trolly deste eine, however rong hers OT is tony evasion or the ae ange oats. And order Ings ‘ve proposed erative explanations whieh make orton oF Ett ‘Soreve fave aromas For earce ths ben eg thas pve venfence Ie (3) genet to appears, wth = ‘je rds pase tran an opal Pt ot Seed yr nging the sis end bjs, fe atigned «meaning whch Ihe bt ofthe setrce dents the pte ta the 7P denotes the ert sa that) ssunhe sesrtestineenene THe ste ‘epee fac that pie carson mat De acl on be expand wiht sing tht any NP rower fom ene le 19 arte in fe TEvece ace, stinger alos ply om thet ht ‘Skcrty einer ov and te sgunenta ec ad ec) Fea Example fe) = egrreatl ee hep sopponed 0 be {deriood the pte of the eng ever, ut (ta For the Seba frat to bes. Thu ths nonmovere hry a aut fr {Folate atte to NPvovement nd Porc Aa nome ogo edhe Ie more dab for expe he (3) but we need ot Trot tough ht he ce Brera 178 forthe aires, (Ghpie It Bean 1987 for move dete) For ou purposes wht ‘rotor tht the guise fac end themes Yo more han oe {raid isn ey on purely inguste rounds to éxeine whch rescore Boh cover he filly mel though gute diferent toy Bee fh sndetrmacy, al be very statry fr te Tryp d pochoinguse serch coud afer dependent son Ina of heen Et, nt those postions im wc nga ‘ve poulted them And fs bon aguee. by MacDonalé 989) Indy Metice a Bever 909, tht expemets showing ol Fee {vate thei anecedeiy sucha we dace in he previns sein, Prowde storg spor fr the Ze hypoteie How ea there be ante (den ativan by ef tere ween a? Ist ve ht experimental edener of etecedet vation este isu of 3 Pic nl efor, in any deep ene, hough heeines eats iy shed sme melons gt nents To be Rate the expel ever old hve ove thepraece Smee mt Fo ee eto ae whe SSnonpeudigns tt yl yon preset aly eve ‘Stowe Srarternon Tay sh tt pcves ne noe {Ee tence ta they re eng ne rotons tetocen eos the gener rantings ef one gers Seno n ther tran poten ase inthe sete Bt Ti ets compa wh ony Segue says Bat acy te {ela nd neg for eter hana ie ECs Sn There test perenne aly ne oe Sperm tee lho of pong ht FCs est They o at Seely cub tat wot we hove be Cuan cde er etry st cn senctnaon a a hy ‘Srvenl of geceven neialy comping saci trocar wn Eee EC tnt coolene wittan scr Perap ned we snl be way of ectvng ts sere ieceting Eat inthe esti Teogh we yoy besoin weve rg end we one MNSEn rhe he puma of be conpeherin proce “he expen oy Merl adn Nive apie exo. itc on peedy welcome sce NPiace soe von 9 ‘Toten ten Wisin a The nga gare for Es wo Ses Leite bu dol give na «goon NPs Las cra fut two tds of guerre se ch ppt ta ongh EreChaeno phordlop const uy reves fe phontog essen gent ny oc pesogl pom he ‘Teg of nd tennessee nthe week cular Tiss tnonawnaecesion 4) Does Eth wan to ing? 1 Does Esher mana sng? © Who date Esther wane sing "Hell Dally” wilt (She wane tang ith Mastin) 4. Whe doe ether wan! ang "Hell Dll with WH re “Who dae Ether war ing “Hel, Dol"? (She nls Marino sng) Who, does Ether want Win to sing “Hell, Da? 1g There afta eto student represenities on every Comping Sentence Se 8 There have NPsrac oben tae representatives on Conran is ao poniein he qzton (ge whose state shown tt) But for est speakers wns srt sceplbl n (86). The see otal shown neh and an neresing diferenc rm he ‘Serene appre In el he a the fo re ot dicen icesrpasted ya Witmer: Thi ofr» good explrtion fr hy (Solan bldked hey phonological merger cn ey ori when ‘frds wen lve one Bu fous th explanations valle ory ‘Fite eon foe ara genaneenity in ingle, For NPs there na sch phoelogilcuidece, Relevant exampies ETS lof but what ile even thre shows Tat word 2 ‘hr ne of Ne-tac cn eosin eolloqualseech An eam Shown ig) Te helen) edn of oe ad 6. Contre. ‘Bitteus ne dese he ict an NPrce nerves. The nee tc sep sown (shy aang eansaion which oe abet SSISE Sing NP te ha ove up om he ower nae eng = parce boween nc and Note We Pave a temnclogiel ele Mee" Rryore nine doube te resi of NPsace wouldnt wat 10 de SES IIAgT thee ters onynay. Bt for eanveince In dcsng the Hemet cy contin toto og > aeteces contin Wit 2 Seine ben wale were the guetion of wheter or not hey do) See nesting caloators fave een arose fo account fr wy Fonlogeal cnracton proces are oat Witice bul eomelely Ge trace But whetver the ebon fort fl fh robs of 9 ‘Brey atl forma execs or NP-ace Foal at (6 shows, ce might no xs Sand ipa ten wer om is Seve the fat hl sted Ie inte poston ow eciied by Hace bul o NP-race dos ne. HS Shoe Engl spelars cetsgly few) who make ake who ‘tection © Wi prenn is nominative of accusative ip acord wih is ‘Roun postion befor movement In a) ts ornare ao be (EET on os snc ef teen he leer aus: 7) Srarive ow becouse sd ot ap AREY of ean 9 the lower (oe (6) a tno iho opine hs ra ver 1b throw whom, Jouphine ought cont Hr, By conta, the form of he moved NP apse o ang consinction fe atways in acord wh Re SURACE poo, For ianee 9 proneun ‘jet pusve ete can benoit in 80) bt eo?te scien sn (485 even tough a ronan inthe wdetyng Poin mould ve tens ow) (48) 4 He wast NPs bythe sus “Hina gue NP he gute The gues gated i “Thus, the postive evence for NPanovernet and NPs onside {Bie comping thn te pote ede or Mimoveet ed {ithtnce, Fotberhore the possi of peering he set rely, thous morng piss mon mad ee fer NFmovene™ fonfacion by the et hat he sippoveliy moved NP ogee ape {Ey tral eb poston rhein the mel bere hele prion tat 2 Wipeve spans nd ako bythe fat that NP wemert doesnot pen get tear as Weerovenet doce ven Fete sear hypotheser worth eomtarng shout EO: (tal ‘hee we owes) tat Whtoce exits tn NP) that oh ‘tana ted Nb tere ra i rane nt he expends On int vider MacDonald (199) sed “shoe” pesve sens (ses whoo an get fpprae rik a he second sentence 69) (49) The eos waned dp he eemarien [the nem tayor athe centr pou wat that NP, MacDonald was king fr rextvaion a the NP-tce potion of need. 8) he ncdet fe NP The na mer Don orth pore she wed an experineial pag that hod ‘hendy ten sed to dons aiecedent reat fer ove o- oun Th fhe peste snercer gave sia est it woul fe Saat the hypotheses pv ence ora Senet nantes ponoan though tot ively cuervble The at MacDoal {sedis known ar nl pce recgiion (UPR. serene presented tn sen tur ong word penned ehh the lect mt ee ‘Shaving ben oe een th sestence’ Mary ter eens Wee Prowl nshhi cone rrr wtb even Fee the comet anon mar "yes The probe word fore puie meme yal not ends wos oe probe was mayer The Bat sexes in (9) there to provide some into and To siege = pane agent for the aton the pase Senet floes The lic bln sexpert eign mich conpehodng Sener Siutse 7 the ame ot forthe crocs mod pining paadgm dusted ee. The ‘Bevis at when he proceacr scour ay EC ond asin fate ‘ele, stacey ny seated and peforsance on wil ‘teitted Thus "ye wagons othe probe word ger se: (9) So be fer Son noma How fet nomall To ess the, coral eld sin snes tat ad an ae pce ofthe posse vesh uch fur 0) (G0) The eos wanted pt he coemoie, ‘Them yar he coer odin wos ris Linguistic hos ae al apred tata ductive ot aecompaie by t'KPvece 50 (0) conan nthing tat tod tigger seactvation of ebje noun The intretingeamparsen beeen the reponse ie for Secing whether mayor ccired In) where te hyparess 9 ‘ioe san bmc, an the reponse tine fr deciding wheter myer tered (30 where tee no NP-race Any deren eben er (Shere ea of pric mors aoe out) as be Ge tbe (elas of ein} us toa restoaion bythe NPs SK wesSenl oe preter regina fer othe svt ve setene hen forthe apace seteces Mee nd Bver Sv bie sla rior ing mel pase constr {aig snl va pre recog ek The even fom VER thas Sn io fe old spat forthe gxtene of Nene. Coa ough NPstoce he nt shown mad dee fects in fe creeds Fring (EMPY prim on provided evidence of atc ren on for Wtlicce in contion Ske (4) ard 5. Osterout and Spey (988 Teed pase setecer th CMP ard id et cbrve Spec eatveon el one cond neste NParae potion This CEtcrsn wares for Witte hue the ee stanly ob Served ben th fest rd oe righ a there postin A econ @ Tg rene serene cen 20 hie dcepany sugges ht heres I rious dy infindng am NPrace orm angi i anece50 1egitetve something of» mstcy,WHLiace mates» sore oving ImCaMP, NPstace dct wen UPR bat shows up ony ery wey (ha fr no good ream Witrace a ot yet ben ery tate wh ‘Won Woy mat ta be a) And, empecly, what eau be the exo an fr ine porn sonadilry NParace rest? Do the VPR de ‘sete fc N-toe pannmanan, od the CMP dst anders "Ths cee sue sll under sud, ba aes is tht he CCuP date pote the mare elite soeuent The CMP tsk “a SE Sines vrpond during the processing ofthe setece while fey Mr conpuing he sate vce and mesing By definition an EC2 syste nly. And th rear tht we re going to ee gn tiene iets tone fo eae tam shal be ote proce retin precning ver nt prcave ream of osetence a mes Jasin ann spc ase ap df Ce yoursel Wa cn Jour ote fearing ofthe sete peo fs one! ow much Tan you per ribald Thay mich hare) Tif abo tang import 10 cur atempe to make sete of the apaety confi Serine ene Te VPR tocar he een over ard (2Esbey a eer tak The qution "ss wed in thew” tipesseesnaon the stony tha i he enn sents procesing and ie ow ald dwn short term eon. oven an EC Fen compte tng th way, woul ave seed ppv by then and woud have bee cade, ene efron the mening the Stree hd teen valued eee oth te PR el for pee rang sentence els only hat he sje phe Bere Srongly ‘prsered in memory when the predates pasive ve than when ia age Ard ough that evden of on erence betwen poste webs and nets might ot be esdece of NPs nk dak here, Arps, MP i's eter experimen a sign tan VP fo evsng te ovr of Sh But NP So sep up sol in OE. scl by carton th WE ihc pvr imei gent et This vey mec it Sins Se Ipponess tat Waar exis bt NP doesn Th Sot an qari neence to rw let aa ein coelion Froding more experiments nf Bot hi fo be the ve we Rot thd some ste parton rte memory enc ht oe {ured nthe epee on pets snd ang contac Tha rt {ave some thr suc fe not hawt te fee of Pace ne Carat apne any se ean petipr we tbo Pk tee Song he en ft Sars ble ct uggs ul: oie teres cr gate ‘freee eerly Ty ae err han seers wth ae eds othe rocenng of see thn 2 pve ve wl [ibtapeied tuna lets, Ard teres rnantobceve ht pase Serine mace a fo procs hn ve tentences we (he ‘Stdne forth mer an ane ight eet Ser Fre and Oe 5975 fr sumay} Hw ol haa prove sewers a tn ‘cel senerces Inthe PR expen sod ab weld [pods cule opponte. ut thao bce hr gown Ei unooe ton nincn VER edorrnee ons wore nd Io pcablty an ee of rocesing ne serene. ae seach tl ron lngunge) ad own ta the gree the efor tat Boe i Frosting eat the more tine Hr beset may te. onprtndng Senne Site 237 sztton is Car Conrad nbon (982) ape ths Bing 0 Siren ethos (1) (92) a Kathy wanted snaps of my baby bu she rfruntly Fengot her cera tay. 1 Kathy filly aived at my bby howe bt she uortately Fengt her crea ody. Inst the word cara mere pete than isin (STB, Deca of event tos sap n th et ce of the sentence On the Bs tf the po cee me woud expel ht In the context i which is ‘Es cial the word comes shou be harder to press bl ease f0 ‘rol Gans Comat an [slo one hs fo the et efeces by {Dnpuing ee to menu of pocsing al ad VP a ‘Sano shorter memory. tn ae fa abetted othe ser (tr cverbenighone sped» butlon when hey ad derstood ‘Soentence wel enh to beable to anower»camprehesoneueon [Sout Tne of sucetancing was hgh fortenteres ke S15 in owed wor han for sence eS) In oer sk bets Sone tote serene Sue pnd 0 biton arson a hey hear 2 were ping wna specie phoneme nec sound sch. Tei THE plow nour. n 62) and S19, abet ol Yo mor far? ld pnt he btan on esting fe Segiong ol oy. The hearth rossi ood lhe pr me setne t wich he phoneme ea, [Re slowe: the se! shold be st aetecting the phoneme hus. iow esr reves dca sefece proce. Nte that the of tng Ipenedately fins the word semen 3 the phonene monoring tine Souk sft how ear or die sis inte en othe a {ene The sv one tha tence ike ST] were der 1 pe tha snes te (tah, onever en these sentences ere toed in VR the word cane a the robe word fo ab) pt tone nas sibcly Bt or sentences ike (1) than for seteces Bets) Leto el his the ptosis the st peta an tar the gee the at of processing andthe xr [isto reeal Tas prove good expan for why pusiv tiene: fre btr tan sds snences in VPR experi: Bcasepssve Strenes wre fe orion than aca erences, they receive mote ‘Monon doing roveang. so tey ae eter to probe sor smenny To pn is aw mare hy. we wo Te fo know he Die seer in McDonald experiment neve harder fo procs han fe ndectl serenes ween amo lerece between them ma heered However the only mess vale ls whole setence ealtine end posi hse ot snatve enough o show he deen we looking or A deere! way of cecing pon the ep procesing ‘Siplontch would eto con tat» ase out deed ee pried by the procsong vote than ana e Wasnw oa 0884) ‘Set he hepnings of McDorld's sentences up othe we eu 9 ‘onple I sentence completion tsk The begining 2 he se (enc apgrred on 4 sen the sje immediately ead aloud ad ominotl spetng. cmpaing the fetence i any way Wot cameo tind Fee pave pedester mee produced tha asectives. bya hghy Slgnfcans rasp Ete prods tit 2 good indator of wht psiver ae stoping they are ending a setence we ci once {har the possi webs i MacDonals experment would fave been Tes expel thn the ads and heer ore memerale sens (uel then, th the VPRfaaton for pssve erences ely Miepinot prceuing ec enter of memtryerkanenet tht 8 Soting todo th NPs oS "Tetum ual very at the experimen it tem oe lingo tha Nace doesnot hve the sme stun os Witte. And hoegh on s bier nner tin fs rel tern tbe ela seem mes ‘Scltewihyothess ot Wikre opens n ment vero ‘Moan of setence avers bul NPtace dor not THn is ae! te oo ve ht wes pted by Meee and Bee or byDacDovald when they devant te expemetts on Nbsac but is aging with nee ‘Docent serene owning face can Smite sng as ‘Side sanded linguist ethology dou wot dntiveypronource ‘unpuse in condsen holds up a futher evidence is gathered in fur low enterive woul npc be on saves conestions of Tngusie scart I could lum tenon toward teas of langage ‘ea Lena nclonl Gamma and Phase Sucre Gar. wiih echo commie to NP-tr and which acount for he sare lange fteisbyaifnt deve mtn rch a leno hl contains pie (obs ona pu nace ans Aerator be hat even min Covert sod Binding theory. wich makes the ost extensive eo Se. inpose to ven the ned fo NP trace, oo eas fo Fs is sppoted sity o overt snap. In rece yes has bee ‘Sublcbed tht ECs Gressponng the existence) ae sue! to an ad ‘onal ovis, he Enply Cory Pore Chomsky 2882) The ECP {ples no phorclogily emp eements ows apply Yo owt ‘Ehcalpronune a soenwes Though motted pemeny by ele fet ius out fh Ie ECP ean scour fr props of psi md ‘ang contin tat wee psi atated to the ding Pe ‘Spee ha change he neal arin weit he Hor n wae ha Conpeheng Sener Srodue 241 sane ot yl ben fly explore in ppg nd may fer SoS Tetaig recon of the pare ist Bete hay md ‘eran rou Howeve even the EC? bres The andegy be SEERNPltes adver ol Ke eer ore (Winn Ta mn tthe ECP an py opie ny re an Eve pusive fon foappy fo Ard nf the ect ne hea {Engin geal tonard more ber than fewer, Cet sais EEE ore move’ epson hn previo, nacho move Se siih et nd these he deat of every seine ond Pep neenent rvs ote Perapet might be argued by ay of cla again he caper onc tht a angle NPs 8 Sore sete wold mtoly fe angele amd hs tong of ‘er EC Sch posses indie the ned fx prychlingi to 1 a elling op ts prem and a tbo 2 tha ean bok Nore Shd moe Sonya how sneer mei represented Wait Tov cxpeimentlecesuey ors nee senting of ow ty a Toca Soups ce igh be oshed nen foro Talgh bounce boc srnge tan ever Th ely Bd of ch, tear e scald we oben on wich of hse tsi tke => Bonciew para lb tceing te Sengestons for Further Reading "Witold br ail nen wih tere een ae eee ou it te tin coset ver ak ETE vi hy eed hp Cy, en nd A es Crete ufos ne he Mera yoo ‘ekemoe ei ron nd En a [Sidtven Foe Sasue Cromer HPS od pede Coed Phe ‘Sredecham cts cnnc natn Gon se dion SEARLS TR hc not empire xm voles Pac Toc lect on Cerda eg eee ey Greens cise mee lt ADORE Mas Saenger a ‘cue fee bene ‘St ere ah ye. Nk opeit ten aay tc by Pai Bo 0 dct th ae hoy Stn na fr pi ye Fenton he plea sien yes fo ee ce gt i A el ae of Soi Problems ‘Seanganing beth Wine Nha hh pe psn Tithe thee frat hehe ened oven ld by ic Seer ec ae Be ar seri nN ean 3 Pcoeenaianershecet ween Seren eee ie ee a aba (Question for Further Thought i ht 0 onto rt a (57. FWP ad am otc ey sto ere rey aeons Sein mel ann pt 82 Het ra Oy eed yee 5 pe Be ya hv ied Sw poe Sold le hl ‘xcholngitchyptbeve vo stale ntl (er example NP n pose ‘lamps ne ann bp Des ey Ee gp ee LHe pong ume lr RE eee vote ed ok Sette aie, Sa ete Sonat oc eg a Ss et ney oy mo CCongtening Sener Shee 285 Sula she pte hry eet Gt ao peal Ferdi ey ov cnt i etre ey hd 6) Jamo he cron ni May put Be pro ih pd he sannanrgte toate renee pene Heenan eth a eeaoas oe asi ip epg eel ey ab nn sched ported tcp moe gon nee | Thre he dg hd ema yao he reba ee cian i a a, Pe RET SST one tthe ato orp {ethoe ee tsDanl a cdr ctaon dane edTee te he pagal ay ay Be pied by he pat Shes napa pec wn ages ga he em fg ht [Zap pe meng ym Ge ane ms Rnd tides Msc an Ke Rnd Be le Spee tds cdo Be atom map Ye ay a References Solera me reer ns oe Sr cae prea ice ag ‘and intepreton,Evieree fom WHqvesions. Jae inc i Ss ee eA ta ty pa ara co cet nm tre et er ere con St ag cnn of ios Fe co ree ei Taare or ee eT cn re Soy es Sad Set ar So Bayan db Mah ee eee remnant Sees Se cea ec SE LIES TSE Sa a 8 a Tei ae cn et ea soe TS toe Ep ent a i eee Ene dp Tsun eg a bet et te So marinate nie myn Cin 23 CConpubedng Sees Ste 265 ‘hon EAE fs pre Mena Hine preig Iednen Cambie, MA: fe een con se igh re mec a ‘rodent $F iis. Chen's Mesh Sloman {1998 Th bee ee vane et eee et a er atemmacmererseen Se eee eee oma wagner ne a eee rca ee, maT Ree Ee main aon ML 80 Pang lcs a peace. aug a igi ‘ea chet PHN, Athy fre or a age. Camb, oe a a aaa tage wae i te ‘EBs and © Calero. Mat of athena) ply Vol New ee ene Fe Dae coer cme ee alee en aia eaiatts Seat sng Mand © Bary oe Severe pxnang ihoempy clea La ral ae a er tc aa Sena ees ween 1 Aon) Far (0 Ean wt fa Anois By SS Spe and Me Sehr i a! Coat Cn ome serelpeamrerepits Bett ot pe Anat Peeing nd |6 Fader cn Sty cn i ‘Teneo nM Comey. Bland 190) Contry les formalin “SE imguge onsen: TAs Epi ie at ‘ory Syseun el n pa Caai! on vn Eamon Se ne) Soto (990 Thea lp enya ie onc So Ue “hatin Peel sacy aac ees ee eS Mee ant £10 Seay BP ven nd Ral Aan owt Chapter 9 Computational Aspects of the Theory of Grammar Mark Steeda 4 Inroductin: Grammar and Computation ut Comprlene and Peommance iat elton woul cognitive set appronhing the role forte tne ened to old ncn he aya of Doman nnguges her nent irrestions andthe sures bul By humans dtr (Gningt heytnew tolling specs abo! any of thee moles ty sud eobasy mnpact the nies and rarest they invele #0 Be teri lowly ated Tey might son bows "Te from fun gra he rl pregariing ngage sol elo! nd athena ale that werent uses ee {i spy to lest the covesponding nfs of somatic, 30 there Tews rey reason for hes ra ode eset o ea aspen ‘Sted ose ar languages Mereover we know Gor eas Timse by Per inthe resent il ht eve te sale grammes foot geal be inde rm mere exposure To the sings ofthe Igune they generate eomoare Gld 1967) snd tha moe exp gui tre fom na och guage sar sil compar Brown an ion 1970 and ruchscanquest wor) i geerly oeed oe 2 temepeenct of hee choirs aad her (iced by askin is ‘Slum that human ngeage aves ut ng someting more to the Uk The ely emote pnb aha that fas ever bee fied a= Ss ovis inate copay ces Pe semen o concep repre Sitar ta the utrarces convey (the cones of mode ing Tithe seggestion gon chs lat to Chomaky 1988.38, 2 Mile 80h shang the eet much elder] Any divergence baween a EE