DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.)

(THREE YEAR DEGREE COURSE)

SUBJECT

MICROBIOLOGY

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

B.Sc. (MICROBIOLOGY)
COURSE STRUCTURE

FIRST YEAR

PAPER – 101: General Microbiology 50 MARKS

PAPER – 102: Basic Bio-Chemistry 50 MARKS

PAPER – 103: Principles of Bioinstrumentation and Techniques 50 MARKS

PAPER – 104: PRACTICAL 50 MARKS

SECOND YEAR

PAPER – 201: Microbial Physiology and Genetics 50 MARKS

PAPER – 202: Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering 50 MARKS

PAPER – 203: Bio – Statistics & Computer Application 50 MARKS

PAPER – 204: PRACTICAL 50 MARKS

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

THIRD YEAR

PAPER – 301: Food & Industrial Microbiology 50 MARKS

PAPER – 302: Medical Microbiology 50 MARKS

PAPER – 303: Environmental & Agricultural Microbiology 50 MARKS

PAPER – 304: PRACTICAL 50 MARKS

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

B.Sc. (MICROBIOLOGY)
FIRST YEAR DETAILED SYALLBUS
PAPER – 101
General Microbiology
UNIT-I

Scope and historical development in microbiology (contributions of pioneers),

microbiology and human health, beneficial harmful microbes.

UNIT-II

Microbial taxonomy – principle of classification, classification of viruses, bacteria

(including cyanobacteria) and fungi.

UNIT-III

Methods of studying micro organisms – origin of microbes, microscopy, pure

culture technique, sterilization, aseptic techniques, isolation of pure culture,
conditions and media for growth of micro organisms in the laboratory.

UNIT-IV

Characterization, Classification and identification of micro organisms by

Morphological, Serological, Biochemical and Molecular examination.

UNIT-V

Micro organisms – The Morphology, fine structure, reproduction and growth of

bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, General account on Protozoa and Algae.

References:

1. Pelczar (2003), Microbiology, Tata MacGraw Hill, Edition 902 pp.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

2. Ronald M.Atlas (1989), Basic Experimental Microbiology, Prentice Hall 316 pp.

3. Roben F. Boyed (1984) General Microbiology, Times Mirror / Mosby College

Publication.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

B.Sc. (MICROBIOLOGY)
FIRST YEAR DETAILED SYALLBUS
PAPER – 102
Basic Bio-Chemistry
UNIT-I

Biochemistry of Microbes , Chemical elements, structure of atoms, molecule and

chemical bonds, chemical reactions, molecules of living systems, pH pK buffers,
thermodynamics.

UNIT-II

Classification of Biomolecules with their structure and properties- Carbohydrates,

Proteins, Lipids, nucleic acids.

UNIT-III

Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

UNIT-VI

Enzymes Definition, classification of enzymes with one example. Mechanism of

enzyme action. Lock and key mechanism, induced fit theory. Property: specificity
lsoenzyme: Definition with one example. Factors affecting enzyme activity. pH,
temperature and substrate concentration. Michaleis- Mention equation. Biological
functions of enzymes.

UNIT-V

Membrane transport- kinetics of active and passive transport shuttle system

References

1. Stryer (1995) Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman & Co. 1064pp.

2. Nelson and Con (2000) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Macmillan
1152pp.
3. U.Satyanarayana,(2002) Biochemistry, Books and Allied (p) Ltd. 652pp
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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

4. Voet and Voet,(1995), Biochemistry, John Willey and Sons, 1361pp.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

B.Sc. (MICROBIOLOGY)
FIRST YEAR DETAILED SYALLBUS
PAPER – 103
Principles of Bioinstrumentation and Techniques
UNIT-I

Basic rules of a Microbiology Laboratory - Basic requirements

Microbiology Laboratory- Basic principles, operating mechanism and applications

of an autoclave, hot air oven, Laminar air flow and pH meter

Decontamination, Sterilization and disinfection

UNIT-II

Microscopy: light, phase contrast, fluorescence, dark field, electron microscopy

Laser confocal microscopy and digital image analysis

Centrifugation and ultracentrifugation

Biosensors

UNIT-III

Spectrophotometric methods- Beer’s Lambert’s Law- Principles, Operating

mechanism and application of colorimeter, Spectrophotometer and Fluorescence
spectroscopy.

UNIT-VI

Chromatography: adsorption, gas ion exchange, gel filtration, affinity, HPLC.

Radioisotope technique, nature of radioactivity, detection measurements,
counters, safety aspects.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

UNIT-V

Important molecular techniques like RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, DNA finger printing, PCR
and Probe hybridization, Blotting techniques – Southern, Western and Northern
blotting. Electrophoreses – Basic principles and their applications – Agarose gel
Electrophoresis – SDS PAGE.

References:

1. Wilson and Wlker (2000), Practical Biochemistry – Principles and Techniques,

Cambridge University Press, 770pp.

2. K.R. Aneja (2001), Experiments in Microbiology Plant Pathology Tissues

Culture and mushroom Production Technology, New age International
Publishers.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

B.Sc. (MICROBIOLOGY)
SECOND YEAR DETAILED SYALLBUS
PAPER – 201
Microbial Physiology and Genetics
UNIT I

Bacterial Morphology and Ultra structure :

Composition, Structure and Biosynthesis of cell wall in Gram positive and Gram
negative bacteria, Physiology of bacterial growth phases of growth, growth
conditions. Differentiations in bacterial cells – sporulation germination. Bacterial
cell division, replication of bacterial chromosome, co-ordination of cell division
with replication of chromosome, portioning of chromosome into daughter cells.

UNIT II

Primary and Secondary Metabolism.

UNIT III

Bacterial Plasmids :

Structure and properties, replication, incompatibility, plasmids amplifications.

Bacteria phages :

Lytic development cycle – T4, lytic and lysogenic development of phage 2, single
standard DNA phages.

Transposition :

Structure of bacterial transposes, types of bacterial transposes. Mechanism of

antibiotic resistance and spread of antibiotic resistance.

UNIT IV
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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

Genetic Recombination :

Requirement, molecular basis, genetic analysis of recombination in bacteria.

Bacterial Genetics :

Concepts of haploid genomes, genetic exchange through conjugation,

transformation and transduction (generalized and specialized).

Transformation :

Natural transformation, competence, DNA uptake, role of natural transformations,

artificially induced competence, electroporation.

Conjugation :

Self transmissible plasmids, F factor, Tra genes, on T,F, and H frastrains, steps in
conjugation, chromosome mobilization, transfer systems in Gram Positive bacteria.

D.N.A. repair and restriction :

Types of repair systems, restriction endonuclease, various types of restriction

enzymes, their properties and uses Methylation – dependent restriction enzymes,
dam and dam methylases.

Gene expression transcription, translation and control of expression in microbes.

UNIT V

Mutations :

Spontaneous and induced, base pair changes, frame shifts, deletions, inversions,
tandem duplications, insertion, useful phenotypes (autotrophic, conditional lethal,
resistant) reversions suppression, Ames test.

Microbial Physiology and Genetics :

Determination of growth phase of E.coil by measurement of OD and colony

forming units, Relationship between OD and CFU measurements. Measurement of
growth by dry weight and wet weight – Pencillium spp. Determination of antibiotic
resistance by plating method.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

Isolation of E.coil plasmid DNA rapid method and separation by agarose gel
electrophories.

Transformation of E.coil:

Preparation of competent cells determination of viable counts, efficiency of

plasmids transformation. Infection of E.coil with phage T4, determination of phage
titer by plating method.

Induction of Lac Operon :

Culture of E.coil, induction by IPTG, measurement of b-galactosidase activity over a

time period of 2 hour. Conjugation in E.coil using plate method.

Reference:

1. Acamo, I.E. Laboratory Fundamentals of Microbiology, 2001 Jones and

Bartlett Publishers.

2. Wolfgang K, Joklik (1995), Zinsers Microbiology, Mc Grw-Hill Companies,

1294pp.

3. Stanley R. Maloy, David Freifelder and John E. Cronan (1994), Microbial

Genetics (2nd Ed.) Jones and Bartiett Publishers, 512pp.

4. Lany Smyder and Wendy Champness (1995), Molecular Genetics of Bacteria,

ASM Press, 672pp.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

B.Sc. (MICROBIOLOGY)
SECOND YEAR DETAILED SYALLBUS
PAPER – 202
Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering
UNIT I

History of molecular biology, model systems, concepts of molecular biology, early

history of genetic, engineering, genetic engineering concepts, ethical issues.

UNIT II

Structure of biological macromolecules proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, nucleic

acids, chemical structure of bases, phosphodiester bond, hydrogen bond, higher
order structure, proteins, amino acid structure, folding of proteins, proteins with
subunits, enzymes.

UNIT III

Function of macromolecules, early observation on the mechanism of heredity,

DNA as genetic material, basic mechanism of replication, enzymes involved in
replication, enzymes involved in transcription mechanism, translation, genetic
code, regulation of genes expression, transcripts, translation and control of
expression in microbes.

UNIT IV

DNA repair and restriction, types of repair systems, restriction modifications

systems, types of restrictions enzymes, properties and uses, methylation. Biology
of plasmids bacteriophages, lytic vsolysogenic phages single standard DNA phages
MI3, restriction modification systems, restriction enzymes.

UNIT V

Plasmids and phage vectors, restriction and ligation of vector and passenger DNA,
transformation of host cells selection vs screening of recombinant colonies,

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

analysis of recombinant clones, DNA sequencing protein separation and

identification methods.

Practical :

Characterization of genetic markers of known bacterial strains.

Phage growth curve.

Isolation of DNA from bacteria.

Isolation of DNA and plasmids DNA and restriction analysis.

Simple Cloning using plasmids DNA as vector and transformation of competent

E.coiul cells.

Electrophoretic Analysis of proteins.

References:

1. George M. Malacinski (1998) Essentials of Molecular Biology (3rd Ed.)

Jones and Bratlett Publishers, 560pp.

2. Bejamin Lewin (1998), Genes VII, Oxford University Press, 100pp.

3. Philipp Gerhardt Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology, ASM,

536pp.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

B.Sc. (MICROBIOLOGY)
SECOND YEAR DETAILED SYALLBUS
PAPER – 203
Bio – Statistics & Computer Application
UNIT I

Nature and scope of statistical methods and their limitations compilation,

classification, tabulation and applications in life sciences – graphical
representation measures of averages and dispersion stem and leaf plots. Box and
Whisker plots, coplots, introduction to probability theory and distributions
(concepts without derivations) binomial, Poisson and normal (only definition and
problems).

UNIT II

Correlation and Regression – concepts of sampling and sampling distribution –

tests of significance based on t-chi square and F for means, properties, variances
and correlation efficient, theory of attributes and tests if independence of
contingency tables.

UNIT III

Sampling Methods – Simple random, stratified, systematic and cluster sampling

procedures, sampling and non-sampling errors, principles of scientific
experiments – analysis of variance – one way and two way classifications – CRD,
RBD and Latin Square design.

UNIT IV

Introduction to computers – classification of computer generation – row, median

and high level languages – software and hardware – operating system compliers
and interpreters – personel, frame and super computers, their characteristics and
applications, BIT, BYTE, WORD, character memory and its types, data
representation and storage – binary codes, binary system and its relationship to
Boolean Operations.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

UNIT V

Microsoft Excel – Data entry graphs aggregate function formations and functions
different number systems and conversions input output devices, secondary
storage media. Important molecular techniques Lipo, PFLP, RAAD, AFLP, DNA
finger printing, PCR and prove hybridization.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

B.Sc. (MICROBIOLOGY)
THIRD YEAR DETAILED SYALLBUS
PAPER – 301
Food & Industrial Microbiology
UNIT I

Food as a substance for micro – organism, micro organisms important in food

microbiology – molds yeasts and bacteria, brief account of each group, general
characteristics and importance principles of food preservation – asepsis removal of
microorganisms, anaerobic conditions high and low temperature drying chemical
preservatives food additives.

UNIT II

Food spoilage and food borne infections, general principles underlying food
spoilage and contamination, canned food sugar products, vegetables, fruits, meat
and meat products, milk and milk products, fish, seafood and poultry spoilages,
food poisoning infective and toxic bacterial.

UNIT III

General concepts of industrial microbiology, principles of exploitation of micro-

organisms and their products, screening, strain development strategies,
immobilization methods, adsorption covalent linkages – advantages and
disadvantages, raw materials used in media production industrial sterilization
fermentation equipment and its uses, types of fermentation single, batch,
continuous, dual or multiple, surface, submerged and solid state fermentation.

UNIT IV

Food fermentation and food produced by microbes, bread, cheese, vinegar,

fermented dairy products and oriental fermented foods, microbial cells as food
single cell proteins - Mushrooms cultivation, production of alcohol and fermented
beverages, beer and wine.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

UNIT V

Industrial products derived from microbes, industrial eazymes – amylase

proteinase, cellulose, amino acid production – gluamic acid and lysine production
of antibiotics penicillin’s, streptomycin, vitamins riboflavin, cyanocobalamin.
Vaccines genetic recombinant vaccines.

Practical:

Bacteriological analysis of food products: Direct microscopic studies and standard

plate count in milk.

Reduclase test of milk: dye reduction test.

Isolation of micro organisms from common food items such as a curd. Pan masala
and bread.

References :

1. Arnold L. Demain, Julian E. Davias (1998), Manual of Industrial Microbiology

and Biotechnology, ASM Press, 500pp.

2. Whitakjer and P.F. Stanbury (1995), Principles of Fermentation Technology

Butterworth, Heinemann, 348pp.

3. William C. Frazier and Dennis Westhoff (1998), Food Microbiology, Mc Graw

Hill Companies, 576pp.

4. Sneuecar, G. W. and Cochram W.G. (1967), Statistical Methods, Oxford Press.

5. Danal, W.W. (1995), Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in Health

Sciences (6th Edition), John Wiley, 780pp.

6. Celton T. (1947), Statistics in Medicine, Little Brown, Boston.

7. Campbell R.C. (1989), Statistics for Biologists, Cambridge University Press,

464pp.

8. Bland, M. (1989), An Introduction to Medical Sciences, Oxford Medical

Publication.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

B.Sc. (MICROBIOLOGY)
THIRD YEAR DETAILED SYALLBUS
PAPER – 302
Medical Microbiology
UNIT I

Historical background, innate acquired immunity, humeral and cell medicated

immunity, organs and cells involved in immune response, identification and
characterization of T and B cells, cell surface respects, cellular cooperation, MHC
restriction antigen, characterized types of antigens, adjutants, immunogenicity,
antigenicity antigen-antibody reactions.

UNIT II

Humeral immune response, immunoglobulin structure and properties theories of

antibody diversity, isotope switching monoclonal antibodies antigen-antibody
reactions, complement, complement activation.

UNIT III

Characterization and types of T-cells macrophage activation, cytokines types of

hypersensitivity, antibody dependent cell medicated cytotoxicity, principles of
serological test methods with examples.

UNIT IV

Diseases caused by certain specific pathogens Staphylococcus aureus,

streptococeus, phenmoniae, mpeobacterium mbereclosis, salmonella typhi, vibria
cholerae, human hnmuno, deficiency virus, hepartius virus, entamoeba histoytica,
plasmodium species, dermatophiles, collection and transport of appropriate
clinical samples for clinical diagnostics.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

UNIT V

Elements of chemotherapy, principles, drug microbe host interaction, basic

mechanism of drug action, drug resistance, major antimicrobial agents, non
automated in vitro drug susceptibility testing, rapid test for antimicrobial
susceptibility, general principles and clinical use of antimicrobial testing, rapid test
for antimicrobial susceptibility, general principle and clinical use of antimicrobial
drugs.

Practical:

Selection, collection and transport of specimens, blood samples, sera for

microbiological and immunological investigations.

Preparation of different types of culture media for growing pathogenic bacteria.

Staining techniques such as Gram’s staining, AFB staining, Albert’s staining and
Giemsa’s staining.

Preparation of buffers, regents.

Tissue culture techniques and demonstration of handling of animals.

Separation of lymphocytes from blood and counting in hemocytometer.

Agglutination Tests (Haemagglutination and Haemolysis Technique), blood

grouping and widal test.

Perception test – single radial immune diffusion, immuno electrophoresis,

separation of serum proteins by electrophoresis.

Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay.

Isolation and identification of major bacterial pathogens such as staphylococcus

aureus and E.coli.

References:

1. Ellenjo Bacon, (1994), Bailey and Scouts Diagnostic Microbiology (9th Edition),
958pp.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

2. A Hand Book of practical and clinical immunology, G.H. Talwar and D.K.
Gupta (2nd Edition), 1992, CBS Publication, New Delhi, India.

3. Mackie and McCartney, 14th Edition, Vol. II, Practical Medical Microbiology
Ed., J.G. College, A.G. Fraser, B.P. Marmion A. Simmons: Churchill
Livingstone, 1986.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

B.Sc. (MICROBIOLOGY)
THIRD YEAR DETAILED SYALLBUS
PAPER – 303
Environmental & Agricultural Microbiology

UNIT I

Aerobiology:

Definition – droplet nuclei-aerosol – assessment of air quality – some important air

borne disease caused by bacteria fungi, virus their symptoms and preventive
measures.

UNIT II

Soil Microbiology:

Physical and chemical characteristics and micro flora of various soil types,
orhizosphere phyllosphere brief account of microbial interactions symobsis
mtualism commensalism competition amensalism synergism parasitism predation
rumen microbiology, bio-fertilizers biological nitrogen fixation nitrogenous
enzymes nif symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Rhizobium, Frankia) non symbiotic
nitrogen fixation (Azotobacter – Azospirillum), VAM ecto endo –
ectendomycormzae.

UNIT III

Major biogeochemical cycles and the organisms carbon – nitrogen – phosphorous

and sulphur – a brief mention about biodegradation – xenobiotics –
bioaccumulation – biopesticides – determination.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

UNIT IV

Aquatic Microbiology:

Eco-systems – fresh water (pounds, lakes, streams, marines, mangroves, deep sea),
water zonations upwelling eutrophication food chain, portability of water
microbial assessment water quality water purification brief account of water
borne diseases and preventive measures.

UNIT V

Waste Treatment:

Types of wastes characterization of solid and liquid wastes treatment and useful
by products, solids saccharification – gasifications – compositing – liquid waste
treatment aerobic – anaerobic methods.

Practical:

Enumeration and isolation of soil micro organisms agar plate technique, direct
microscopic and enrichment culture technique – bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoa
from different soil types, preparation of Winogradsky column to study various soil
micro flora, isolation of Rhizobium Frankia.

Techniques for microbial sampling of air from various sources, assessment of air
quality by solid liquid impingement techniques and enumeration of them by
plating technique and turbidometric method.

Bacterial examination of water for portability, micro – organisms, E-colis

Staphylococci Faecalis as indicators of pollution, MPN index – IMVIC test – Endo
agar.

Testing of water, soil and sewage for physico – chemical parameters including COD
and BOD anaerobiosis biomethanation.

Field trip to ponds, coastal areas and surveying the area for various above said
characters.

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 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .

References:

1. Bkaer, K.H. and Herson, D.S. 1994, Bio Remediation, McGraw Hill Inc., New
York.

2. Bagymaj and Rangasamy, Agricultural Microbiology.

3. Martin Alexander (1998)., Bio-degradation and Bio-remediation, Academic

Inc., 14pp.

4. Standard Methods for ex. Of water and waste water – L.S. Clesceri, A.E.
Greenberg, A.D. Eaton APHA, 1998.

5. Experimental Microbial Ecology, R.G. Burns and J.H. Slater (1982), Blackwell
Scientific Publication.

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