Caterabing exit aee of a ean nove - Akeom enters a Conver - diveaging Mot opened ot uber nd seth q2ly0 box, T,2 4ooe el, \o os. The shea fies “Vt A phe moze with neq liq ble heak * i ww noe “arden “eet “Ad the exit, Pe and the veloc ‘3 665 ws. The mara Uo rote 4 als - Deter rane the expe orca of thy corrle, 4 ok. change un e{sboar, Enample 4°h'° earn turbine - Akeannr enters % turbine oper abate with ew mars feo °F Beet wat The tebe develops tea mds of [800k Wl. w GO pot phe enep Ak the inlet, the w 4ooc, k he velo w lOwm/s. Ab Ae ert, the wo | bor , the r Db vate ad a ‘0 30 w/e. thanader Ee scan the \ A4.6 Nozzles and Diffusers 185 Steam enters a converging-diverging nozzle operating at steady state with p; = 40 bar, T; = 400°C, and a velocity of 10 m/s, The steam flows through the nozzle with negligible heat transfer and no significant change in potential energy. At the exit, pp = 15 bar, andthe velocity is 668 mis The mass flow rate is 2 kp Determine the exit area of the nozzle, in m* SOLUTION Known: Steam flows through a nozzle at steady state with known properties at the inlet and exit, a known mass flow rate, and negligible effects of heat transfer and potential energy. Find: Determine the exit area. ‘Schematic and Given Data: Engineering Model 1. The control volume shown on the accom panying figure is at steady state 2, Heat transfer is negli- gible and Wey = 0. 3. The change in potential energy from inlet to exit can be neglected. ‘Analysis: The exit area can be determined from the mass flow rate ri and Eq, 44b, which can be arranged to read msAV : ry y ART v Va ‘To evaluate A; from this equation requires the specific volume v, at the exit, and this requires that the exit state be fixed. ‘The state at the exit is fixed by the values of two independent intensive properties, One is the pressure pz, which is known, The other is the specific enthalpy fz, determined from the steady-state energy rate balance Eq. 4.200, as follows 0= 88 + [th — y+ ED og a2] ‘The terms Q,, and W,, are deleted by assumption 2, The change in specific potential energy drops out in accor- dance with assumption 3 and rit cancels, leaving o= (hm) + (“E™) Vi v8) Solving for hy none(186 Chapter 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy From Table A-4, h; = 3213.6 ki/kg, The velocities V, and V, are given. Inserting values and converting the v of the kinetic energy terms to kif kg results in ; 107 ssh (a) 1N \k in fl = 313, + [SP Oy (m)|_AN || ais fe Lee z =) Hig: mis!] HON em = 3213.6 — 221.1 = 2992.5 kIhkg Finally, referring to Table A-4 at p, = 15 bar with fy = 2992.5 kJikg, the specific volume at the exit isu 0.1627 mike, The exit area is then 3 ae 2 kes) (0.1627 m’ Ag = ZAW8 MONG mes) og 5109-4 et 665 mis @ Although equilibrium property relations apply at the inlet and exit of the Control volume, the intervening states of the steam are not necessarily equi- librium states, Accordingly, the expansion through the nozzle is represented on the T-v diagram as a dashed line. @ Care must be taken in converting the units for specific kinetic energy to turbine A turbine is a device in which power is developed as a result of a gas or liquid pas ing through a set of blades attached to a shaft free to rotate. A schematic of an ania flow steam or gas turbine is shown in Fig. 49, Such turbines are widely used for powe generation in vapor power plants, gas turbine power plants, and aircraft engines (se ‘Chaps 8 and 9). In these applications, superheated steam or a gas entes . the turbine and expands to a lower pressure as power is generated. me A hydraulic turbine coupled to a generator installed in a dam is show = in Fig. 4.10. As water flows from higher to lower elevation through th turbine, the turbine provides shaft power to the generator. The generato converts shaft power to electricity. This type of generation is calles ‘hydropower. Today, hydropower isa leading renewable means for produc ing electricity, and itis one of the least expensive ways to do so. Electric ity can also be produced from flowing water by using turbines to tap inti currents in oceans and rivers. ‘Turbines are also key components of wind-turbine power plants that like hydropower plants, are renewable means for generating electricity, — Fig. 4.9 Schematic of an axialfiow steam or gas turbine,188 Chapter 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy 4.7.1 Steam and Gas Turbine Modeling Considerations With a proper selection of the control volume enclosing a steam or gas turbine, the net kinetic energy of the matter flowing across the boundary is usually small enough to be neglected. The net potential energy of the flowing matter also is typically neg- ligible. Thus, the underlined terms of Eq. 420a (repeated below) drop out, leaving the power, enthalpy, and heat transfer terms, as shown by Eq. (a) (Wi-v) i| p +a ~ 2)| oy — Wey + rt (Tey = fa) + = Oey — Wey + rin — fa) fa) where sit is the mass flow rate. The only heat transfer between the turbine and sur- Toundings normally would be unavoidable (or stray) heat transfer, and this is often Small enough relative to the power and enthalpy terms that it also can be neglected, ving simph Turbine Ce deel @ Ag —Tabs a,b 8c Wey = rn( hy ~ fn) o 4.7.2. Application to a Steam Turbine In this section, modeling considerations for turbines are illustrated by application to a case involving the practically important steam turbine. Objectives in this example include assessing the significance of the heat transfer and kinetic energy terms of the energy balance and illustrating the appropriate use of unit conversion factors. Calculating Heat Transfer from a Steam Turbine “Steam enters a turbine operating at steadv state with a mass flow rate of 4600 kg/h. The turbine develops a power output of 1000 kW. At the inlet, the pressure is 60 bar, the temperature is 400°C, and the velocity is 10 mis. At the exit, the pressure is O.1 bar, the quality is 0.9 (90%), and the velocity is 30 m/s. Calculate the rate of heat transfer between the turbine and surroundings, in kW. SOLUTION Known: A steam turbine operates at steady state. The mass flow rate, power output, and states of the steam at the inlet and exit are known. Calculate the rate of heat transfer. Schematic and Given Data: Engineering Model: 1. The control volume shown on the accompanying figure is at steady state. 2. The change in potential energy from inlet to exit can be neglected.{for a control volume at steady state, Eq. 4.20a. That is, A-viy Dey = Wey + fom C85) each of these terms is evaluated separately phase liquid-vapor mixture, so with data from Table A-3 and the given quality Ig = hig + (lea ~ ha) = 191.83 + (0.9)(2392.8) = 2345.4 kdTkg Hence, ye Nhtaae hea ng ~ hy = 26454 ~ 31772 = ~851.8 Teg ow is © ‘The magnitude of the change in specific kinetic energy from inlet to exit is much smaller than the specific enthalpy change, Note the use of unit conversion factors here and in the calculation of Q.y to follow. @ ‘The negative value of Qj» means that there is heat transfer from the turbine to its surroundings, as would be expected. The magnitude of Qy is small rela- tive to the power developed. a netic energy from inlet to extt were neglected, t rate; in kW, Keeping all other data unchanged. > 4.7 Turbines 189 Analysis: To calculate the heat transfer rate, begin with the one-inlet, one-exit form of the energy rate balance a H+Hf = a) + EMD ge, - 2) — where rit is the mass flow rate. Solving for Qj, and dropping the potential energy change from inlet to exit @ “To compare the magnitudes of the enthalpy and kinetic energy terms, and stress the unit conversions needed, First, the specific enthalpy difference hy — hy is found. Using Table A-4, hy = 31772 kifkg. State 2 is a two- he 5 tk pe Orban ba Consider next the specific kinetic energy difference. Using the given values for the velocities, ° Oe line welhowt = 04 Kirkg Caleulating Q,, from Eq. (a), ane ® ~ ono) + (15008) ea + 04 (@2)| 3 | pee. “Abily ta app) the eteady state “eteayrete bares toa - central vole, develop an engineering ~ redel- ltethieve property data for eee |Problem 1: At steady state, air at 200 kPa, 325 K, and mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s enters an insulated duct having differing inlet and exit cross-sectional areas. The inlet cross-sectional area is 6 cma. At the duct exit, the pressure of the air is 100 kPa and the velocity is 250 m/s. ‘Neglecting potential energy effects and modeling air as an ideal gas with constant cp= 1.008 ld/kg'K, determine (@ the velocity of the air at the inlet, in m/s. (b) the temperature of the air at the exit, in K. (©) the exit cross-sectional area, in em. Problem 2: Steam enters a nozzle operating at steady state at 20 bar, 280°C, with a velocity of 80 m/s. the exit pressure and temperature are 7 bar and 180°C respectively. The mass flow rate is 1.5 kg/s. Neglecting heat transfer and potential energy, determine (@ The exit velocity in m/s (b) The inlet and exit flow areas, in em2 Problem 3: Steam at 1800 Ibffin2 and 1100 F enters a turbine operating at steady state. As shown in figure below, 20% of the entering mass flow is extracted at 600 Ibffin2 and 500 F. The rest of the steam exits as a saturated vapor at 1 Ibifin2. The turbine develops a power output of 6.8 x10° Btu/h. Heat transfer from the turbine to the surroundings occurs at a rate of 5 x 10° Btu/h. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects determine the mass flow rate of the steam, entering the turbine, in Ib/s4,28 At steady state, air at 200 kPa, 325 K, and mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s enters an insulated duct having differing inlet and exit cross-sectional areas. The inlet cross-sectional area is 6 cm? ‘At the duct exit, the pressure of the air is 100 kPa and the velocity is 250 m/s. Neglecting potential energy effects and modeling air as an ideal gas with constant c= 1.008 ki/kg'K, determine (a) the velocity of the air at the inlet, in m/s. (b) the temperature of the air at the exit, in K. (©) the exit cross-sectional area, in cm”. KNOWN: ir flow through a duct with varying cross-sectional area. FIND: (a) the velocity of the air at the inlet, in m/s, (b) the temperature of the air at the exit, in K, and (0) the exit cross-sectional area, in cm’, SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA: ENGINEERING MODEL: 1. The control volume shown with the schematic is at steady state. 2. For the control volume, Wy =0and stray heat transfer can be ignored. 3. Ape=0. 4, The air is modeled as an ideal gas with constant c= 1.008 ki/lg-K. ANALYSIS: (@) Mass flow rate atthe inlet is sy = 91M y of state and solving for the velocity give . Substituting vy = £4. from the ideal gas equation A y= 2B. APL 3314S (0.5kg/s)| ——Kmol-K |(325 k) - 28.97 ol 10000 em? oon 1kPa ' (6cm?)(200kPa) 1m? 13 Ihooo X mm V) = 388.6 m/saproye heod - (b) Since Ah = ¢, AT for air with constant specific heat, the energy rate balance 0= B,, fi, +1 [Gn in) +4 (VP Vo") + 8(@/420)] simplifies to = [edTi~ Ta) +4 (Vr? — VJ] Solving for exit temperature gives ; a ara (250m) -{2s86@ Pi non Blase 3 | aw ep AG ronal a (©) From the mass rate balance and ideal gas equation of state A2Na _ AaNapa M2 Rly Solving for the exit area yields hy = RE, VoP2 8314 (0.5 kg's)| ——kmol-K. \(368.9k) Ae 28.97 ol 000m? 1000N- a | 1 2 (250 m/s)(100 kPa) 1k boo 2 em’PROBLEM 4:31 431 Sisum tes orl operating seal sat 20 bi 280 wih velo oF 2 m. “Thecxiepresoué and tempeeuture are 7 bara THD, rcopectively. The mass flow rates 1.5 kp/s. Neglesting heat transfer and potential energy, determine @) the ext velocity in avs. (}) the inlet and exit flow areas, in:om". KNOWN: Steam ata specified mass flow rate flows through a nozzle with known pressure, temperature, and velocity at tho inlet and known pressure and temperature at the exit, FIND: Determine the exit velocity and the inlet and exit flow areas. SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA: : A, ENGINEERING MODEL: e 1. The control volume shown on the accompanying figure is at steady state, 2, Heat transfer and the change in potential energy from inet to-exit ean be neglected. 3, =0, ANALYSIS: ‘State I's fixed by T; and py and js in the superheated vapor region. From Table A-4, ‘y= 2976 keg and vy = 0.1200 mM ‘State 2 is fixed by 7s and py and also js in the superteated vapor region. From Table A~4, a= 2799.1 Kg and vy = 0.2847 kg. () The steady-state, one-inlet, one-exit energy balance gives oy Hg +H Cn In) + (WE -N2) + ge, — 20) Neglecting heat transfer and potential energy chang, recdgizingo works asocited with a nozzle, and dividing by tie mass low rt, te energy balane simplifies to 0=(n— in) +P =Va) Solving forthe exit velocityPROBLEM P+ 2h ‘Substituting values and applying the appropriate conversion factors , ism vo (ws) foes ama L —ns a (8) The ifiet and exit flow ureas can be determined from the mass flow rate, si wx Forte inlet ke ‘a (utsfome A= (iV st Forthe exit (st ose a= (iin a= ® is fotse| nara ‘As an alternative to solve for As, since (AiVi)/ v= (42VaI 2, 08 028472 go ig | Aa= Aiton VN) = 2.5000" 2aLem? 1200 | 600.8 ke 5PROBLEM. 45] 451 Steam at 1600 Ibfin? and T100°F enters a turbine operating at steady state, As shown in Fig. P4.51, 20% of the entering mass flow is extracted at 600 Ibn. and S00"F. The rest of the ‘steam exits aa saturated vapor at | Ibi.” The turbine develops a power output of 6.8 * 108 Bw, Heat transfer fom the turbine to the surroundings occursat arate of 5x 10" Bev, ‘Neglecting kinetic and potential enrgy effects, determine the mass flow rate ofthe steam ‘entering the turbine, in b/s, KNOWN: Steam enters «turbine with known inlet temperature and pressure. A per cent of the steem is extracted at known temperature and pressure with the remaining steam exiting at known, ‘pressure a.a saturated vapor, Power produced and heat transfer rate are knowa FIND: Determine the mass flow rte of steam atthe inlet. ‘SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA: 0,975 108 Bum ‘py 1800 18a? T= [oor Fig. PASL ENGINEERING MODEL: 1, The eoatrol volume shown on the accompanying figure is at steady state. 2, Kinetic and potential enérgy effects are neglected. ANALYSIS: ‘The steady-state mass rate balance gives, PaEe iat Solving fort,PROBLEM +51 (Continued) ‘it, =, tn, =n, 0.20, = 0.80, “The steady-state enorgy balance gives =O, Hh Soin (hy V2 + ge) — Site, tet Ve + ie) ‘Neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes, the energy balance simplifies to rt Sith Sh 0= 0, ~ 0= 0, = Wy thy — tngha— tg hs Substituting for and 0= 0, We thi, 0.20 in, Yn ~ (0.80 Ya Solving for vi, i, = —Oa-Wen A 92h, +080h, — Steam atthe inlet, tate 1, and extracted, State 2, is supecheated. From Table A-4B, ‘hy ~ 15425 Bruflb and fq 1216.2 Buwb, Saturated vapor exits at State 3. Froin Table A-3E, y= y= 1105.8 Bulb, Substituting values (so , . os But Bia ‘Bru [3600 s| face) ao oof 1216224 \ = 4591bls «——